Thai Market Research Articles

Comparative analysis of complete nucleotide sequence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in Thailand (US and EU genotypes)

BackgroundPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a causative agent of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). In this study, the complete nucleotide sequences of the selected two Thai PRRSV isolates, EU (01CB1) and US (01NP1) genotypes were determined since both isolates are the Thai prototypes.Results01CB1 and 01NP1 contain 14,943 and 15,412 nucleotides, respectively. The viruses compose 2 untranslated regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) and 8 open reading frames (ORFs) designated as ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2-7. Phylogenetic analysis of full length of the viruses also showed that the 01CB1 and 01NP1 were grouped into the EU and US genotype, respectively. In order to determine the genetic variation and genetic relatedness among PRRSV isolates, the complete nucleotide sequences of PRRSV isolated in Thailand, 01CB1 and 01NP1 were compared with those of 2 EU strains (Lelystad, and EuroPRRSV), 6 US strains (MLV, VR2332, PA8, 16244B, SP and HUN4). Our results showed that the 01CB1 genome shares approximately 99.2% (Lelystad) and 95.2% (EuroPRRSV) nucleotide identity with EU field strains. While, the 01NP1 genome has 99.9% nucleotide identity with a live vaccine strain (MLV) and 99.5% and 98.5% nucleotide identity with 2 other US isolates, VR2332 and 16244B, respectively. In addition, ORF5 nucleotide sequences of 9 PRRS viruses recovered in Thailand during 2002-2008 were also included in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 showed high similarity among EU and US genotypes of the recent Thai PRRS viruses (2007-2008 viruses) with 01CB1 and 01NP1.ConclusionOverall, the results suggested that the Thai EU isolate (01CB1) may evolve from the EU prototype, Lelystad virus, whereas the Thai US isolate (01NP1) may originate and evolve from the vaccine virus or its derivatives. Interestingly, the US-MLV vaccine was not available in the Thai market in 2001. The Vaccine-like virus might have persisted in the imported pigs or semen and later spread in the Thai swine industry. This report is the first report of complete nucleotide sequences of the Thai PRRS viruses both EU and US genotypes.

The Organizational Construction of Authenticity: An Examination of Contemporary Food and Dining in the U.S.

Sociologists and other social scientists have long recognized that certain economic transactions involve more than a simple trade of goods or services for money. A long-standing theme in economic anthropology and sociology emphasizes the symbolic or moral character of certain economic exchanges or transactions (Weber 1902, Veblen 1899; Malinowski, 1920; Geertz 1973, Sahlins 1976, Douglas 1966). Some scholars working within the new economic sociology continue in this tradition by examining cultural beliefs affect economic life, both in the background as institutions shaping social interaction and in the foreground as reflected in market dynamics, including price (Zelizer 1994; Velthuis 2005). A related, specific theme of contemporary interest examines the interpretation and value placed on the perceived authenticity of products and producers to a transaction. For instance, Peterson (1997) examines authenticity is fabricated in country music in order to make it appealing. Similarly, Carroll and Swaminathan (2000) conjecture that the rise of microbreweries and brewpubs resulted from the authenticity appeal of their organizational forms. Likewise, Grazian (2003:17) studies how different kinds of people within the world of Chicago blues employ the concept of authenticity in their daily rounds in everyday life. Fine (2004) analyzes the biographies of self-taught artists define their authenticity. Rao et al. (2005) examine issues of authenticity affect the social boundaries between classical and nouvelle French cuisine and the implications for restaurants. Finally, Wherry (2006) looks at the different ways authenticity plays out in the Thai market for handicrafts.

