Texture Of Steel Research Articles

Back Cover: Advanced Engineering Materials 4∕2018

Advanced Engineering MaterialsVolume 20, Issue 4 1870012 Back CoverFree Access Back Cover: Advanced Engineering Materials 4∕2018 First published: 18 April 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201870012AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract The new method of the quantitative analysis for retained austenite in steels by neutron diffraction is proposed. This approach is based on the calibration with reference samples in order to reliably evaluate low fractions of retained austenite in textured steels. Experiments were fulfilled at pulsed nuclear reactor IBR–2 (Dubna, Russia) in the Laboratory founded by the Nobel prize winner Ilya Frank. Further details can be found in the article 1700559 by Dmitry Nikolayev and co-workers. Volume20, Issue4Special Section: Texture and MicrostructureApril 20181870012 RelatedInformation

Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility for 3D-printed stainless steel 316L by selective laser melting

Laser-based powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing or three-dimensional printing technology has gained tremendous attention due to its controllable, digital, and automated manufacturing process, which can afford a refined microstructure and superior strength. However, it is a major challenge to additively manufacture metal parts with satisfactory ductility and toughness. Here we report a novel selective laser melting process to simultaneously enhance the strength and ductility of stainless steel 316L by in-process engineering its microstructure into a <011> crystallographic texture. We find that the tensile strength and ductility of SLM-built stainless steel 316L samples could be enhanced by ~16% and ~40% respectively, with the engineered <011> textured microstructure compared to the common <001> textured microstructure. This is because the favorable nano-twinning mechanism was significantly more activated in the <011> textured stainless steel 316L samples during plastic deformation. In addition, kinetic simulations were performed to unveil the relationship between the melt pool geometry and crystallographic texture. The new additive manufacturing strategy of engineering the crystallographic texture can be applied to other metals and alloys with twinning-induced plasticity. This work paves the way to additively manufacture metal parts with high strength and high ductility.

The gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of textured steel yarn based fabrics

Lead aprons that are lead-shielding products are generally used for personal protection of physicians and patients from X-ray (gamma) radiation during medical operations; lead has environmental disadvantages, with high toxicity, though. Therefore, the aim of this research was to produce an environmentally friendly and flexible textile-based radiation shielding material. In this work, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill, Herringbone, Whipcord, which are twill derivatives, Barathea and Crêpe woven fabrics, which are sateen derivatives, woven with textured steel yarns, which have soft feeling and flexibility, and gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of these fabrics were investigated and were not studied in the references. The effects of fabric structural characteristics such as weave, conductive weft yarn density, fabric thickness and porosity on these properties were analysed graphically and statistically. It is observed that with the biggest thicknesses and lowest porosities, Barathea and Crêpe woven fabrics performed better gamma radiation shielding performance than other woven fabrics. The samples F1 and E1, woven with Barathea and Crêpe weave, have the highest gamma radiation shielding effectiveness, thanks to the highest fabric thicknesses and lowest porosities. In addition, the increases of textured steel yarn density improved the gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of woven fabrics.

Influence of stainless steel surface properties on whey protein fouling under industrial processing conditions

Heat-induced fouling is a financial and environmental burden for food and dairy industries and its control is therefore desperately needed. A better understanding of the fouling mechanisms and their relation to stainless steel surface properties is thus of considerable interest. This work aims at studying the impact of stainless steel's surface morphology and surface free energy on fouling by a model dairy solution by a close examination of the deposit's growth and adhesion at the substrate-fluid interface. Pristine model surfaces of controlled roughness and surface energy, i.e. native, mirror polished and biomimetic femtosecond laser textured stainless steel surfaces, fluorosilanized or not, were tested under isothermal conditions in a pilot pasteurization facility fed with a model dairy fluid (whey protein and calcium solution). Multi-scale characterizations of those surfaces before and after fouling, using a wide range of analytical tools (goniometry, SEM, ToF-SIMS, EPMA X-Ray mappings) allowed for a better comprehension of the impact of surface energy and morphology modifications on the fouling behavior while highlighting their complex interactions in fouling governance. Lower surface energy was shown to be an asset against deposit growth, as fluorosilanization of native stainless steel allowed to reduce fouling by 72% (wt.%). The relative sizes of surface relief versus fouling agents has been found crucial, as it impacts interlocking phenomena. Textured surfaces have shown a tremendous increase in fouling (+391% for textured, +86% for fluorosilanized textured). However, interesting fouling performances were obtained on smooth, hydrophobic surfaces, as a reduction by 83% of fouling weight was achieved with fluorosilanized polished samples.

