Texture Of Steel Research Articles

Oxidized textured stainless steel surface with passivation layer as a high temperature selective solar absorber

A nanocrystalline textured stainless steel (SS) surface passivated with an AlCr oxide layer is proposed for use as a high temperature solar selective absorbers (SSAs). The textured SS surface was prepared by oxidizing in air at 800 °C for 30 min. The heating resulted in outward diffusion of the SS substrate Mn atoms, their oxidation on the surface, and formation of octahedral Mn3O4 nanocrystals, which play a role of textured surface. The passivation AlCr oxide single layer was deposited on the textured surface using reactive RF magnetron sputtering to protect the SS from further oxidation. The solar absorptivity αs and thermal emissivity ε298K of the as-deposited SSAs were 0.84 and 0.165, respectively. In order to study high temperature stability, SSAs were heat treated under air conditions at 600–900 °C for 0.1–300 h. SSAs demonstrated thermal stability at 600 °C for at least 300 h and degradation of optical properties with performance criterion PC < 0.05 at 700, 800, and 900 °C for 300 h, 30 h, and 1 h, respectively. The increase in thickness of the surface Cr2O3 layer on SS substrate was identified as the main degradation mechanism of SSA optical performance. SSAs demonstrated a high activation energy of 330 ± 30 kJ/mol. The obtained data can be used to design high temperature SSAs for concentrating solar energy systems operating under vacuum or air conditions at 500 °C.

Analysis of the effect of surface coating and texturization on the estimation of effective thermophysical properties

This article aims to investigate the influence of surface modifications on the effective thermophysical properties of textured carbon steel and coated hard metal. The novelty of this work lies in the simultaneous estimation of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity via measurements using one active heating surface and Bayesian inference to solve the inverse heat conduction problem. To achieve this, an experimental setup was developed where samples were partially heated on an active surface, and the temperature was measured at two different points on the surface to estimate the thermal properties. The method was applied to two different thermal models using the same set of experimental data. Thus, the thermophysical properties were determined with and without the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique using the Metropolis-Hastings sampling algorithm. Both techniques proved suitable for estimating the thermophysical properties. It is noteworthy that texturization and coating did not significantly modify the effective thermal diffusivity of the analyzed samples. However, there were considerable changes in the effective thermal conductivity, with an increase of approximately 13 % in the textured carbon steel sample and a reduction of approximately 11 % in the coated hard metal sample. The expanded uncertainty of the estimated effective thermophysical properties was less than 14 %. These results reflect low dispersion and good accuracy of the experimental technique used.

Tailoring microbial response to stainless steel surfaces via electrolyte jet machining and electrodeposition

Electrolyte jet machining (EJM) and electrodeposition present unexploited opportunities for the manufacturing of multiscale structured surfaces. The present work assesses the morphology and antibacterial properties of textured and multiscale stainless steel surfaces produced by EJM with a new 50 mm × 0.3 mm slit nozzle, as well as multiscale surfaces subject to electrodeposition with copper. Characterisation of the surface morphology obtained via EJM with various combinations of current density, machining time and groove spacing is performed to facilitate the selection of representative surfaces for bacterial retention tests. Higher current density with constant applied charge leads to lower surface roughness at constant scanning speed and greater groove depth and width under static conditions. Groove depth is proportional to machining time at constant current density, while a groove pitch of 1.05 mm is found to provide the optimum compromise between maximum groove depth and complete surface coverage. Microscale surface features are found to reduce Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa retention by up to 97% compared to untextured control surfaces, while larger grooves play a role in inhibiting bacterial attachment by inducing turbulence. The presence of copper agglomerates completely eliminates bacterial retention under the tested conditions. The developed process provides a flexible approach to tailoring surface properties for specific applications requiring antimicrobial properties.

