Textual Research Research Articles

RNB.Pogodin.11 and the Textual Tradition of Slavic Gospels. A Comparison of Textual and Lexical Variants

rnb.Pogodin.11 (P11) is an ancient East-Slavic Gospel lectionary (of the esk-type), for which various datings have been proposed, going back to the 11th century. This manuscript was given a prominent position in the 19th century editions of the Slavic version of the Gospels, as a witness of the ‘ancient’ redaction. Nevertheless, only in recent times has it become the object of extensive study. In the present paper, the text of P11 is preliminarily contextualized within the Slavic tradition, by use of the corpus of textual nodes, developed at the Münster Institute for New Testament Textual Research (<http://egora.uni-muenster.de/intf/>): the analysis shows that the text of this codex has few points of contact with the tradition of the feast (esk) lectionary, while it is very close to the text of the Mstislav Gospel (except for the Mark cycle). From a typological point of view (moderate increasing of particular variants at the expense of the so-called ‘Byzantine text’), P11 places itself between the ‘first redaction’ and the ‘second redaction’, i.e. between the ‘ancient text’ and the ‘Preslav text’. The influence of the latter is particularly evident in the John cycle, especially in the first folios of the manuscript. In comparison to the Mstislav Gospel, the text of P11 seems to be more innovative, but with a strongly archaic lexicon. It confirms that ‘text’ and ‘lexicon’ are independent layers within the Slavic Gospels textual tradition, and were already perceived as such by the copyists. Adopting the distinction between ‘form’ and ‘substance’ of a text used by Romance philologists, I propose to interpret the innovative lexical forms of the Mstislav Gospel as a ‘linguistic coat’ (patina linguistica), while P11, both from the textual and the lexical point of view, seems to be ‘formally’ a more archaic stage of the same ‘substance’ (the so-called ‘ancient text’ or ‘first redaction’).

Types and historical roles of secret gates: a new understanding of the Ming Great Wall based on a digital heritage survey

ABSTRACT The database of images of the Ming Great Wall, along with on-site investigation and verification, has allowed more than 120 secret gate sites to be located and classified for the first time. Based on typological analyses of the relationship between each type of secret gate’s form and function, we created a classification system of the Ming Great Wall’s secret gates. By combining traditional historical textual research, site surveys, and GIS micro-terrain analysis, we found that secret gates, as a key element, integrate other facility types into a coordinated regional defense system, revealing several active and flexible defense modes and more sophisticated planning intentions than were initially recognized. Finally, based on historical textual research, we found that secret gates played a broad and positive role in political interaction and socio-economic exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolian tribes, offering a new perspective on the historical function and the “open” or “closed” nature of the Ming Great Wall. Moreover, the methods introduced are likely to be applicable to the examination of other types of cultural route heritage.

Review of China's Online Education Policy, 1999–2022

Purpose This study traces the development of China's online education policy over the past 20 years. Design/Approach/Methods Employing a textual research method, this study examines online education policymakers, policy content and influence, and related policies and regulations. Findings This study identifies the starting point of China's online education policy and divides its development into four stages: namely, the pilot exploration stage (1999–2002), the standard development stage (2002–2012), the transformation stage (2012–2017), and the governance improvement stage (2017–present). Policy development reflects three characteristics: the need to meet the requirements of the times, shifting from a single management to multiple governance approach, and developing from one object for some people to one object for everyone. Current policy focuses on regulating institutions, content, and products, as well as guiding social capital to participate in online education. Originality/Value This study systematically analyzes the development of China's online education policies, discerns policy characteristics, and identifies current policy priorities. In doing so, this study enhances our understanding of the current status and potential needs of online education in China so as to promote its development from the perspective of education policy and governance.

