Textile Support Research Articles

New Investigations of Adhesives for Tear Repair of Canvas Paintings

ABSTRACT The thread-by-thread tear mending technique for canvas paintings represents an important field of research for the preservation of canvas paintings. This joining technology has been published and has become well established as a minimal invasive alternative for the treatment of local damage in the canvas, in contrast to the application of patches or the lining of paintings. Since then the technique has been further investigated, especially with regard to adhesive evaluation. For the first time, this paper presents the examination of five different test set-ups for the adhesive evaluation in an overall context: 1. uniaxial tensile tests on free adhesive films, 2. on mended yarns, 3. on fabric strips, 4. biaxial tensile tests, and 5. multiaxial burst pressure tests. The bonding was carried out on flax threads and canvas samples. For this purpose, single thread bonds were prepared within the specimens with a selection of different synthetic polymer dispersions and sturgeon glue modifications. Different bonding techniques were investigated, such as overlapping or butt joint mending, with and without bridging threads. The aim of the investigation was to understand the individual influencing factors in the various test series. Furthermore, the focus was on the development of a suitable test system for the evaluation of adhesives for the thread-by-thread tear mending treatment in textile painting supports. It can be stated that only the testing of several bonded threads in a fabric composite should be pursued as a long-term sensible test arrangement. This is in contrast to the previously very common set-up of testing mended single threads. Promising adhesives and adhesive modifications have been found for butt joints and overlap joints. The additional strengthening effect of bridging threads on butt joints has been proven and quantified.

Release-killing properties of a textile modified by a layer-by-layer coating based on two oppositely charged cyclodextrin polyelectrolytes.

Infections represent a major medical concern and have severe impact on the public health economy. Antimicrobial coatings represent one major solution and are the subject of many investigations in academic and industrial research. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) consist in the step-by-step deposition of polyanions and polycations films on surfaces. The wide range of disposable polyelectrolytes makes this approach among the most versatile methods as it allows to design surfaces that prevent bacterial adhesion, and kill bacteria by contact or by releasing antibacterial agents. The present work focused on the release-killing effect of an active PEM coating of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile support. This activity was obtained thanks to the PEM film build up using cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes both based on cyclodextrins (PCD- and PCD+) that provided a reservoir property and prolonged release of triclosan (TCS). To this effect, a PET non-woven preliminarily modified with carboxylate groups by applying a thermofixation process was then treated by dip-coating, alternating soaking cycles in cationic PCD+ and in anionic PCD- solutions. Samples coated with such PEM film were then loaded with TCS whose release was assessed in dynamic mode in a phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) at 37°C. In parallel, TCS/PCD+ and TCS/PCD- interactions were investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and phase solubility study, and the biocide activity was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli. Finally, the present study has demonstrated that our PCD+/PCD- PEM system presented release-killing properties that supplement the contact-killing effect of this system that was reported in a previous paper.

A New Washable UHF RFID Tag: Design, Fabrication, and Assessment.

This paper deals with the design and fabrication of durable radio frequency identification (RFID) passive tag with inductive coupling, operating at ultra-high frequencies, dedicated to the identification and monitoring of professional textile products. A reliable architecture for the tag transponder is proposed, featuring a minimal number of galvanic contacts: The two pins of the integrated circuit are connected to the terminals of the inductive coupling loop by using surface mount technology welding. The transponder is encapsulated with an electrically insulating material which is waterproof and resistant to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stress. The antenna is inductively coupled to the transponder through a double loop which substantially reduces the length of the tag and significantly improves the coupling factor, enabling the tag to operate at a low power level. The reliability and flexibility of the tag is obtained by using appropriate materials and manufacturing methods for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna by embroidering a multifilament stainless steel wire on textile support. The washing cycle tests have validated the applicability of this flexible and washable RFID tag, and its electromagnetic performance was experimentally assessed in an independent laboratory.