Anti-Wear Property of Laser Textured 42CrMo Steel Surface

In this work, laser processing technology was utilized to fabricate micro-textures on the surface of 42CrMo steel to improve its wear resistance under high load conditions and provide an effective method to solve the wear of tooth plates in oil drilling wellhead machinery. Firstly, the friction process of the textured components was conducted by finite element analysis. Additionally, various forms of textures were compared and measured by this method to optimize the shape and parameters of the patterns. Secondly, three types of texture shapes, such as micro-dimples, micro-grooves, and reticular grooves, were created on the surface of 42CrMo steel. Lastly, the tribological characteristics of the micro-textures were analyzed in the dry friction experiments. Compared with the untextured surface, the wear resistance of the textured 42CrMo steel has been improved, and the anti-wear property of the micro-dimples was better than micro-grooves and reticular grooves. Along the direction of friction sliding, the wear of the front end is more worn than the rear end. Micro-dimples with a diameter of 0.8 mm, a spacing of 1.2 mm, and an area occupancy of 34.8% were fabricated at an output power of 200 W and a frequency of 5 Hz. The wear of the textured surface has been reduced by more than 80% in the process of ring-block dry friction with a load of 50 N, a rotation speed of 35 r/min, and a time of 15 min. The wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear. The results showed that the hardness of the surface could be improved by laser hardening. In addition, micro-dimples on 42CrMo steel can store abrasive particles, mitigate the formation of furrows and reduce the abrasive wear of tooth plates.

Effect of surface wetting on tribological behavior for laser textured steel using ionic liquid-based lubricants

In this study, the effect of surface wettability on the tribological performance is evaluated through a ball-on-flat reciprocating wear test. The substrate material, M2 tool steel, is laser processed and then functionalized with fluorocarbon and nitrile chemistry to achieve distinct oleophobicity and oleophilicity, respectively, but with a similar nanoscale surface texture. The poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) base oil is used as the baseline lubricant, and ammonium- and phosphonium-based oil-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) are used as additives. The interaction between the nanoscale textured steel surface and ionic liquid-based oils is investigated. A set of reciprocating wear tests are performed to identify the wear and frictional mechanisms of the tribosystem consisting of the surface-engineered, flat M2 tool steel specimen and a standard, surface-polished steel ball. Results show that the oleophobic flat surface results in a lower friction, while the oleophilic surface modification leads to a better wear protection to the flat surface. Ammonium-based IL provides the highest friction reduction, while the phosphonium-based IL provide an improved wear protection. Click here and insert your abstract text.© 2023 Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the NAMRI/SME.

Determination of the resistance of water-repellent properties to ultraviolet radiation on self-hydrophobized surface textures of AISI 304 steel

In this work, the object of the study were femtosecond laser textured steel samples. Using a femtosecond laser to texture the surface both in the direct-beam mode, which provides microtextures, and in the reflection mode, which leads to the formation of LIPSS-type nanostructures on the surface. Such hybrid complexes are optimal in terms of water repellency as they embody the principle of hierarchical textures. This approach is one of the promising ways to solve the problem of scaling the process of obtaining superhydrophobic metal surfaces. The aim of the work is to establish the stability of water-repellent properties of micro- nanotextures obtained on the surface of AISI 304 steel after spontaneous hydrophobization under the action of UV radiation. The study of the obtained textured surface by scanning electron microscopy to confirm the presence of nanotexture and by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to establish the elemental composition of the obtained microtexture were made in the work. The paper shows that the water repellency of AISI 304 steel surfaces textured at micro and nano levels by femtosecond laser after long exposure to the atmosphere increases to a superhydrophobic state with the value of contact angles up to 155°. It has been shown that such surfaces are sensitive to UV radiation. Depending on the type of structure, the loss of hydrophobicity under experimental conditions occurs in 15-45 minutes of exposure, and complete hydrophilization of the surface occurs after 100 minutes of irradiation. As a result, the obtained self-hydrophobic surfaces are not suitable for operation under the influence of sunlight. However, ultraviolet radiation can be used to pre-clean such surfaces from adsorbed organic contaminants.

Role of surface wetting on tribological behavior for laser nanotextured steel using ionic liquid lubricants

This research evaluates the effect of surface wettability on the tribological performance through ball-on-flat tribology testing. The substrate material, M2 tool steel, is laser processed and then functionalized with fluorocarbon and nitrile chemistry to achieve distinct oleophobicity and oleophilicity, respectively, but with a similar nanoscale surface texture. The baseline lubricant is poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) oil, and ionic liquids (ILs) are used as additives for this study. The interaction between the nanoscale textured steel surface and ionic liquid-based oils is investigated. A set of reciprocating wear tests are performed to investigate the tribological behavior of the tribo-system consisting of the surface-engineered, flat M2 tool steel specimen and a standard, surface-polished steel ball. Results show that the oleophobic flat surface results in a lower friction, while the oleophilic surface modification leads to a better wear protection to the flat surface. Ammonium-based IL provides the highest friction reduction, while the phosphonium-based ILs provide an improved wear protection.