Sustainable Relationship in Design: The Contribution Wisdom of Academies Landscape in Southern Jiangsu from an “Interpersonal View” Perspective

In recent years, designers have increasingly emphasized sustainability in landscape design, but they have focused more on the “human-nature” relationship while neglecting the relationship between people. As a result, problems such as inconvenient use of the landscape and waste of resources for management and renovation have been caused. To solve this problem, it is necessary to establish the correct concept at the beginning of design. Traditional Chinese ideas can often provide appropriate reference points for many contemporary issues, including design. Taking the landscapes of ancient academies in southern Jiangsu as an example, this paper tries to explore the methods and ideas of the designers to deal with the “people-people” relationship in the process of construction, as an example of sustainable landscape design. Both textual research and metrological historiography were used to examine and summarize the characteristics of the landscape construction of the academies in southern Jiangsu, combined with the analysis of the theory of “interpersonal view”. It is apparent that the landscape construction of the academies in southern Jiangsu is characterized by site selection with favorable geography and people, scale and function with the balance of supply and demand, building construction with thrift and efficiency, and a site-specific and simple courtyard built. The formation of these characteristics originates from the founder’s design concept of care about education and being kind to scholars, saving materials and taking good care of the people, benefiting others before to themselves, and portraying the Confucian idea of “great harmony in the world”. The thought and design concept of the landscape construction of the academies in southern Jiangsu can provide a reference point for landscape designers to solve the sustainable problem of the “people-people” relationship in landscape design.

Objects, People, Politics: From Perestroika to the Post-Soviet Era

This article offers a political reading of the status of the object during the Perestroika years (1986–1991) and the immediate post-Soviet period in the early 1990s. Long-established Soviet cultural values and practices underwent a dramatic upheaval in everyday life and economy, as well as in art and fashion, which radically changed the ontological status of the object, and the relationship between the subject and the object. Focusing on three distinctive kinds of objects—austere, fragile and unruly—the article analyzes these changes through the practices of some leading players in art and fashion. Primary visual and textual research, as well as oral-history testimonials, are embedded in theoretical frameworks from art history, and fashion and cultural studies.

Somebody's Complaint: Isabella Kelly, Warren Hastings, and the Strange Case of Ruthinglenne

In 1795, novelist Isabella Kelly (ca. 1759–1857) sent a plea for financial help to Warren Hastings (1732–1818), the first British governor-general of India, who had known her late father-in-law. Six years later, her Minerva Press novel Ruthinglenne, or, the Critical Moment (1801) included a scene in which a widowed woman novelist asks for the help of a senior East India official and is rudely rebuffed. Was Kelly writing about her real-life exchange with Hastings, and if so, what might she have been hoping to achieve? The essay attempts to answer these questions in a speculative argument that examines Ruthinglenne's straddling of fact and fiction; by analyzing both the novel and its paratexts, I propose that Kelly's fictional encoding of fact would have been obvious to at least some of her readers. The case of Ruthinglenne, I further argue, lends support to recent critical claims regarding the overlooked richness of Minerva novels, and demonstrates the need to round out our historical understanding of neglected women writers through combined textual and biographical research.

Varieties and standards of Corydalis medicinal plants

Through literature research and standard retrieval, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, the origins, and related standards were summarized. Finally, 27 medicinal materials were screened out, involving 71 species(varieties). Among them, only 11 are recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020), National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs·Tibetan Medicine, Tibetan Medicine Standards, and other local standards, including Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Corydalis Herba. The names and original plants of the medicinal materials are different in different standards, and the phenomena of "same medicinal material with different names" and "same name for different medicinal materials" are prominent. Most standards only include the traits, microscopic identification, and physico-chemical property identification, with unsound quality criteria. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen the sorting of Corydalis medicinal plants, herbal textual research, and investigation of the resources and utilization. Moreover, via modern techniques, the chemical components and medicinal material basis of different original plants should be explored and sound quality standards should be established to improve the safety and quality of Corydalis-derived medicinal materials. Summarizing Corydalis medicinal plants, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, and related standards, this study is expected to provide a reference for the standard formulation, quality evaluation, expansion of drug sources, and rational development and utilization of Corydalis resources.