Preparation, characterization, and morphology of on/off detection indicator based on rhodamine 6G‐adamantanamine loaded onto nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate

Traditionally, food quality is evaluated by consumers through comparison of the production and expiration dates of the product. However, product shelf life cannot be the real and only parameter of food quality, especially within a variety of storage environments. Therefore, new indicators of food quality are needed to provide food safety to the consumer. In this work, we reported a detection indicator based on rhodamine 6G‐adamantanamine and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) polyelectrolyte cross‐linked onto a nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate textile support, which can be used as the indication of food quality by means of the irreversible change of fluorescence. The relationship between the increase of fluorescence and pH variation was also reported. Considering food safety, a migration experiment was carried out using a food simulation system. When pH changed to 6.8, the evident fluorescence can be observed by naked eye at 650‐nm excitation wavelength. β‐CD can not only act as a good carrier of rhodamine 6G‐adamantanamine but also enhanced the fluorescence to indicate whether rhodamine 6G‐adamantanamine was loaded onto β‐CD polyelectrolyte or nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate. After 250 h of migration experiment at 25°C, it was found that the fluorescent substances slightly migrated, and the migration under acidic conditions was almost negligible. The fluorescence enhancement performance and migratory behavior indicated that the material had the potential as a fluorescent intelligent indicator for food packaging.

Using through-transmission mid-wave infrared vision and air-coupled ultrasound for artwork inspection: a case study on mock-ups of Portrait of the Painter's Mother

The conservation of artworks is playing an increasingly important role in society today. Non-destructive investigation can provide the potential to identify deterioration as early as possible. In this research, transmission mid-wave infrared (MWIR) vision and air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) were used to investigate two paintings on canvas made from different textile support materials. An X-ray technique was used in the work for validation. It was found that the transmission mode can probe deeper and the differences in absorption due to the different textile support materials can be distinguished. This paper summarises advantages of the transmission inspection mode and compares and analyses images from the two techniques from a physical point of view.

Review of silicon-based materials for cellulosic fabrics with functional applications

Silicone has reached our lives in various ways, and in various forms one can find silicone. We are used for in clothing and industry. As in the case of adhesives, binding additives, fabric coatings, dress lining and thread sealers, elastomers and rubbers are used. While for textile finishes, fiber lubricants and process supports, oils and emulsions are used.The overall challenge for silicon materials treated textiles is to enhance its properties. Many experimental tests were used to analysing the silicone effects on clothing, comparing to those treated with another materials for the same purpose. Treatment with silicone compounds provide that, silicone compounds impart new important properties to cellulosic fabrics.Consumers benefit from based on silicone as it offers long-lasting comfort and efficiency. In contrast, silicone manufacturing is also worthy of meeting the tough challenges of industry. Now, if you go to buy jeans, you can be sure to find denim that will give you the impression of utter warmth and shape, that's how silicone affects textiles.Since use of silicone in is generally important, there is still much potential to development a new silicone compounds or their mixture to improve or impart functional properties to textile materials. In any case, the future searches are widely for textile treated silicone. There have even been proposed possible uses in the therapeutic medical field.

Hydrophilic polymeric membrane supported on silver nanoparticle surface decorated polyester textile: Toward enhancement of water flux and dye removal

Abstract A novel mixed matrix nanofiltration membrane was constructed by coating a casting solution containing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyethylene glycol (PEG) as hydrophilic agent, zeolitic like framework-67 (ZIF-67), ethylenediamine as cross-linking agent on Ag-nanoparticle-decorated polyester textile (PT) support (PT/Ag-NPs/PVDF-PEG/ZIF-67). PT/Ag-NPs/PVDF-PEG/ZIF-67 morphology, crystalline structure, surface chemical composition and hydrophilicity of PT/Ag-NPs/PVDF-PEG/ZIF-67 were fully characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and water contact angle technique, respectively. PT/Ag-NPs/PVDF-PEG/ZIF-67 was applied in cross module set-up for removal of contaminated water containing rose bengal (RB) dye. The effect of operational parameters such as dye concentration, solution pH and flow rate on performance of PT/Ag-NPs/PVDF-PEG/ZIF-67 were investigated and optimized by central composite design (CCD). Casting solution containing 0.5 wt.% ZIF-67 as optimum value showed the good wettability, high pure water flux (PWF; 35.8 L·m-2⋅h-1), flux recovery ratio (FRR;90%), dye removal efficiency (96.41%). The selectivity factor of 12.72 and 14.42 was found to be for RB in the presence of amido black and methylene blue as interferent dyes, respectively, which showed a good selective recognition ability for RB dye.