Analyte enrichment and sensitive detection over nanosecond laser textured stainless steel superhydrophobic surfaces

In this report, we have investigated the use of nanosecond laser texturing produced superhydrophobic surfaces for enrichment and sensitive detection of analytes. We have shown that by carefully choosing the laser processing parameters, the superhydrophobic surfaces capable of maintaining a small (5 μL) aqueous droplet in spherical shape till the last stage of evaporation and hence enabling the droplet to deposit its entire content over ∼80–100 μm size residual spot upon complete evaporation, can be prepared. The spot was found to get formed by bridging over the micro structures suggesting that the droplet remained suspended over the structures i.e. did not penetrate the structures till the very end of the evaporation process. By performing fluorescence spectroscopy of the residual spot, Rhodamine 6G could be detected at an ultra-low concentration of 10−18 molL−1 in a 5 μL water droplet. When compared with the results obtained on unprocessed stainless steel substrate, these superhydrophobic steel surfaces were found to provide four orders of magnitude enhancement in the lowest detectable concentration of Rhodamine 6G.

Effect of ultrasonic nanocrystal treatment combined with nitriding process on fretting wear behavior of textured 20CrMoH steel

Individual and synergy effects of laser surface texturing (LST) followed by plasma nitriding (PN) and surface ultrasonic nanocrystal technology (SUNT) on fretting wear behaviors of 20CrMoH steel were systematically investigated at various loads and lubrication conditions. Results indicated that the combined treated (LST + PN + SUNT) 20CrMoH steel got the lowest surface roughness Ra value of 0.46 μm, the highest surface microhardness of 940 HV0.2, and the maximum residual compressive stress (RCS) value of −750 MPa. Consequently, the best fretting wear resistance was obtained by the combined treated 20CrMoH steel. Wear loss of untreated specimen reduced by 131 % after the combined treatment. The predominant wear mechanisms of the untreated, PN treated and LST + PN treated 20CrMoH steel under dry friction were oxidation wear and delamination. Besides, Oxidation and adhesion occurred for the combined treated specimen in dry friction. Especially, texture, residual stress and microhardness are key factors enhancing the anti-wear resistance.

Tribological behavior of polydopamine/polytetrafluoroethylene coating on laser textured stainless steel with Hilbert curves

Shallow Hilbert curve patterns with easily programmable texture density were selected for laser texturing of stainless steel substrates. Two different texture path segment lengths (12 and 24 µm) and four different laser power percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were investigated. The textured and smooth substrates were coated with thin polydopamine/polytetrafluoroethylene (PDA/PTFE) coatings for tribological property assessment. The effects of texture density (texture area coverage) and laser power on the durability and friction of the coated surfaces were studied. Laser texturing the substrates improved the coating durability up to 25 times, reduced the friction coefficient, and prevented coating global delamination. The textures fabricated with a laser power of 15% and a texture path segment length of 12 µm yielded the best coating durability. The textures provided the interlocking for the PTFE coating and thus prevented its global delamination. Furthermore, the PTFE inside the texture grooves replenished the solid lubricant worn away in the wear track and prolonged the coating wear life.

Effect of GNP and laser-surface texturing on HVOF sprayed WC10Co4Cr coatings for high-wear resistance

WC10Co4Cr and WC10Co4Cr+Graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) coatings were deposited on textured IS-2062 steel using the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) technique. Microhardness, wear-resistance, and bond-strength of coated specimens were investigated to assess coating soundness. In compared to WC10Co4Cr coating and pristine substrate, the microhardness of WC10Co4Cr+ 2%GNPs coating increases by 1.35 and 7.33 times, respectively. The wear-rate of WC10Co4Cr+GNPs coating decreases significantly as the percentage of GNPs increase. As WC10Co4Cr+ 4GNPs were compared to WC10Co4Cr coating and pristine substrate, the co-efficient of friction (COF) was found to be reduced by approximately 25% and 50%, respectively. Laser texturing considerably enhances the coating interface bond strength. The substantially improved performance of the WC10Co4Cr+ 2%GNPs coating could be attributed to a superior combination of microhardness and bond strength.

Micromagnetic modelling of magnetostriction under uniaxial stress

In the current work we present the results of 3D micromagnetic modelling of magnetostrictive strain and magnetic hysteresis under uniaxial stress in ferrite. The simulations are performed on artificial microstructures with different grain orientations that allow to take into account the anisotropy of magnetic and mechanical properties of iron-based alloys. The obtained results are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations. The proposed method opens a path to predictive modelling of the magnetic properties of different textured steels in the context of in-line non-destructive testing.