Оптимизация деформационными воздействиями структуры и свойств Fe-Si сплавов с разной текстурой

The influence of the degree of perfection rib crystallographic texture (110)[001] on the effect of reducing the magnetic losses at the local laser treatment and mechanical scribing process of tapes mono-crystals and poly-crystals ribbons of electrical-technical steel Fe-3% Si in condition thermo-magnetic treatment (TMT) and stretching have been studied. The samples in the form of single crystals with dimensions of 120x10x0.2 mm were studied. Their surface (110) was at angles =0-6° with the [001] axis and the magnetization vector. Sam-ples of polycrystalline textured steel were used in the form of the most common grades 3409 and 3407. The most used brands 3409, 3407 were used for samples in the form of polycrystalline textured steel tape. Their thickness was 0.27 mm, and the grain size was 20-30 mm. As a result of these effects, a narrow-domain structure of general strip 180° domains 0.2-0.3 mm in width is formed in steel, change of the type and density of the 180° and 90° domain structures, which leads to a decrease in the velocities of the motion of domain walls, and, consequently, hysteresis and eddy current magnetic losses. A sharp dependence of the effect of decreasing magnetic loss-es on the degree of perfection of the crystallographic texture was revealed. It is shown that in the case of the different steel texture of (grade 3409, 3407) after these treatments decrease in total magnetic losses of 18 and 13%, respectively, and for single crystals with optimum texture when scribing and tension - up to 32–37%.

Tribological behavior of laser textured steel impregnated with supramolecular gel lubricant

The friction and wear properties of supramolecular gel lubricant impregnated into the laser surface texturing steel fabricated by laser micromachining were investigated, with that impregnated with commercial oil PAO10 as a comparison. Scanning electron microscopy characterization shows the gel lubricant have been successfully pumped into the pores of laser surface texturing steel from liquid state and solidified afterwards via supermolecular assembly. The friction was measured on an Optimal SRV-IV oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. It is shown that laser surface texturing steel impregnated with gel lubricant exhibited outstanding friction reduction and antiwear performance than impregnated with PAO10. The gelator molecules act not only to solidify lubricating oil, but also contribute to boundary lubrication by strong adsorption on substrate surface. The instant self-assembly of gelator to solidify lubricating oils makes impregnation of lubricants easier and helps to keep lubricating oils retention for long-term functioning.

New polycrystalline modeling as applied to textured steel sheets

It has been long recognized that the preferred orientation of the grains, arising from processing of metallic materials, result in anisotropic plastic behavior. An accurate assessment of the resulting macroscopic plastic anisotropy is thus essential in predicting the mechanical performance of alloys. This paper presents a new approach for modeling polycrystalline behavior. A key aspect in the formulation is the use of the single-crystal yield criterion recently developed by Cazacu et al., 2017 for the description of the plastic properties of the constituent grains. The capabilities of the polycrystalline model in predicting the directionality of macroscopic tensile properties are illustrated by comparing the theoretical predictions with mechanical data on steel sheets of various textures. There is a good agreement between experimental and theoretical predictions.

Transition from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic state of laser textured stainless steel surface and its effect on corrosion resistance

This work investigates the evolution from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic surface state on corrosion behaviour of SS316L produced by Nd:YAG nanosecond direct laser texturing (DLT). Results confirm perfect correlation among wettability and corrosion, hence superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 168±3.0° reflects in enhanced passivity, lower anodic dissolution and corrosion current reduction. Characterization of the corrosion attack by 3D microscopy reveals high sensitivity of superhydrophilic surfaces on corrosion propagation direction in regard to the laser beam passage (90°/0°). However, this trend completely diminishes with superhydrophobic development. Further, DLT also completely prohibits intergranular corrosion detected with the non-processed sample.