Acoustic evaluation of mycological biopolymer, an all-natural closed cell foam alternative

This research examines the use of a novel new renewable resource in acoustic absorption applications that requires no glues or other artificial binders. Hence the proposed material provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to construction industry for acoustic absorption panels. The material being tested is an all-natural biopolymer that consists entirely of pure fungal mycelium that is cultured at elevated temperatures from 30 to 35 Cent. in an elevated carbon-dioxide rich environment, from three to seven percent, which in combination suppresses the fruiting bodies. This new biopolymer provides an alternative to closed cell foams and synthetic honeycombs that are suitable for a wide range of applications from fire-resistant bio-leather, textile support foams used in shoes and clothing, scaffolding for medical bio-organs and vegetarian meat. This study examines the acoustical absorption properties of this material over the frequency range from 350 Hz to 4 kHz. The results of the study indicate this new class of a pure mycelium foam provides a sustainable promising bio-based all-natural fiber alternative for acoustic shielding alternative to the traditional acoustic absorbers that are most commonly constructed with petroleum based glues and synthetic fibers.

Luminescent cotton fibers coated with fluorescein dye for anti-counterfeiting applications

A simple, rapid and green method to develop fluorescent cotton yarns was established. We report the application of fluorescein (FL) into textile support by impregnation method while keeping the original cotton yarn properties for anti-counterfeiting applications. The FL-coated yarns were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The CIE chromaticity diagram showed a yellowish green emission with a weak yellow coloration of cotton fiber. Mechanical characterization of samples shows that the application of fluorescein did not alter significantly the breaking strength and elongation at break of the fibers, even when using resins. In contrast, to resin-free impregnation process the color fastness test demonstrates that the use of resins as binder is required. The obtained results showed that cotton samples release slowly its contents and fluorescein remains more than five washing cycles.

Sustainable and cleaner microwave-assisted dyeing process for obtaining eco-friendly and fluorescent acrylic knitted fabrics

Synthetic garments pose significant environmental and human risks, which are further increased by the presence of synthetic dyes. As synthetic fibers cannot be eliminated, steps need to be taken in order to improve their sustainability. The paper presents a sustainable and cleaner microwave (MW)-assisted process of dyeing acrylic knitted fabrics with natural dyes based on curcumin extracted from turmeric powder (TP). The process is a novelty because it leads to fluorescent acrylic fabrics. The curcumin was extracted from TP, with or without 0.1 mL solvent. Based on the absorption curves in the ultraviolet–visible domain, the analysis indicates that 100 g of TP contains 3.6 g of pure curcumin. The factors influencing the MW-assisted extraction are presented and discussed. The eco-friendly dyeing was performed in the presence of MW, using only freshly extracted dyes, no additives. The research investigates the effects of the concentration of natural dyes (5–20%), presence of solvents, dyeing time (2–15 min), temperature gradient and nature of the textile support on color intensity (K/S) and CIELab measurements. Spectroscopy analyses highlight the effects of the MW treatment on the Melana and Dralon L samples and on two pretreated samples subjected to grafting and saponification. The presence of MW modifies the internal structure of the fibers, while the chemical pretreatments generate chemical modifications/functionalizations. The advantages of the cleaner MW-assisted process refer to the ease of application, eco-friendly process, shorter duration, low consumption of chemicals, leading to uniform dyeing and high fluorescence, to a level that was never before obtained with natural dyes. The use of natural dyes improves the sustainability of the process in terms of recycling.