Textual Research on the Uprising of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: The Change of the Name of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

The study of the Taiping Kingdom itself has a great influence on the study of the history of the Taiping Kingdom in modern China. It involves the research of politics, economy, culture, military, figures, laws and regulations, religion and so on. However, the academic research on the national title of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is less involved. Investigating this history will not only help us understand the historical details of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, but also correct some wrong understandings about the name of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Philosophical Thought and Educational Implication of the Ideas of Zhong (中)

Highlights The ideas of Zhong (中) have profound cultural implications beyond the Chinese character of Zhong (中) in traditional Chinese culture. This study explores the philosophical significance of Zhong for education. This study is based on the textual research of the original meanings of Zhong, its wisdom, and explanations of Zhong philosophies in Chinese rites and music culture as well as various schools of thought, including Yi-ology, Confucianism, and Daoism. Zhong has significant influence on the ancient Chinese concept of education, and its views on the field of education coincide with many contemporary educational views. Studying the educational and philosophical significance of Zhong provides important guidance and reference for current basic education reforms.

Textual Research and Explanation of Related Issues in Zhang Ruocheng's "Twenty-eight Scenes of Jingyi Garden"

"Twenty-eight Scenes of Jingyi Garden" is a long scroll of ancient Chinese garden paintings depicting the scenery of Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan during the Qianlong period. This paper examines the circulation process and current situation of the painting, and analyzes the historical situation of the author Zhang Ruocheng's creation in various aspects. In the process of analyzing the painting in detail, the author also interprets the causes of the style of the painting from multiple dimensions.

Exploration of professor ZHANG Shan-chen's academic thoughts

Professor ZHANG Shan-chen's clinical experience and academic thoughts in the field of acupuncture are summarized. Professor ZHANG stresses on theoretical exploration and has written Zhenjiu Jiayijing Shuxue Chongji, published a series of articles on textual research and expounded the nomenclature of acupoints. He believes that clinical practice should be guided by theory and the comprehensive syndrome differentiation be emphasized. Hence, a holistic idea should be cultivated, in which, the human body is considered as an organic whole and should be adaptive to the nature. Based on the theory above, the diagnosis can be determined and the effective treatment be received. He suggests selecting few acupoints, identifying the deficiency from the excess so as to determine the reinforcing or replenishing method and exerting appropriate needling manipulation. Additionally, the response should be enhanced on the identification of deqi after needle insertion. Moreover, a great consideration is laid on the clinical trial and application of moxibustion, which is complemented with acupuncture technique each other and mutually conductive to the clinical effect.

Problem of Inner Hierarchy and Typology of Interdisciplinary Methodology

The main aspect of the modern humanitarian thinking is the link of two fundamental methodology such as interparadugmality and interdisciplinarity. The padigme means how the scientific discipline considers the researched object on the certain stage of it’s existence. The methodological discipline studies an aspect of the reality. The modern understanding of the interdisciplinary methodology means textual researches on the bases of linguistics, journalist genre theory and modern cultural theory. It leads us to the typological features of the interdisciplinarity methodology. These typological features are grouped as follows: The first  typological sign should be considered as an internal complexity of this methodology. From the paradigm standpoint, our research should be simultaneously linguocultural, intertextual and synergetic. The next typological sign of the interdisciplinary methodology is dynamism.  Since at the initial stage of interdisciplinarity, the linguistically understood textual aspect required linguoculturological interpretation, then it has become necessary to provide intertextual interpretation of linguoculturology itself. And at this final stage the paradigm synthesis needs to be based on synergetism as a completely new methodological paradigm. The third typological sign should be named on the bases of logical interrelation, where interdisciplinarity is characterized by complexity and dynamism. So, from this point of  view we should consider that the interdisciplinary methodology  is characterized by the capacity of seeing through the inner layers of the text phenomenon. Interparadigmal mythology is the synthesis of the theory and the methodology. We can name the paradigms of a higher hierarchy, they are: anthropocentrism, culturocentrizm and linguoculturology. As to the intertextuality and sinergetizm, in spite of their great importance and validity toward textual research these paradigms just beginning to be established in modern linguistics.