Dihydroxyacetone: a safe camouflaging option in vitiligo

Most treatment protocols for vitiligo usually do not result in complete repigmentation. Therefore, cosmetically acceptable camouflage, low cost and easy to handle alternatives are warranted. To evaluate the efficacy of low-cost self-tanner available in the Thai market in normal subjects with skin types III, IV, and V, and the efficacy for camouflage of 6% dihydroxyacetone (DHA) cream in the treatment of vitiligo on exposed areas of Asian skin. The study was divided into two parts. Part 1 is a prospective study of 15 healthy volunteers using three different DHA creams which were available in the Thai market with concentrations of 3.5%, 4.2%, and 5%. Part 2 was a retrospective study of 20 patients suffering from vitiligo affecting the face and/or hands and feet who were treated with 6% DHA. The data were collected through direct examination, telephone interview, face-to-face interview, and photographs. In healthy volunteers, we found that color matching was achieved by using a higher concentration of DHA in darker-skin subjects. Most of the vitiligo patients (88.9%) reported moderate to marked satisfaction with the cosmetic results of 6% DHA cream. Dihydroxyacetone offers a safe and effective therapeutic option for recalcitrant vitiligo. Dark-skin subjects need a higher concentration of DHA cream than lighter-skin subjects.

Computer Game Businesses in Thailand: The Art of Business Experience

Although game businesses have become one of the most attractive businesses in Thailand, owing to the current and potential numbers of gamers in different walks of life and age and the potential revenue generation when strategies are correct, there are few companies who have been working sufficiently to understand the market situation and find the path to successful internationalization. On the other hand, Thai gamers have been subject to pirated inexpensive software and the lack of age-control for games or proper advice from retailers to match appropriate games with gamers. Young gamers have generally given little thought as to the type of game they should be playing or how they should consume games; and game operators have been motivated simply by maintaining revenue streams. Thai investors prefer to bring in international technologies and customize them to the Thai market rather than to invest in creating home-grown solutions. The number of serious operators in Thailand is much smaller than the number of consumers who want new and challenging experiences. This paper examines the current situation and evaluates the extent to which Thai companies will be able to develop competitive advantage in this industry and internationalize their activities successfully

An Application of HHI to Study Electricity Market Design Issues

This paper presents a study of market design issues for the future Electricity Supply Industry of countries in transition from monopolistic to more competitive structures. An approach is developed to apply a standard measurement of market concentration, such as Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) within the market design context. Typically, HHI is used to study market power issues in established electricity markets. The approach presented in this paper indicates that HHI can also be used as a primary method to study market design ahead of implementation. A dynamic simulation of the Thai market is used to confirm the applicability of the approach presented in this paper.

Factors Determining Where Informed Traders Trade

While the evidences of informed traders' migration from stock market into derivative market are found in many empirical studies, no attempt has been made to empirically test why they migrate. This is mainly due to the difficulty to estimate the proportion of informed traders in the market. This paper proposes a structural model to estimate the proportion of informed traders in the stock market and warrant market. A regression model is used to investigate the motivations of traders where to trade after the warrant introduction in Thai market. The empirical results strongly support the migration of informed traders to warrant market. Market liquidity is main motivation for informed traders to choose where to trade. It is surprising to find that the trading of informed traders in the stock market is not based on information. However, the speculative activities are observed and they attempt to conceal the transactions in more liquid market, in particular during the period in which uninformed traders are bullish. The uninformed traders mostly trade in the stock market. They trade on the expectation of news. Unfortunately, they cannot separate bad news from good news. They mostly buy when the bad news occurs. The speculative trading of the uninformed traders in warrant market is also evident.

Building Information Capabilities and Websales at Siam City Cement

In 1998, Holcim, the world's second largest cement producer, acquired Siam City Cement, Thailand's second largest cement producer. The new management team focused on improving the company's performance to sell more cement in the mature Thai market. The case focuses on how Siam City Cement quickly developed its IT infrastructure and introduced inside of 24 months an Enterprise Resource Planning system, Customer Relationship Management tools and webSALES, an online distribution channel. The case raises the question of what else Siam City Cement needs to do beyond IT measures to achieve the full value of the significant IT investment. It also highlights the challenge of how to motivate management and employees to use information more effectively to improve customer services and to increase market share and profitability.