Estudio de tejidos alternativos al Tetex TR para uso como material de refuerzo en la restauración de soportes de tela pintados: primeros resultados

The present work shows the outcomes from a first experimental analysis that aimed to find a support fabric with the functional features of Tetex TR (a polyester fabric), which, currently, is no longer produced. The study is divided in different stages: on the one hand, four different fabrics were selected and tested by a visual exam under a microscope in order to determine their main structural features; on the other hand, several mock-ups were prepared to compare and evaluate the mechanical behavior, chemical stability and reversibility of the fabrics, before and after an artificial ageing process. The results show the possibility of replacing Tetex TR some of the tested fabrics for local interventions on textile support, introducing new accessible and affordable materials into the field of canvas painting restoration.

Degradation and Mineralization of Carbamazepine Using an Electro-Fenton Reaction Catalyzed by Magnetite Nanoparticles Fixed on an Electrocatalytic Carbon Fiber Textile Cathode.

Pharmaceutical wastes are considered to be important pollutants even at low concentrations. In this regard, carbamazepine has received significant attention due to its negative effect on both ecosystem and human health. However, the need for acidic conditions severely hinders the use of conventional Fenton reagent reactions for the control and elimination of carbamazepine in wastewater effluents and drinking water influents. Herein, we report of the synthesis and use of flexible bifunctional nanoelectrocatalytic textile materials, Fe3O4-NP@CNF, for the effective degradation and complete mineralization of carbamazepine in water. The nonwoven porous structure of the composite binder-free Fe3O4-NP@CNF textile is used to generate H2O2 on the carbon nanofiber (CNF) substrate by O2 reduction. In addition, ·OH radical is generated on the surface of the bonded Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) at low applied potentials (−0.345 V). The Fe3O4-NPs are covalently bonded to the CNF textile support with a high degree of dispersion throughout the fiber matrix. The dispersion of the nanosized catalysts results in a higher catalytic reactivity than existing electro-Fenton systems. For example, the newly synthesized Fe3O4-NPs system uses an Fe loading that is 2 orders of magnitude less than existing electro-Fenton systems, coupled with a current efficiency that is higher than electrolysis using a boron-doped diamond electrode. Our test results show that this process can remove carbamazepine with high pseudo-first-order rate constants (e.g., 6.85 h–1) and minimal energy consumption (0.239 kW·h/g carbamazepine). This combination leads to an efficient and sustainable electro-Fenton process.

Production, purification, and biochemical characterization of serine alkaline protease from Penicillium chrysogenium strain X5 used as excellent bio-additive for textile processing

A new ascomycete fungus X5, a hyperproducer (9000 U/mL) of a serine alkaline protease (SAPTEX) was identified as Penicillium chrysogenum. The experimental purification protocol comprises three steps: heat treatment (10 min at 80 °C) followed by an ammonium sulfate precipitation (30–50%)-dialysis, and a UNO Q-12 anion exchange chromatography using the FPLC system. The chemical characterizations performed include physico-chemical determination and spectroscopic analysis. The MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed that the purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 43,074.11 Da. The 25 residue NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme showed high homology with Penicillium proteases. The optimum pH and temperature values for protease activity were pH 10 and 80 °C, respectively. Compared to other proteases (SPTC; Flavourzyme® 500 L; Proteinase, type XXIII; Proteinase K; and Alcalase® 2.4 L), SAPTEX has the highest catalytic efficacy, hydrolysis degree, and a powerful stability toward some commercial detergents. According to morphological, physico-chemical [scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), and FTIR-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy], and mechanical evaluation, SAPTEX has no destructive impact on fibers after the enzyme treatment and a very slight effect on textile support. Obtained results suggested that SAPTEX may be considered as a potential candidate as a protein stain removal product for textile supports.

