Textual Problems Research Articles

The Teacher as Listener: A Theory of Pedagogical Listening in the Literature Classroom

ABSTRACT Getting students talking about a work of literature — sharing and interrogating their own and each other’s textual interpretations and responses — is vital for the teaching and learning of literature. If a classroom community of readers is constituted by such talking, then responsive teaching involves a lot of listening. What, precisely, might be the role(s) of the teacher as listener? Beginning with three classroom vignettes, and then drawing from psychoanalytic theory, pragmatist aesthetics, and philosophy of dialogue, this article theorises a distinctly pedagogical listening. One role of the teacher as a listener in the literature classroom can be interpreting and intervening in ‘textual problems’ that typically arise in moments of confusion or surprise — students’ and/or their teacher’s — throughout interpretive discussion. Such pedagogical listening can instantiate, among other qualities discussed in this article, a double consciousness or divided attention. This article concludes by suggesting specific classroom practices and conditions for pedagogical listening.

Enhancing the Word Problem-Solving Skills Through Strengthening Reading Comprehension Skills of Grade 11 Learners: An Action Research Study

Context and Rationale: Word problem-solving in mathematics is a crucial skill for Grade 11 students, as it integrates mathematical concepts with reading comprehension. Many students struggle with word problems, not due to a lack of mathematical ability, but because of difficulties in understanding the problem's text. Research indicates that reading comprehension directly influences the ability to solve word problems effectively (Smith & Jones, 2023). This action research aimed to explore the impact of targeted reading comprehension interventions on improving the word problem-solving skills of Grade 11 students.

Syriac Exegesis of the Qurʾān

Abstract Christian authors writing in Syriac after the Islamic conquests frequently invoked the Qurʾān to validate the truth of Christian beliefs – such as the Trinity and the Incarnation – and to read the Qurʾān in a manner that removes any criticism of Christians and Christianity. The most comprehensive work of this genre is Against the Arabs of the prolific 12th-century Syrian Orthodox writer, the monophysite bishop of Amida, Dionysius bar Ṣalībī. Hitherto, scholarly attention has been given to exploring Bar Ṣalībī’s Qurʾān quotations vis-à-vis the canonical Qurʾānic text and to identifying the sources from which Bar Ṣalībī quoted the Qurʾān. Building on the current state of research, the aim of the present article is to attempt to provide an analysis of Against the Arabs’ approach to some relatively problematic passages, cruces interpretum, in the Qurʾān. Through studying a number of Qurʾānic verses in Syriac translation, and as commented upon in Against the Arabs, the article highlights the textual problems detected in Against the Arabs and shows that they are genuine problems which are also discussed in the tafsīr (Qurʾān commentary) literature. Put differently, the article demonstrates that – although motivated by different causes – Against the Arabs and the Muslim exegetical literature were both intrigued by the same problems in the Qurʾān but, naturally, reacted to them in different ways. More generally, it is hoped that through showcasing aspects of Against the Arabs’ hermeneutical engagement with the Qurʾān the article will allow us to “hear” the Qurʾān as it was received and interpreted by Syriac Christianity in the High Middle Ages.

Варианты взаимосогласования индивидов со сходными и различающимися психологическими характеристиками

<p>The article considers the problem of coordination of individual experience in the situation when individuals achieve a collective result. In terms of the system-evolutionary approach, such coordination is described as mutual-co-operation. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible variants of individual experience coordination in the conditions of joint solution of textual tasks (in dyads). Analytical logical ("Knights and Liars", "Grid-logic") and holistic ("Anagrams", "Moral Judgements") textual problems were used. Two criteria for distinguishing dyads were tested: 1. "Analytic-Holistic" of individuals and 2. "Groups representing different ways of solving". It was hypothesized that if individuals had different psychological characteristics ("analytic-holistic"), they would be more effective on both analytic and holistic tasks due to inter-individual complementarity, and if they were similar ("analytic-analytic" or "holistic-holistic"), they would be more effective on either analytic or holistic tasks. Although the relationship of performance with complementarity in problem solving according to the criterion "Analytic-Holistic" was found, the relationship with complementarity according to the criterion "Groups representing different ways of solving" turned out to be more pronounced. The belonging of individuals in the dyad to groups similar in the ways of problem solving may contribute to the mentioned performance to a greater extent. Thus, complementarity can be both for different and similar characteristics, which is consistent with the position on the necessity of mutual co-interaction of the degrees of freedom of individuals to achieve a collective result.</p>