ADRs as leading indicators of exchange rates

We study the pricing of Argentine ADRs during and after the transition of the Argentine economy from a pegged exchange rate to a freely floating exchange rate regime. We document a discount of 30% between the dollar denominated price of the ADR and the peso denominated price of its local counterpart (price ratio) during the transition period. The discount reflected the market's expectation of the ‘true’ exchange rate between the dollar and peso. Relative prices of the most heavily traded ADR and of its local counterpart continued to be informative about the exchange rate even after the peso was allowed to float freely against the dollar. The robustness of the Argentine evidence is confirmed by finding that prices of Thai ADRs have similar predictive power for exchange rates during a period when the Thai market underwent a similar change in exchange rate policy as Argentina. Finally, we rely on evidence from Malaysia, which switched from a managed float to a fixed exchange rate policy, to confirm that the Argentine and Thai ADRs derive their informational advantage from greater liquidity in the ADR market.

ADRs as Leading Indicators of Exchange Rates - The Case of Argentine ADRs

We study the pricing of Argentine ADRs during and after the transition of the Argentine economy from a pegged exchange rate to a freely floating exchange rate regime. We document a discount of 30% between the dollar denominated price of the ADR and the peso denominated price of its local counterpart (price ratio) during the transition period. The discount reflected the market's expectation of the 'true' exchange rate between the dollar and peso. Relative prices of the most heavily traded ADR and of its local counterpart continued to be informative about the exchange rate even after the peso was allowed to float freely against the dollar. The robustness of the Argentine evidence is confirmed by finding that prices of Thai ADRs have similar predictive power for exchange rates during a period when the Thai market underwent a similar change in exchange rate policy as Argentina. Finally, we rely on evidence from Malaysia, which switched from a managed float to a fixed exchange rate policy, to confirm that the Argentine and Thai ADRs derive their informational advantage from greater liquidity in the ADR market.

Foreign Market Strategies of European and United States Transnational Management-Consulting Firms in South East Asia: The Case of Thailand

ABSTRACT The share of transnational corporations' (TNCs) foreign investment in the global investment has increased over the years. In this context, the international activities of transnational service corporations (TSCs) have become an important topic of discussion for international managers, governments, researchers, and academics. An even greater expansion has taken place in the case of management consulting services. The core subject of this study are entry strategies and FDI motives observed among transnational management-consulting firms (TMCFs) from the United States, Europe and Asia operating in Thailand. A management interview approach was the major tool for data collection in this study. Eighteen foreign TMCFs operating in Thailand were the main source of primary research data, which were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results indicate that TMCFs prefer full-ownership participation as an entry mode into the Thai market. As to their FDI motives, the most important one identif...

Price Formation in a Market with Short Sale Prohibition: An Empirical Investigation

This study examines the behaviour of stock prices in the presence of asymmetric information, when market participants are prohibited from short selling. Although insiders privy to negative information may not exploit this information by selling if they do not own the stock, the market maker can deduce the occurrence of bad news by observing the trading patterns. Previous work indicates that good news is associated with high volume and bad news with low volume, and that the speed of price adjustment is greater on bad news than on good news. This result depends upon parameters determining the structure of the market in terms of the types of participants (informed or uninformed) and their relative holdings of the stock. The conclusions are tested by an empirical study of stocks trading on the Stock Exchange of Thailand, where short sales are prohibited. The empirical results are used to verify the theory and also to examine the composition of the Thai market by estimation of the relevant parameters.

Information Structure, Trading Behavior and Stock Prices in the Thai Market

This study examines the information and trading behavior of investors in the Thai market. This market is an important emerging market in the Pacific Rim, whose structure is different from that of a more developed market. We propose a vector autoregression model to describe and test action and reaction of the portfolio reallocation of investors and the movement of stock prices over time. Using daily market data from January 3, 1995 to October 27 1997 , this study finds that, in the Thai market, the foreign investors bought stocks when prices had risen. This strategy was consistent with a positive autocorrelation in the stock return. The local individual investors bought stocks when prices had fallen, while the local institutional investors disregarded past price changes. These two investor groups also exhibited herd behavior of both informational cascades and interpersonal communications types. They followed each other and reacted negatively to an innovation in the stock return. It is interesting to find that the foreign investors brought new information into the market. The local individual and local institutional investors brought in noise, but the explanatory share of this noisy information in the stock volatility was small. So, the study concludes that the volatility in the Thai market was not excessive.