Hojas de grado impresas en seda en el convento vitoriano de Santa Cruz

The convent of Santa Cruz of Dominican nuns in Vitoria-Gasteiz preserves, within its textile heritage, four silk stamped thesis sheets, all from the eighteenth century. The present paper shows a historical and artistic analysis of these printed pieces in Mexico, Bilbao and Zaragoza, unique, no doubt, for the textile support of their stamping. This sort of printed matter, product of academic events at university and convents, gave important support to the engraving, occupying good part of the activity of gravers and printers, who tried to capture in its decoration the same ostentation that was displayed in academic acts.

A Study of Biodeterioration and Chromatic Alterations of Painted and Gilded Mummy Cartonnage at the Saqqara Museum Storeroom, Egypt

Microbial biofilms have developed on the surfaces and within the painted and gilded layers of mummy cartonnage at the Saqqara museum storeroom in Giza, Egypt. SEM–EDX, XRD and FT–IR–ATR techniques were applied to analyse the coloured and gilded materials, ground layer, textile support and binder used for the cartonnage. Aspergillus niger (24.8%), Penicillium chrysogenum (21.5%) and a novel cartonnage‐biodegrading bacterium, Bacillus sonorensis (23.7%), were the most abundant microbes growing over the cartonnage surface. In addition, Aspergillus tamari (15.4%), A. fumigates (8.1%) and Fusarium solani (6.5%) were identified. The pigments comprised Egyptian blue (cuprorivaite), cinnabar (red), orpiment (yellow) and green pigment made from a mixture of cuprorivaite and orpiment. Gold leaf was used for the gilded layer, calcium carbonate and gypsum comprised the ground layer, gum arabic was the binding medium and the fibre base was a fine linen textile. Microbial colonization tests were performed on aged cartonnage replica samples made from linen and pigments of similar composition to ancient pigments found in the cartonnage. Each sample was inoculated separately with A. niger, P. chrysogenum and B. sonorensis. Yellow orpiment samples were the exception, as no colour change was detected after colonization by the examined micro‐organisms.

Physiology of biodeterioration on canvas paintings.

The study of the physiological action of microorganisms in artistic materials is one of the most interesting topics in biodeterioration nowadays. Pathologies and illnesses of organic and inorganic materials provoked by microorganisms can be treated by experts by a variety of preventive interventions. Artistic medicine encompasses the monitoring of the exhibition and storage of art, as well as proper environmental conditions and the regular cleaning of museums. Biodeterioration control is essential in order to prevent fungal and bacterial contamination in artwork. Biodeterioration of canvas paintings is a complex phenomenon, not well-known at the moment. Canvas paintings are created by several artistic techniques on textile supports that are not always kept in the best conditions, and the best parameters of preventive conservation are often not applied. Therefore, we need to research the agents and the main causes that provoke canvas painting biodeterioration. By applying new methodologies, we can identify the alterations and the treatments needed in order to manage the diverse materials employed in artwork correctly. Herein, we review the causes of biodeterioration that affect artwork, especially art created on textile supports. We also study the alterations of the natural filmogenic materials employed in traditional pictorial techniques, such as agglutinants and protection layers, and the biodeterioration agents that impact them. Additionally, we review current scientific methods employed for the identification of microbial species, and the types of alterations of the materials where the organisms grow. Finally, we summarize the different biocides and preventive conservation treatments that are currently employed.

Fibrous Polymers in Textile Prospect for Tissue Engineering Development

Tissue engineering as an interdisciplinary field implies fibrous polymers as extracellular matrix as biologic support. The paper is a review on basic lines of the answer of textiles items at the biologic complex action. One carries out the evolution usage of the following polysaccharide supports: cellulose, gellan, pullulan, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, as well the collagen as a protein representative for a potential usage in an extracellular matrix. One presents the advantages and drawbacks adjusted to an online system and to new procedures available to develop a biologic structure on a textile support according with the main achievements reported in the literature of last years.