Evaluation of enhanced nucleate boiling performance through wall-temperature distributions on PDMS-silica coated and non-coated laser textured stainless steel surfaces

Nucleate boiling was examined on Joule heated stainless steel foils, functionalized by PDMS-silica coating and/or nanosecond-laser texturing. The nucleating bubbles and transient temperature fields were visualized through high-speed IR and video recordings. The differences in boiling performance were evaluated through wall-temperature distributions. Results confirmed that smooth surfaces require high activation temperatures and produce larger bubbles, while wall-temperature distributions display higher standard deviations, higher local superheats, and bimodal shapes. Similarly, relatively high activation temperatures were observed on the superhydrophilic surface, where the enhanced liquid replenishment on the active nucleation sites reduces the bubble departure diameters and prevents formation of local hotspots. Consequently, the analyzed temperature distributions have negative skewness and decreased standard deviation. The highest heat transfer coefficient was achieved on a laser textured surface with non-uniform wettability and multi-scale microcavities. Here, nucleation site density was as high as 200cm−2 at 300kW/m2, while wall-temperature distributions demonstrated by far the lowest standard deviation. The temperature distributions also proved that annealed PDMS-silica coating significantly increased the thermal resistance of the entire heater. On the contrary, laser textured surfaces provided an even better boiling performance compared to coated surfaces and did not increase heater’s thermal resistance. This additionally endorses the coating-free, direct laser texturing method as a cutting-edge technology in the development of surfaces capable of significantly enhanced boiling heat transfer.

The Wear Behavior of Textured Steel Sliding against Polymers.

Artificially fabricated surface textures can significantly improve the friction and wear resistance of a tribological contact. Recently, this surface texturing technique has been applied to polymer materials to improve their tribological performance. However, the wear behavior of textured tribo-pairs made of steel and polymer materials has been less thoroughly investigated and is not well understood; thus, it needs further research. The aim of this study is to investigate the wear properties of tribological contacts made of textured stainless steel against polymer surfaces. Three polymer materials were selected in this study, namely, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polyoxymethylene (POM) and (polyetheretherketone) PEEK. Wear tests were operated through a ring-on-plane mode. The results revealed that the texture features and material properties affected the wear rates and friction coefficients of the textured tribo-pairs. In general, PEEK/textured steel achieved the lowest wear rate among the three types of tribo-pairs investigated. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that the elements of C and O on the contacting counterfaces varied with texture features and indicated different wear behavior. Experimental and simulated results showed differences in the stress distribution around the dimple edge, which may influence wear performance. Wear debris with different surface morphologies were found for tribo-pairs with varying texture features. This study has increased the understanding of the wear behavior of tribo-pairs between textured stainless steel and polymer materials.

Effect of Texturing on the Friction Characteristic of Carbide and Steel Material by Grinding Process

In this paper, friction behavior of textured carbide and steel surface has been studied in order to investigate the effect of different patterns. Several simple textures have been fabricated using straight groove grinding wheel. By microstructuring, various spacing and height of the structure, we investigate the role of topography in terms of friction characteristic. The change of friction behavior has been tailored by grinding operation using straight grooved wheel and evaluated in terms of friction. Friction values were measured by Tribometer. Frictional properties of textured carbide and steel surfaces were assessed with the help of parallel steel slider with 2000g normal force under dry condition using four different sliding speeds. It is found from the experiment that except 30° and 90° angle patterns, rest of the patterns on carbide surfaces show friction reduction which is roughly from 0.15 to 0.13. On the other hand, similar textured patterns can reduce the COF from 0.17 to 0.13 in case of steel surface.