Green marketing of cosmetics and toiletries in Thailand

Use of traditional cosmetics and toiletries manufactured from herbs and plant extracts has been popular in many Asian countries. However, green marketing of these products is rather recent. Encouraged by the growing environmental consciousness on the part of citizens and a growing market for cosmetics and toiletries, several global and local companies have entered Thailand. An international company, The Body Shop, and a local company, Oriental Princess, have employed green marketing strategies to build their customer base in the Thai market. Using case research method and questionnaire‐based surveys, an attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the green marketing strategies of these companies and their impact on consumer attitudes and brand loyalty. The research shows that that the two companies have made honest attempts to adopt green marketing strategies. However, Thai customers consider non‐green attributes more important in making their purchase decisions. The two case companies have been able to create favorable attitudes and enjoy a high degree of brand loyalty.

Revising Australian Export Strategies to The Pacific Rim: The Case of the Thai Wine Market

Wine exports from Australia are expected to double within the next five years and much of this growth has been forecasted to occur in the traditionally non‐wine drinking countries of the Pacific Rim. This paper, based on lengthy interviews with importers, agents, and buyers for various retail institutions in Thailand, uses a case study approach to argue that export strategies based on successful entry into the UK and US markets will be less efficient in the Pacific Rim. A detailed analysis of the market structure, including the types of wines and strategies of institutions from the top to the bottom end of the price spectrum is presented. The success of Australian producers entering the Thai market will be achieved only by changing the strategy they have used in the UK and US. A stronger focus on Australia must be made along with the use of fewer, but bigger agents and distributors. Marketing strategies for each type of retail institution are provided as well.

Measuring Thailand's barriers to investment

Capital market integration between Thailand on the one hand and Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, the U.K. and the U.S. on the other is examined using the single-latent-variable test with investment barriers. Significant barriers to investment, ranging from 2.85 percent for a U.S. investor to 7.39 percent for a Japanese investor, are detected in the Second-Boom period of the Thai market. Insignificant barriers before the Second-Boom period may reflect low Thai stock returns and no asset trade.

Vase-life characteristics of inflorescences ofDendrobium‘Pompadour’

SummaryBud opening, opening time and vase-life of flower buds at different positions on the rachis of Dendrobium ‘Pompadour’ flowers were studied using cut flowers from local Thai market sources. The percentage of bud opening and vase-life of opened buds was related to bud size. Flower buds near the proximal end of the inflorescence were larger and heavier than those near the distal end; a higher percentage of the proximal buds opened and these buds had a longer vase-life, relative to distal buds. Available food reserves in individual flower buds at the time of cutting was regarded as the factor most affecting vase-life characteristics. The optimum holding solution for cut inflorescences was 200 mg l-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (HQS) + 50 mg l-1 AgNO3 + 8% sucrose solution; this solution increased the percentage of bud opening and vase-life but decreased opening time. The vase-life of treated distal flower buds was comparable with that of treated proximal flower buds.

The Characteristics of the Thai Broiler Industry

The Thai broiler industry has expanded recently, and 90% of the exports is directed to the Japanese market. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of the Thai broiler industry as compared with the industry in Japan and to analyze the characteris-tics of the integration which is combination of the production, processing and marketing of the industry.In order to do this, six broiler companies out of the seven were visited and surveyed in 1983 and 1985 and described in this study.The main characteristics of the Thai industry are as follows (i) The grain for broiler feed is produced in Thailand while the grain is importing in Japan. (ii) The price of the former is lower than that of the latter. (iii) However, the former fluctuates more than in the latter. (iv) The broiler meat colour is more dark in Thailand than in Japan because of the dark colored feed grain, especially maize or corn.(v) The price of broiler baby chicks is low, but fluctuates more than in Japan. (vi) More than half of the production in Thailand is integrated by feed companies. The body weight of the birds is mostly less than 1.8kg. (vii) The workers in the processing plants are younger and well qualified, but the wage level is low compared with that in Japan.(viii) The birds in the plant are inspected by a veterinarian. (ix) The broiler processing plants are mostly for export markets and the slaughter houses are for the home market.(x) The price of the broiler by-product such as the carcass, skin and feet is higher in Thailand than in Japan. Thus, the chicken's byproduct are directed to the Thai market, while the deboned meat or boneless meat, especially boneless breast and leg meat will be exported particularly to the Japanese market.