Non-destructive Investigation of Paintings on Canvas by Continuous Wave Terahertz Imaging and Flash Thermography

Terahertz (THz) imaging is increasingly used in the cultural heritage field. In particular, continuous wave (CW) and low frequency THz is attracting more attention. The first application of the THz technique inherent to the cultural heritage field dates back 10 years ago. Since 2006, tangible improvements have been conducted in the refinement of the technique, with the aim to produce clear maps useful for any art restorer. In this paper, a CW THz (0.1 THz) imaging system was used to inspect paintings on canvas both in reflection and in transmission modes. In particular, two paintings were analyzed: in the first one, similar materials and painting execution of the original artwork were used, while in the second one, the canvas layer is slightly different. Flash thermography was used herein together with the THz method in order to observe the differences in results for the textile support materials. A possible application of this method for the detection of artwork forgery requires some parameterization and analysis of various materials or thickness influence which will be addressed in a future study. In this work, advanced image processing techniques including principal component thermography (PCT) and partial least squares thermography (PLST) were used to process the infrared data. Finally, a comparison of CW THz and thermographic results was conducted.

Influence of plasma surface pretreatment and triarylmethane dye on the photocatalytic performance of TiO 2 -chitosan coating on textile

Abstract Treatment of household wastewater loaded with hair colorants by means of solar photocatalysis using TiO 2 -coated polyester/wool textile has been reported recently. In this work, the attributes of immobilized photocatalyst were enhanced; a textile support (polyester/wool blend fabric) was pre-treated by atmospheric and low pressure oxygen plasma prior to coating of the surface. Plasma pre-treatment contributed to hydrophilisation of support and overall resistance to wear of immobilized photocatalyst was improved. Moreover, TiO 2 -chitosan composite coating was modified by the addition of triarylmethane dye (C.I. Basic Blue 1; BB1). The sensitizing effect of the dye was observed during the first 180 min of photocatalytic treatment of greywater polluted by hair colorants under solar irradiation. Adversarially, the rate of photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) model solution under visible light was lower in the presence of BB1 in the photocatalyst formulation. According to the performed study of BB1 chemistry in aqueous solution, it was found that the dye undergoes two distinct photodegradation mechanisms depending on the characteristics of studied system. When dominant, photoreduction of BB1 to leuco-form (BB1-H), provides additional electron capture and consequently ensures decrease in h + − e − recombination rates, resulting in a false sensitizing effect.

Quantitative Methods for Testing Antiviral Activities of Textile Fabrics

Objective: In recent years, antiviral products modified with various antiviral agents are now widely studied and developed. The establishment of appropriate antiviral testing methods for such products is necessary to discuss the efficiency of antiviral agents in the products. In this study, quantitative antiviral testing methods for textile fabrics were studied under several test conditions. Method: Influenza virus and feline calicivirus were used as model viruses. A cotton fabric and a 100% polyester fabric were used as control samples and Ag nanoparticles were used as model antiviral agents. In testing the antiviral performance of a product with an antiviral treatment, a virus suspension is inoculated onto the product and subsequently washed out of the products. The virus infectivity titer in the washed-out suspension is then measured. The viral infectivity titer of the test suspension was determined by counting the plaque-forming units (PFU). In estimating the antiviral activity of textile products, the components of the virus suspension, the contact time, and the contact temperature were chosen as study points. Results: The virus infectivity titer was significantly affected by experimental conditions such as the concentration of the medium of the virus suspension, the contact temperature, and the type of textile fabric support. To estimate the antiviral efficiency under stable conditions for viruses, a lower temperature and a lower Eagle’s minimal essential medium (EMEM) concentration appear to be appropriate. It was confirmed that Ag nanoparticles on textile fabrics have antiviral activity; however, this antiviral activity was suppressed in media of high concentrations. Conclusions: It was shown that inactivation of antiviral agent might be caused by components of the virus suspension, as well as by other experimental conditions. Furthermore, the viruses can be deactivated by contact with textile fabrics, even in the absence of antiviral agents. These findings indicate that the antiviral performance testing conditions must be carefully chosen with due consideration of the field of application.