A Problem in Gregory of Nazianzus, Epistle 4

Abstract This paper reconsiders an alleged textual problem raised by the word ξουφηρία in one of Gregory of Nazianzus’s letters to Basil (Ep. 4). Contrary to what has been argued by a recent scholar, the text does not need emendation. The problem can be resolved by means of lexicographical analysis: ξουφηρία is merely a spelling variant of ζοφερία (“darkness”).

Methodical conditions which are conducive to improving the education of pupils to solve their context-based mathematics task

Relevance. The research's relevance is due to the need to explore optimal ways to improve the education of pupils in mathematics for the formation of mathematical literacy, by independently solving text-based tasks in mathematics regardless of the orientation of their interests and the chosen specialty. Purpose. The purpose of the article is the characterization of methodical conditions conducive to teaching pupils to solve mathematical tasks on their own. Methodology. The methodology of the research consisted of the use of a set of theoretical methods (general scientific, specific-scientific), which allowed processing of the scientific literature, distributing the information array, studying and clarifying terms and concepts, and structuring the collected information. And empirical methods – interviews and sociological surveys with teachers and experts in the field under study. The participants in this study were 70 primary school mathematics teachers in 2-5 grades. Results. The article analyzes the process of the collaboration between teacher and students during solving textual problems in various ways, which allows students to form not only knowledge and skills on the relevant issue, and also to develop such elements of mathematical literacy as logical thinking and form a literate mathematical language. Conclusions. The study's applied value is that the main points, factual materials, and conclusions can be used in the school system by teachers, methodologists, and research educators to develop recommendations for improving the teaching of schoolchildren's autonomy in solving text-based problems in mathematics.

The Original Presidency: A Conception of Administrative Control

Abstract The two predominant conceptions of executive power and supervision over the administrative state are inadequate. One maintains that all administrative discretion is the President’s, and that by virtue of the grant of executive power the President can both remove and control the discretion of all subordinate officers. That poses a possible textual problem: it seems to make the Opinions Clause superfluous. The other conception maintains that the President is, at best, a “persuader-in-chief,” with no constitutional right to control administrative discretion or to remove officers tasked with implementing statutory duties. Although this view makes sense of the Opinions Clause, there is no historical evidence for it. The proponents of these two schools of thought have thus been locked in a decades-long stalemate, with competing and irreconcilable paradigms of total control or no control. This Article recovers another, lost way of thinking about presidential power. According to this conception, Congress can insulate inferior officers from removal because they must follow orders. As for principal officers, the President can remove but not control them, at least not directly. There is no constitutional obligation on the part of principal officers to obey; the only inducement is the threat of removal. The Opinions Clause, far from being superfluous, then assures the President the power to acquire information to exercise intelligently the power to remove. In addition to this account’s textual and structural virtues, it appears to have been a relatively widely shared understanding of presidential power at the Founding, enough so to be within the range of plausible original meanings. This understanding of executive power may seem overly formalistic, but it is functionally more desirable than the two competing accounts that allow for total control or total balkanization.

Translation: Practicing Rewriting in Context

Translation serves to provide a natural context in which a translator practices the role of a second writer. This natural writing environment accumulates the experience as well as the expertise of applying various translation and linguistic theories to tackle textual problems, being them lexical, semantic, cultural or merely grammatical. Translation is the only field in which two languages are consciously and unconsciously practiced at the whole levels throughout the translation activity. Written texts that require translation ought to be understood by translators as the starting point for the rewriting (translation) process. Translation, then, can be handled as a writing practice that makes use of the appropriate translation techniques and procedures, observing contextual differences. Translators write in almost every field, from simple to highly specialized texts. In translation, translators rewrite the Source Language Text in a Target Language that projects their competence in that TL, provided that they must thoroughly understand the respective ST; maintaining some sort of relevance or similarity between their reproduced TT, and its corresponding ST. This paper emphasizes the usefulness of translation practice in enhancing writing competence in various writing settings.