Highly Textured Zinc Thin Films through Novel Pulsed Electrodeposition Techniques and Their Applications

The electrodeposition of zinc thin films has been widely investigated with extensive applications in corrosion, battery electrodes, photo- and electro-catalysis. Traditionally, the direct current (DC) method of electroplating has been explored in terms of varying current density to obtain changes in morphology, grain size, preferred crystalline orientation, which in turn have significant consequences for properties such as catalysis and corrosion resistance. We have recently demonstrated [1] a novel, additive-free pulsed plating method to control the specific crystalline growth orientations and average grain size of zinc electrodeposited on steel substrates.Specifically, we have observed a transition of the preferential (002) facets at low peak current density (or low duty cycle) to (101) preferring facets at higher peak current density (or high duty cycle) as determined by the analysis of texture coefficients. Further analysis using scanning electron microscopy reveals a transition from the conventional hexagonal-shaped particles of zinc to needle-shaped structures, accompanied by a change in average crystallite size from 33 to 19 nanometers, determined from X-ray diffraction studies. The variation in morphology is also correlated to crystallographic textures through the analysis of texture coefficients and an understanding of crystallization mechanisms occurring during deposition.Herein, we report on an application of these highly textured zinc-coated steel substrates towards corrosion resistance, through accelerated electrochemical testing. Using industry-standard ASTM methods such as Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, we report on preliminary findings of corrosion potential, current and corrosion rates expressed in mm per year as a function of crystalline texture of the zinc thin films.

A sol-gel based bioactive glass coating on laser textured 316L stainless steel substrate for enhanced biocompatability and anti-corrosion properties

In this study, we have synthesized a new family of bioactive glass (BAG) comprising of SiO2, Na2O, CaO, K2O, P2O5 and MgO via sol-gel route. The composition of these oxides has been selected in such a way that the BAG has a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the 316L stainless steel (SS). In vitro test by soaking the BAG in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed good bioactivity due to ion exchange between alkali ions from the BAG and the ions present in the SBF. The 316L SS substrates were textured using laser before application of BAG using sol-gel dip coating. Pull off test showed that the adhesion strength in case of textured and non-textured surfaces were 4.2 MPa and 2.46 MPa, respectively. This implies that texturing of the surface is helpful in increasing the adhesion strength of the coating. The bioactive glass-coated textured surface of 316L SS substrate showed better corrosion resistance in SBF than the bare substrate for which the respective corrosion current densities were 35 nA/cm2 and 353 nA/cm2, thereby indicating that the single layer sol-gel dip coating of bioactive glass improved the corrosion resistance of the 316L SS implants. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the coating after immersion in SBF shows the formation and growth of the apatite layer that will further inhibit the corrosion of the substrate. These results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized BAG as a coating material for 316L SS implants.

AlCrO protected textured stainless-steel surface for high temperature solar selective absorber applications

The diffusion of substrate material into absorbing layer and oxidation of metal substrate or cermet metal nanoparticles at high temperatures are known as inevitable problems of the solar selective absorbers. In this study, we consider the use of textured stainless steel (SS) surface coated with a protective AlCr oxide layer as a high temperature solar selective absorber. The textured SS surface was prepared by ion etching techniques and AlCr oxide protective layer was deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The absorptivity and emissivity of the as-prepared absorbers were 0.86–0.92 and 0.151–0.168, respectively. In order to evaluate the thermal stability, the absorbers were annealed at 600–800 °C for different time in ambient atmosphere. Absorbers demonstrated a red shift of the onset of the reflectivity at all annealing temperatures. The high activation energy of 315 kJ/mol was calculated. In terms of thermal stability, the service lifetime of the absorbers at 500 °C was estimated to be about 100 years and at 700 and 800 °C the absorbers were stable at least 50 and 1 h, respectively. A detailed examination of the annealed absorber surface revealed growth of surface Mn3O4 nanocrystals, which resulted in observed change of the reflectance spectra, while the textured surface morphology had no significant change. The results show that the protective textured surface has much higher thermal stability in air than iron-based cermet absorbers.