Research on the Experience of Urban Epidemic Prevention and Governance in Chang'an City in Tang Dynasty Based on the Analysis of Historical Data

Chinese cities have a history of at least five thousand years, and the city of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty is a milestone. The planning and design of Chang'an City represented the most advanced level in the world at that time and laid the foundation for the design of China's capital city. With the global outbreak of the new crown virus COVID-19, it is even more necessary to enter the "post-epidemic era" for urban epidemic prevention and governance measures. In the history of the Tang Dynasty, there were 49 plague outbreaks, but they still created prosperous situations such as the "Excellent Governance during the Zhenguan Times" and " Flourishment Age of Kaiyuan Era". Based on the historical data and documentary interviews and analysis of the textual research, this article summarizes the urban epidemic prevention and management of the Tang Chang’an city from six aspects, including the site selection, water supply and drainage system, medical isolation facilities, lifang management system, landscaping and mainstream medical ideological guidance system, and summarize the advanced experience of typical capitals in ancient China to provide a reference for modern urban epidemic prevention and governance.

Development and Future Trends of Traditional Kampo Medicine in Japan

Abstract Traditional Kampo medicine is based on traditional Chinese medicine, which spread to Japan via the Korean Peninsula in the 5th century. The practice of Kampo developed gradually under the influence of local Japanese culture and prospered until the Meiji Restoration. Kampo appeared in schools successively, such as the School of Later Developments, the School of Classic Methods, the School of Textual Research, and the Integrated School. However, the practice of Kampo gradually declined after the Meiji Restoration. Today, through the continuous efforts of knowledgeable Japanese Kampo practitioners, the practice of Kampo has entered a new era as an indispensable aspect of contemporary Japanese medicine.

The Tangut Manuscript <i>The First [Shamanistic] Ritual</i> from IOM, RAS Collection. Textual Research and Translation

The Tangut manuscript Танг 1621 is recorded evidence of the Tangut shamanistic tradition that existed in the Xixia state, but had originated from the religious beliefs of the Tanguts ancestors. This text was discovered among unidentified Tangut texts in the process of cataloguing work. Prior to this this discovery, we came across some indirect references to Tangut shamanism in various sources such as historical documents (The Tangut Codex), ritual or religious text fragments. Most likely, the text in question is an original Tangut text that had originally existed in verbal tradition and was later recorded. Structurally, it consists of 14-syllable verses, including archaisms, unclear metaphors and symbolism. It is a complete manuscript with a title, a short preface, and a logical ending. The titles translation can be only interpreted tentatively, as it literally means The Origin of [Religious] Ecstasy (Russian kamlaniye). However, I guess that to translate the Tangut word 影 as [religious] ecstasy would not be entirely correct in this case, because we find in this text a description of a shamanistic ritual that includes kamlaniye only as its part. The main goal of the rite described here is to defend the world of living beings from the disasters that astral spirits visit on some tribes or ethnic groups for being neglectful of the rules of sacrificial rites or for damaging sacred items. Therefore, this ritual, when it was performed for the first time, was aimed at procuring Heavens support for people. On can assume that, once performed, this rite had laid the foundation for a ritual tradition that preserved the wealth and stability of the community that observed it, and later it became the most basic, principal ritual of the state. I can also assume that it was this archetypal rite that emperor Yuanhao performed as he proclaimed himself emperor of the Xixia State. I should add that the above-mentioned linguistic traits pose a serious challenge to the textual research into this sourcefirst of all, to its proper translation. That is why this study is only a preliminary one. The main goal of interpreting this text is to determine the place of the Tangut shamanistic tradition within the context of the long-time scholarly definition of such religious beliefs.

Improvement of Oracle Bone Inscription Recognition Accuracy: A Deep Learning Perspective

Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied in handwriting recognition. Oracle bone inscriptions (OBI) are the earliest hieroglyphs in China and valuable resources for studying the etymology of Chinese characters. OBI are of important historical and cultural value in China; thus, textual research surrounding the characters of OBI is a huge challenge for archaeologists. In this work, we built a dataset named OBI-100, which contains 100 classes of oracle bone inscriptions collected from two OBI dictionaries. The dataset includes more than 128,000 character samples related to the natural environment, humans, animals, plants, etc. In addition, we propose improved models based on three typical deep convolutional network structures to recognize the OBI-100 dataset. By modifying the parameters, adjusting the network structures, and adopting optimization strategies, we demonstrate experimentally that these models perform fairly well in OBI recognition. For the 100-category OBI classification task, the optimal model achieves an accuracy of 99.5%, which shows competitive performance compared with other state-of-the-art approaches. We hope that this work can provide a valuable tool for character recognition of OBI.