Critical Notes on Pseudo-Sisbert’s Exhortatio Poenitendi

This paper discusses textual problems in an anonymous Late Latin poem entitled Exhortatio poenitendi. In his classic edition (Berlin 1914), Karl Strecker used nine witnesses. In my critical edition from 2021, I studied, collated, and classified twenty manuscripts of this poem and established a new stemma codicum; a manuscript not known to me at the time has been used in this paper. In this article I propose new conjectures absent from my edition, reject other proposals made by previous editors, and discuss lines in which either the stemma cannot be used to guide the editor in the choice of readings, the diffusion of variants is irregular, or I have made a choice different from that of previous editors. Many of the disputed passages can now be clarified in the light of two other works attributed to the same anonymous author (the Lamentum poenitentiae and the Oratio pro correptione uitae), which were published together with the Exhortatio poenitendi for the first time in my 2021 edition.

Az ontológiai apparátus deaktiválása Giorgio Agamben filozófiájában

In my paper, I attempt to identify and resolve a (prima facie textual) problem concerning the conceptual strategy of deactivating the ontological apparatus, which I hypothesize draws attention to a particularly important feature of this strategy (and of the Agambenian corpus). The problem lies in the double assessment of the ontological figure underlying the poetic experience (which consists in the exposure to impotence): while in the first volume of the Homo Sacer series this experience (and the ontological gesture that underlies it) is judged by the Italian philosopher as the most radical, but still insufficient, attempt to deactivate the ontological apparatus, in The Use of Bodies the same experience and gesture are presented as the essence of a form-of-life that deactivates the apparatus. After a deeper exposition of the apparently textual problem, it becomes clear that here one of the most important issues concerning Agambenian ontology and philosophy is brought to the surface: not only the success of the Agambenian task (the deactivation of the apparatus) depends on the solution to this problem, but also the clarification of a much broader distinction already raised by Walter Benjamin. It is a question of elucidating the topological difference between the two forms of the state of exception (“virtual” and “real”), since, like all apparatuses, the ontological one is based on the relation of ban and exception.

The Many Quarrels of Cain and Abel

Abstract Various Targums to the Pentateuch include an expansion to the biblical story of Cain and Abel, where the two brothers engage in a debate concerning divine justice and providence. The contents and form of the targumic debate vary widely, and its textual problems and possible theological and historical contexts have been discussed extensively. In this paper, I reconsider the relationships between the different versions of the debate in light of previously unnoticed textual evidence, primarily from textual witnesses of Targum Onqelos. I show that the Palestinian Targum tradition conflates, in different ways, two alternative versions of the debate, whereas some witnesses of Onqelos preserve only one of these versions in a slightly different form. I conclude that these witnesses preserve a source which was also used by the PalTg tradition and are not derived from the PalTg sources at our disposal.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Increase the Efficiency of Education Management in the Future

Education is a process for all time. The dynamic nature of education also means that the acceleration of life must be responded quickly with responsive education services. If education has an activity base that only repeats the past without getting closer to the contestual aspects of the present, then education will become static and will become an activity that does not provide implications at the level of current life solutions. So the future education is education that is not value-free. Valuing education is education that is always based on aspects of usefulness for the development of human life. Education is not only based on exams and textual problem solving. More than that, that education must be a solution to all the problems of today's life. So that no matter how fast the development of life is, education must still embrace that development so that it can be filled with the values of life sourced from religious values and community norms. The purpose of this study is to determine the utilization of artificial intelligence to improve the efficient management of education in the future. This research method uses quantitative research methods, where the data is obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires online. The results showed that creative teaching strategies were able to improve student achievement and motivation to learn. From this research it can be concluded that the utilization of artificial intelligence to improve the efficiency of education management in the future. The limitation of this research is that it can only do the utilization of artificial intelligence even though there are many more utilizations that can improve the efficient management of education in the future. Researchers hope that future researchers can conduct research related to the utilization of artificial intelligence to improve future education management efficiency but with other utilization. This study also recommends that future researchers make this research a reference in conducting research on improving the efficiency of students' future education management through the use of artificial intelligence.