Electrical performance of textured stainless steel under fretting

Sliding between two couplings is the most common situation caused by dynamic solicitations, especially fretting. Preliminary studies suggest the relevance of contact compliance as well as the debris removable and agglomeration affinities.The present work aims to analyse surface texturing influence, on the friction and electric conduction of AISI 304/301 stainless steel subjected to reciprocating fretting tests.Textured surfaces present, most of the times, an increase in life expectancy of the electric connection. The ability to accommodate oxidize wear debris depends on the available open texture (hollow) volume and couplings contact size.

Performance of laser surface textured high speed steel cutting tool in machining of Al7075-T6 aerospace alloy

Texturing the rake face of the cutting tools has recently emerged as a promising and environment friendly method for reducing friction during machining. Laser surface texturing has been the most commonly used method for fabricating textures on the cutting tool. This paper reports the experimental study of fabricating an array of micro scale dimples on the rake face of high speed steel cutting tool using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The effect of the laser parameters like wavelength and fluence on the dimensions and form of individual dimples were studied. Analysis of results show that uniform circular shaped dimples with very little spatter can be obtained using low fluence levels at wavelength of 355nm. An array of micro scale dimples were then fabricated on the cutting tool using the optimized parameter levels. A very low textured area density was used in order to understand the process of chip flow over the textures and study the effect of machining on individual dimples. This textured cutting tool was then used in orthogonal dry machining of Al7075-T6 aerospace alloy and compared with the performance of conventional tools. Use of textured cutting tools resulted in reduction of both cutting and thrust forces. The tool-chip contact length is also less in the case of textured tool. The results show that textured high speed steel tools can significantly improve the metal cutting process while dry machining ductile workpieces.

Laser spot welding of laser textured steel to aluminium

Laser welding of dissimilar metals (steel and aluminium) was investigated with the aim to increase the maximum tensile shear load of the Fe-Al joints. The increase was achieved by texturing the surface of steel prior to the laser spot welding process which was performed in a lap-joint configuration with the steel positioned on top of the aluminium and with a texture faced down to the aluminium surface. This configuration enabled an increase of the bonding area of the joints, because the molten aluminium filled in the gaps of the texture, without the need of increasing the process energy which typically leads to the growth of the intermetallic compounds. Different textures (containing hexagonally arranged craters, parallel lines, grid and spiral patterns) were tested with different laser welding parameters. The Fe-Al joints obtained with the textured steel were found to have up to 25% higher maximum tensile-shear load than the joints obtained with the untextured steel.

The Friction Reducing Effect of Square-Shaped Surface Textures under Lubricated Line-Contacts—An Experimental Study

Surface texturing has been shown to be an effective modification approach for improving tribological performance. This study examined the friction reduction effect generated by square dimples of different sizes and geometries. Dimples were fabricated on the surface of ASP2023 steel plates using femtosecond laser-assisted surface texturing techniques, and reciprocating sliding line contact tests were carried out on a Plint TE77 tribometer using a smooth 52100 bearing steel roller and textured ASP2023 steel plates. The tribological characterization of the friction properties indicated that the textured samples had significantly lowered the friction coefficient in both boundary (15% improvement) and mixed lubrication regimes (13% improvement). Moreover, the high data sampling rate results indicated that the dimples work as lubricant reservoirs in the boundary lubrication regime.

{100} texture evolution in bcc Fe sheets - Computational design and experiments

A computational and experimental study has been carried out to produce highly value-added {100} textured steel sheets. This study is based on an idea that an anisotropic surface segregation tendency of impurity atoms would cause an inversion of relative surface energy between {110} and {100} surfaces in bcc Fe and may induce the formation of {100} texture in steel sheets during grain coarsening. A phase field model that can consider surface segregation of impurity atoms (and resultant decrease of surface energy) and grain growth simultaneously is newly developed. The phase field model and surface property data obtained from an atomistic approach are used to simulate grain coarsening behavior of phosphorus-containing iron and to find an optimum process condition that can induce the {100} texture in steel sheets. The phase field simulation indicates that the surface segregation and resultant change in the relative difference in surface energy should be accomplished before the start of grain coarsening for an effective formation of the {100} texture. A strong {100} texture is indeed generated experimentally in phosphorus-containing bcc Fe-3.5wt% Si steel sheets through a two-step annealing process, one at a relatively low temperature where only surface segregation can occur but not the grain coarsening and the other at a relatively high temperature where the grain coarsening can also occur.