Economic Dualism and Economic Change among the hill tribes of Thailand

Pacific ViewpointVolume 7, Issue 2 p. 151-168 ArticleFree Access Economic Dualism and Economic Change among the hill tribes of Thailand E. Van Roy, E. Van Roy E. Van Roy, presently Associate Economic Affairs Officer with the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, was formerly Assistant Professor of Economics at the State University of New York, Stony Brook.Search for more papers by this author E. Van Roy, E. Van Roy E. Van Roy, presently Associate Economic Affairs Officer with the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, was formerly Assistant Professor of Economics at the State University of New York, Stony Brook.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1966 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.72002Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Bennington-Cornell Anthropological Survey of Hill Tribes in Thailand, 1964, A Report on Tribal Peoples in Chiengrai Province North of the Mae Kok River, Bangkok. 2Boserup, E., 1965, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, Chicago. 3Clark, C. and Haswell, M., 1964, The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture, New York. 4Conklin, H. C, 1961, “The Study of Shifting Cultivation”, Current Anthropology, 11, 1, February, pp. 27– 61, Chicago. 5Dunn, Wie T., 1920, The Opium Traffic in its International Aspects, New York. 6Geertz, C, 1963, Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia, Berkeley. 7Hamilton, J. W., 1963, “Effects of the Thai Market on Karen Life”, Practical Anthropology, 10, 5, New York. 8Judd, L. C, 1964, Dry Rice Agriculture in Northern Thailand, Cornell University, South East Asia Program, Data Paper Number 52, Ithaca, New York. 9Le Bar, F. M., Hickey, G. C. and Musgrave, J. K., 1964, Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia, New Haven. 10Ministry of Interior, Thailand. Department of Public Welfare, 1960, Self-Help Land Settlement in Thailand, Bangkok. 11 Ministry of Interior, Thailand, Department of Public Welfare, 1962. Report on the Socio-Economic Survey of the Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand, Bangkok. 12 Ministry of Interior, Thailand, Department of Public Welfare, 1963, Number of Settlers in Self-Help Land Settlements as of March 31, 1963, Bangkok Mimeo. 13Morse, H. B., 1917?, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, New York. 14Obayashi, T., 1964, “The Lawa and Sgau Karen in North Western Thailand”, Journal of the Siam Society, 52, 2, pages 199– 216, Bangkok. 15Pearson, H. W., 1957, “The Economy Has No Surplus: Critique of a Theory of Development”, in K. Polanyi, C. M. Arensburg, and H. W. Pearson, (eds.) 1957. Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Glencoe, Ill. 16Pelzer, K., 1945, Pioneer Settlement in the Asiatic Tropics, New York. 17Samapuddhi, K. and Suvanakorn, P.. 1962. “A Study of the Effects of Shifting Cultivation on Forest Soils”, Royal Forest Department Publication No. R.51, Thailand Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Forests, Bangkok. 18Van Roy, E., 1966, Introduction of Plantation Economy to North Thailand, MS. 19Watters, R. F., 1960, “The Nature of Shifting Cultivation”, Pacific Viewpoint, 1. 1, pages 59– 99. 20Willoughby, W. W., 1925, Opium as an International Problem; The Geneva Conferences, Baltimore. 21Young, H., no date, To the Mountain Tops: A Sojourn among the Lahu of Asia, MS. 22Young, O. G., 1962, The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand, Bangkok. Citing Literature Volume7, Issue2September 1966Pages 151-168 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Effects of the Thai Market on Karen Life

Effects of the Thai Market on Karen Life