Text-Critical Edition of the List of Solomon’s Officials (3 Kgdms 4:8–19)

Abstract The List of Solomon’s officials (1 Kgs/3 Kgdms 4:8–19) presents many textual problems both in the MT and the LXX texts. It constitutes then a perfect testing ground for the critical edition of 3–4 Kingdoms. This paper intends to revise the Rahlfs’ approach and conclusions, in particular regarding the correspondence εἷς = ‮אֶחָד‬‎ attested differently in the different text forms, and presents a commented preliminary edition of the passage, explaining the critical choices of the editors.

The Unaccounted Autograph of Dostoevsky (More on the Writer’s Calligraphy as a Textological Problem)

The article carries out a handwriting examination of the manuscript of Dostoevsky’s third “Siberian Ode” “The Terrible War Has Fallen Silent!” (1856), stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive. The need for such an examination is due to the fact that the manuscript is written in a special type of handwriting, which contains elements of calligraphy. In this type of handwriting, the outlines of many elements are oriented to the standards of calligraphic writing, fixed in textbooks, while the individual features of the writer’s handwriting are significantly weakened, making it difficult to establish the status of the manuscript — a copy of a scribe or an autograph (in our case Dostoevsky). The methodology of handwriting expertise was developed by the author in the article “Calligraphic Elements in Dostoevsky’s Handwriting as a Textual Problem” (Unknown Dostoevsky. 2022. No. 2), where the manuscript of the first “Siberian Ode” of the writer “On European Events of 1854” was analyzed, in determining the status of which opposing decisions were made in authoritative periodicals (white autograph/clerical copy). The examination proved that the manuscript of the 1854 poem was Dostoevsky’s autograph. This article is a direct continuation of the article written in 2022. The manuscript of the poem “The Terrible War Has Fallen Silent!” is written in a handwriting very similar to that of the first “Siberian Ode,” however, since its first publication in 1935 and to this day the status of the 1856 manuscript was that of a clerical copy. The conducted handwriting expert examination proved that the manuscript of the third “Siberian Ode” is a white autograph of Dostoevsky.

Embedding-based terminology expansion via secondary use of large clinical real-world datasets

A log-likelihood based co-occurrence analysis of ∼1.9 million de-identified ICD-10 codes and related short textual problem list entries generated possible term candidates at a significance level of p<0.01. These top 10 term candidates, consisting of 1 to 5-grams, were used as seed terms for an embedding based nearest neighbor approach to fetch additional synonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms in the respective n-gram embedding spaces by leveraging two different language models. This was done to analyze the lexicality of the resulting term candidates and to compare the term classifications of both models. We found no difference in system performance during the processing of lexical and non-lexical content, i.e. abbreviations, acronyms, etc. Additionally, an application-oriented analysis of the SapBERT (Self-Alignment Pretraining for Biomedical Entity Representations) language model indicates suitable performance for the extraction of all term classifications such as synonyms, hypernyms, and hyponyms.

The Textual Problem of Proverbs 30:19

A textual problem in Proverbs 30:19 provides difficulty to both ancient and contemporary texts. The ancient translators understand the last word of Proverbs 30:19 differently: b’lmh or b’lmyw. Symmachus in Greek, and the Aleppo codex, Leningrad codex, Babylonian tradition, Targum Aramaic, and Latin Codex 650 translate the term as “maiden” (woman). Other translations comprehend the last word of Proverbs 30:19 as in (his) “youth:” The LXX, Syro-Hexapla, Syriac Peshitta, Latin Vulgate, manuscript 31, Amiatinus manuscript, Salzburg manuscript, Cavensis manuscript, Greek Manuscript 333, 562, 329, 571, 636, 352, 485, 464, 447, and most Latin manuscripts. Modern English Bible translators are also perplexed by the textual problem of Proverbs 30:19. Although most modern Bible English translations prefer the reading with a maid (woman), certain English translations favor the reading “in his youth”. For example, the American Standard Version (ASV), New Heart English Bible (NHEB), New International Version (NIV), Amplified Bible (AB), World English Bible (WEB), English Standard Version (ESV), Berean Study Bible (BSB), King James Version (KJV), International Standard Version (ISV), and NET Bible favor the reading with a maid (woman). The Good News Translation (GNB) and Contemporary English Version (CEV) even interpret the last word of Proverbs 30:19 as the love between a man and a woman. On the other hand, the Brenton Septuagint Translation (Douay-Rheims Bible [DRB], Literal Standard Version [LST], and Aramaic Bible in Plain English Young’s Literal Translation [YLT] have the translation of in his youth. This article undertakes a syntactical analysis of the Prov. 30:19 in an attempt to resolve this textual ambiguity.