From superresolution to nanodetection: overview of far field optical nanoscopy techniques for nanostructures

Far field optical nanoscopy has been brought to the forefront with the 2014 Nobel Prize for chemistry in fluorescent nanoscopy for revealing intra-cellular details of tens of nm. In this review, we present an improved classification scheme that summarizes the many optical nanoscopy techniques that exist. We place particular emphasis on unlabelledsuperresolution techniques that provide real improved resolving power and unlabellednanodetection techniques for characterizing unresolved nanostructures. Superresolution is illustrated with sub-100 nm imaging of diatoms with tomographic diffractive microscopyand adenoviruseswith submerged microsphere optical nanoscopy. Three sub-categories of nanodetectionare then presented. Contrast enhancement is illustrated with surface enhanced ellipsometric contrast microscopy for the study of bacterial motility and strobed phase contrast microscopy for measuring the mechanical properties of vesicle membranes. High sensitivity phase measurement using interference microscopy demonstrates how nanostructured surfaces and structures can be characterized in biomaterials, laser textured stainless steel and defects within thin polymer films. Finally, deconvolution is illustrated with the use of through-focus scanning optical microscopy in critical dimension measurement and characterization of 40 nm linewidths in microelectronic devices. In this way we show how new far field optical nanoscopy techniques are being developed for unlabelled characterization of nano and biomaterials.

Effect of Nano-Texturing on Adhesion of Thermoplastic Resin against Textured Steel Plate

Effect of Nano-Texturing on Adhesion of Thermoplastic Resin against Textured Steel Plate

Determination of the manufacturing methods of Indian swords through neutron diffraction

The analysis of the micro-structural features of ancient Indian swords has been carried out by neutron diffraction as well as by metallography. The results provide a clear identification of the different materials used to produce those weapons. Only a small proportion of the large number of swords produced in India historically were made of hypereutectoid textured steel, namely wootz steel also (misleadingly) known as “Damascus steel”. Diffraction analysis was applied to a group of four swords and the micro-structural and compositional characteristics were identified for all of them revealing a strongly differentiated construction method and the peculiar micro-structural features of at least one kind of wootz steel. This kind of result is a further proof of the validity of the use of neutron scattering techniques for authentication and characterization of ancient metal artefacts.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic textured steel surface for anti-corrosion and tribological properties

We describe a simple and rapid method to fabricate superhydrophobic textured steel surface with excellent anti-corrosion and tribological properties on S45C steel substrate. The steel substrate was firstly ground using SiC sandpapers, and then polished using diamond paste to remove scratches. The polished steel was subsequently etched in a mixture of HF and H2O2 solution for 30s at room temperature to obtain the textured steel surface with island-like protrusions, micro-pits, and nano-flakes. Meanwhile, to investigate the formation mechanism of the multiscale structures, the polished steel was immersed in a 3wt% Nital solution for 5s to observe the metallographic structures. The multiscale structures, along with low-surface-energy molecules, led to the steel surface that displayed superhydrophobicity with the contact angle of 158±2° and the sliding angle of 3±1°. The chemical stability and potentiodynamic polarization test indicated that the as-prepared superhydrophobic surface had excellent corrosion resistance that can provide effective protection for the steel substrate. The tribological test showed that the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic surface maintained 0.11 within 6000s and its superhydrophobicity had no obvious decrease after the abrasion test. The theoretical mechanism for the excellent anti-corrosion and tribological properties on the superhydrophobic surface were also analyzed respectively. The advantages of facile production, anti-corrosion, and tribological properties for the superhydrophobic steel surface make it to be a good candidate in practical applications.