Influencing the contact angle during brazing by direct laser interference structured textures on the substrate surface

Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) is used to generate textured stainless steel surfaces to control the wettability of a liquid nickel-based brazing alloy. The interference of two laser beams leads to periodic line-like structures with a spatial period of 6.0 µm. A maximum structure depth of 2.0 µm is reached by controlling the processing parameters. Moreover, the generation of laser induces periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with a period of ∼ 800 nm is observed on top of the DLIP structures. Depending on the produced texture depth, the contact angle of the molten metal is increased from 13° up to 96°. This allows adjusting the contact angle for various brazing and soldering applications and can also be used as a filler metal stop.

A comparison of the tactile friction and cutting performance of textured scalpel blades modified by Direct Laser Writing and Direct Laser Interference Patterning processes

Moving surface interactions between rigid and compliant materials have a wide range of functional applications in the automotive, aerospace and medical industries. This study investigates the cutting and frictional performance of textured stainless steel scalpel blades using polyurethane as the counterpart material. Groove textures of controlled geometries, oriented parallel and tangential to the primary cutting edge were produced using DLW and DLIP processes. Empirical investigations were conducted to study the influences of groove width, depth, separation distance and orientation on the performance of the textured blades under dry conditions.The results reveal that for both the DLW and DLIP generated textures, groove width and orientation have the largest influences on blade performance. The investigated textures showed significant improvements in friction and cutting forces compared to untextured blades, producing reductions of up to 17.0% and 5.8% for the DLW and 33.2% and 24.1% for the DLIP in the parallel orientation respectively.

Machining performance of protruded textured high-speed steel cutting tool under dry turning operation

AISI 316 L stainless steel is one of the difficult material to machine by traditional machining process due to its low thermal conductivity and high ductility properties which can cause high tool wear and high cutting forces. This can be addressed while using cutting fluid, however, cutting fluid causes severe environmental pollution while disposal. In recent studies, the usage of surface textures on cutting tools exhibited an improved machining performance without cutting fluids. The present work made an attempt to fabricate positive (protruded) surface textures on HSS cutting tool rake face and study its effect on the machining performance of AISI 316L stainless steel under dry machining. The surface textures are fabricated using the reverse-electro discharge machining process. In the present work, the effect of texture parameters such as texture density, texture height and diameter on the machining performance parameters like cutting forces, flank wear and machined surface quality of the machined workpiece are studied. The results indicated that a positive (protruded) surface textured cutting tool exhibits better machining performance as compared to the un-textured cutting tool. In addition, among the texture parameters, texture height has a significant effect on machining performance. Moreover, textured tool with a combination of 150 µm texture diameter, 5% texture density and 300 µm texture height shown better machining performance. It has also been observed that tool life is improved up to 110% as compared to un-textured tool.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Wettability and Condensation Heat Transfer of Laser‐Textured Stainless Steel Surfaces

Organic coatings on metal plates are commonly used in the post‐treatment of superhydrophobic surfaces to improve their steam condensation heat transfer. However, this causes environmental pollution, low thermal conductivity, and delamination. To avoid these drawbacks, laser texturing technology assisted by green post‐treatment (heat treatment) is introduced for stainless steel surfaces in the present study. In particular, a stable periodic dual‐scale micro‐/nanostructure on SUS 304 stainless steel surface is obtained by nanosecond laser micro‐/nanotexturing. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the laser‐textured surfaces with and without heat treatment are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, an energy‐dispersive spectrometer, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation of low‐energy nanoburr oxides on the heat‐treated surface is found to lead to intensive nucleation and growth of condensation droplets. Furthermore, the measured steam condensation heat transfer coefficient of the textured steel surface after heat treatment is about 1.83 times that of the original sample. Thus, the method proposed herein provides a promising green solution based on laser texturing to improve surface heat transfer without any chemical processing.

Antifriction effect of 316L stainless steel textured surface with superhydrophilic properties in brain tissue insertion

To reduce the tissue damage caused by the cannula electrodes during the operation of deep brain stimulation, laser matching micro texture on the surface of the electrodes was proposed to reduce the friction force. Different grooves and pit arrays were fabricated on the 316L stainless steel surface using an ultra-violet nanosecond laser. The wettability of textured surfaces with different morphologies was measured by distilled water and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Insertion experiments were carried out on porcine brains using textured steel needles. The results showed that textured steel needles have an obvious antifriction effect under the condition of the lubricant. The elliptical pit texture has the best effect of reducing friction, and the friction force can be reduced by 37.6% on average.