Multilingualism as a Functional Element, a Useful Category for the Study of the Construction and Translation of Linguistically Diverse Discourse

This article is a discursive and equivalence-generating study of the use of the multilingual property as a narrative transmission mechanism in audiovisual texts. Specific functions can be constructed and different events and aspects of the plot can be presented through the introduction of linguistic variation and its deliberate application to achieve defined purposes. The analysis is based on functionalist approaches to the study of fiction and translation and on the binary branching classification model of solution types for determining textual problems in translation based on the form these adopt. This article presents the findings of multilingual property identification and translation related to the application of this forms- and functions-based approach. Several classifications of solution types are also developed with representative examples extracted from film and series.

Textual Problems in the Danişmendname

Danişmendname, günümüze ulaşabilmiş en eski Türk destanlarından biridir. Aslen sözlü anlatım için bestelenmiş olan eser, ilk olarak 13. yüzyılda Selçuklu sarayında kaleme alınmış, ardından bir asır sonra Tokat Valisi Arif Ali tarafından düzenlenip genişletilmiştir. Kendisini bütünlüklü bir anlatı ve başka bir destanın (Battalname’nin) devamı olarak sunsa da, şu anki haliyle metin, Tevrat anlatıları ve Hıristiyan hagiografisi de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli türlerden ödünç alındığına dair kanıtlar gösteriyor. Daniş¬mendname'nin 18 nüshası bilinmekte ve genellikle doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak Arif Ali nüshasından türetilen nüshalar olduğu varsayılmaktadır. P (Paris) ve I (İstanbul) elyazmalarının analizi ve karşılaştırıl¬ması, metindeki bazı farkları tespit eder ve bu iki el yazmasının aslında ortak bir arketipin kopyaları değil, özetleri olduğunu ortaya çıkarır. Epitomatörler, Arif Ali'nin metnini kısaltmış ve yeniden düzenlemiştir

The Worcester Herbal Glossary: Edition and Commentary

Abstract This study offers the first full edition of a late thirteenth-century herbal glossary preserved in Worcester, Cathedral Library, F 157, as well as a preliminary commentary of textual problems and analogues. This glossary (henceforth: Worcester Herbal Glossary) originally included around 130 Latin plant names with English equivalents; a few entries are lost today because of a lacuna in the manuscript. So far, only a partial – and at times inaccurate – edition of the glossary appeared in Floyer and Hamilton (1906: 184–185). Since then, this lexicographic collection of plant names has been almost wholly ignored by scholars. Remarkably, the Worcester Herbal Glossary seems to originate from a substantial batch of entries from the chapter on the names of herbs in Ælfric’s Glossary. This batch was expanded by means of other material which must have circulated in the Early Middle English period. This additional material parallels entries found in other botanical glossaries of the period – such as that preserved in London, British Library, Harley 978 – and, above all, finds striking analogues in the Middle English recension of the Salernitan medico-botanical glossary known as Alphita (Mowat 1887).

A Note on Aristotle’s De Anima Α 1, 403a10-16

In this paper I discuss passage 403a10-16 from Aristotle’s De Anima. In this passage Aristotle deals with whether the soul could be separate from the body and presents an analogy with geometrical entities. This passage is highly obscure and it presents many textual difficulties. The interpretation I offer resolves the textual problems without requiring emendations to the text as many commentators suggest.