Textual Research on The Reply to Yi Chuan

Textual Research on The Reply to Yi Chuan

LEXICON REFERENCING AND TEXT/PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS

This research seeks to study the functional relationship between the lexical units and what the hypotheses of textual linguistics and pragmatics put forward, and this is what required us to address the functional achievement achieved by words in terms of functions and values within texts according to relationships based on meaning, referral and intent. In order to reach an actual explanatory competence that guarantees accurate knowledge of how the lexicon works, this calls for research into the functional support relationships between levels of grammar, and semantics, and deliberation in building and interpreting the rules of text formation and discourses at the linguistic and pragmatic levels. This is on the grounds that the structural and semantic properties formed the core of the textual research, and therefore the textual research is carried out on the levels: grammar, semantics and circulation and it is not permissible to separate them. And the research on the relations of methodological compatibility and functional integration between the lexicon, text, and circulation, is usually related to the study of the textual/pragmatic functionalism accomplished by lexical units within texts, according to the processes of linking and cohesion between the constituent units of the text and the conversational processes performed between interlocutors in certain contextual conditions .Accordingly, the treatment of the established relationship between the lexicon, the text and the circulation remains determined mainly by clarifying the functions that words accomplish within the circle of communication, that is, studying the role of words and the extent to which they are related to the activity of speech. The boundaries drawn by dictionaries for the word within narrow circles, related to description and identification necessarily, will be different from those textual/deliberative conditions of the word included in the conversational processes charged with the terms of interaction and influence, and this is what prompts us to distinguish between the words deposited in the memory of

Transformation of the Stereotypical Image of the Cat in Modern Folklore (Based on the Genre of the Riddle)

This article discusses the stereotypical image of the cat in the traditional riddle as well as the features of the transformation of the image in the modern riddle. In the study, the authors employ methods of ethnolinguistic description combined with content analysis. Also, they verify the data obtained through textual research along with a series of psycholinguistic experiments using the methods of comparison and quantitative calculations. A comparison of the obtained data is made to establish the similarities and differences in the ways of representing and perceiving the stereotypical image of the cat in traditional and modern riddles. It also facilitates the identification of the relevant features of the image under study for modern consciousness. The study confirms the assumption that the stability of the general principles of developing the image of the cat is revealed in accordance with the requirements of the genre in traditional and modern riddles. However, modern texts, in comparison with traditional texts, reveal several differences in the semantic content of the image. Here, the image under study is represented in relation to its functional properties. It is connected mainly with hunting for mice and the performance of the mythological function associated with protecting the house from dark evil forces. The image of the cat in modern texts demonstrates basically its external and behavioural characteristics. The authors reveal the perception of the cat as a wayward pet in modern culture. Such a discrepancy in the realisation of features is mainly due to the focus of the riddle on the reflection of the most significant and relevant information of the period. The shift in the representation of the image in modern texts is caused by the need to reflect the reality in relation to changes in the sociocultural environment.

AFTERMATH OF TRAUMA: AN ALTERED PERSONA IN ANGELOU'S I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS

Maya Angelou is best known for her writing several volumes of autobiographies divulging racial discrimination, racial violence, sexuality, the dominance of white authority, racial inequality, and oppression. Her popular autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is acknowledged by readers worldwide and acclaimed for her creative mind. She has also stood for herself by rejecting the social norms and white supremacy. The most important aspect of her stance isthatshe has openly discussed taboo subjects about sexual violence and sexuality in her writing. Angelou has represented the traumatic experiences, violence, and fear of mob lynching not only for herself but also for the pathetic condition of Blacks in African America. The researcher aims to critically explore traumatic experiences through the disciplines of narratology. Secondly, to delve into Marguerite’s journey of transformation into a self-determined woman by accepting herself as well asthe Black community in the dominance of white people. The researchers are applying the textual research method of interpretive approach in Angelou’s autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings