Textual Elements Research Articles

Are text comprehension and calculation processes in word problem solving sequential or interactive? An eye-tracking study in children.

The difficulty of a word problem is influenced by both linguistic and arithmetic processes. However, whether these processes are sequential or interactive is a matter of debate. Little is known about how eye-movement behaviour changes when faced with different linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics, both in relation to the entire problem and to specific components (i.e., numerical and textual elements). To address this gap, we conducted a study monitoring the eye movements of children aged 10-13 years during word problem solving. We manipulated linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics independently, focusing on the mathematical factor operation (addition/subtraction) and the linguistic factors consistency (consistent/inconsistent) and nominalization (verbalized/nominalized). The results revealed that eye movements generally increased as linguistic difficulty (e.g., nominalization) or arithmetic difficulty (e.g., operation) increased. Thereby, specific parts of the text were differentially affected based on the task characteristics. Increasing arithmetic difficulty led to a shift in eye movements towards numerical elements, while increasing linguistic difficulty resulted in a shift towards textual elements. Interestingly, the increase in arithmetic difficulty also influenced processing in the linguistic domain. For example, textual parts of the word problem received more fixations when the arithmetic difficulty increased, but not vice versa. This suggests that text comprehension and calculation processes in word problem solving are not separate and not strictly sequential; instead, they interact and/or do partially rely on shared cognitive resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Emoji in different spheres of communication

The article examines polycode texts containing emoji. Moreover, it characterises the structure of individual utterances, and determines the role of emoji in conveying factual information. Cognitive-discursive and communicative-pragmatic methods enabled an analysis of linguistic material which included emoji statuses from the "VKontakte" social networking service, advertising headlines of electronic newsletters, emoji rebuses in online quizzes, online tests using emoji, adaptations of W. Shakespeare’s works translated into Russian. The article aims to identify the distinctive features of emoji functions in polycode texts of the Russian-language segment of the Internet. The texts are related to various communicative spheres including Internet communication, advertising, education, entertainment, art, and others. The study proceeds from the thesis that emoji have an extended sphere of functioning in the Internet communication context. The analysis of linguistic facts shows that emoji can be used as signs of duplication, explication, or substitution of the verbal part of the utterance depending on the communication situation and the type of referential correlation between their verbal and visual components. Moreover, emoji can also perform genre-forming (emoji statuses, emoji rebuses) and text-forming functions. The examination of sources containing information about emoji enabled the author to identify differences in the conception of emoji in scientific, popular science, reference, and methodological literature, which indicates that emoji as elements of polycode texts are still a novel phenomenon. As a result of the study, it is concluded that emoji actively participate in the production of utterances which are thematically heterogeneous and that these signs can be multifunctional depending on the communication sphere and situation.

From Valverde to Kulmus: Tracing the Western origins of Kaitai Shinsho's frontispiece design in early modern Japanese medicine.

This study investigates the intriguing choice of frontispiece design in Kaitai Shinsho (1774), the first systematic Japanese translation of a Western anatomical text. While the main content of Kaitai Shinsho was translated from Johann Adam Kulmus's "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" (1734), its frontispiece notably deviates from Kulmus's original design, instead adopting the architectural framework and figure placement from Juan Valverde de Amusco's "Vivae Imagines" (1566). Through a comparative analysis of the frontispieces of these three anatomical texts, this study explores the significance of this design choice in the context of cross-cultural medical knowledge transfer in early modern Japan. The analysis reveals that the selection and adaptation of Valverde's design over Kulmus's reflects sophisticated considerations in presenting Western anatomical knowledge to a Japanese audience. The creation of the frontispiece followed Edo period publishing conventions with a specialized division of labor among artists, carvers, and printers. Through this collaborative process, Odano Naotake's artistic achievement in translating Western anatomical imagery into woodblock print form exemplifies the sophisticated cultural exchange of the period. The successful integration of Chinese characters within the classical Western architectural frame created a unique visual hybrid that effectively bridged Eastern and Western medical traditions. This thoughtful adaptation demonstrates that Japanese scholars were not passive recipients but active agents in shaping how Western medical knowledge would be presented to their audience. The study contributes to understanding how visual elements in medical texts served as crucial vectors for cross-cultural scientific exchange in the early modern period.

A Multimodal Framework Embedding Retrieval-Augmented Generation with MLLMs for Eurobarometer Data

This study introduces a multimodal framework integrating retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enhance the accessibility, interpretability, and analysis of Eurobarometer survey data. Traditional approaches often struggle with the diverse formats and large-scale nature of these datasets, which include textual and visual elements. The proposed framework leverages multimodal indexing and targeted retrieval to enable focused queries, trend analysis, and visualization, across multiple survey editions. The integration of LLMs facilitates advanced synthesis of insights, providing a more comprehensive understanding of public opinion trends. The proposed framework offers prospective benefits for different types of stakeholders, including policymakers, journalists, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), researchers, and citizens, while highlighting the need for performance assessment to evaluate its effectiveness based on specific business requirements and practical applications. The framework’s modular design supports applications, such as survey studies, comparative analyses, and domain-specific investigations, while its scalability and reproducibility make it suitable for e-governance and public sector deployment. The results indicate potential enhancements in data interpretation and data analysis by providing stakeholders with the capability not only to utilize raw text data for knowledge extraction but also to conduct image analysis based on indexed content, paving the way for informed policymaking and advanced research in the social sciences, while emphasizing the need for performance assessment to validate the framework’s output and functionality, based on the selected architectural components. Future research will explore expanded functionalities and real-time applications, ensuring the framework remains adaptable to evolving needs in public opinion analysis and multimodal data integration.

Narrative Loops and Climate Futures: A Form for Uncertain Times

Abstract Cross-fertilizing narrative theory and work in the environmental humanities, this article argues that the loop as a narrative form holds special significance vis-à-vis the imagining of climate change in contemporary fiction. More specifically, the loop captures the uncertainty and moral stakes of climate change as a planetary event that affirms human societies’ entanglement with the nonhuman but also disrupts their projection into a stable future. The starting point is Jesse Kellerman's time loop narrative Controller, which presents the reader with three alternative scenarios focusing on a man and his elderly mother. The discussion then turns to two novels (Jeanette Winterson's The Stone Gods and Jeff VanderMeer's Dead Astronauts) in which looping structures are more localized but nevertheless color the reader's interpretation of a dystopian situation. In both works, looping structures are deployed in conjunction with metafictional devices that hint at a way out of the loop. However, the loop remains unbroken in diegetic terms. Finally, the article turns to Hanya Yanagihara's novel To Paradise, arguing that its preoccupation with ethical entanglement with regard to climate disaster takes a loop-like form through the unexplained return of textual elements (e.g., the characters’ names) across the book's three parts.

Vlogs as Korean College Students’ Translanguaging Space

This study investigates translanguaging practices in vlogs created by 28 Korean EFL preservice teachers. The rise of digital platforms has reshaped traditional literacy, extending it to include multimodal formats that integrate visual, auditory, and textual elements. In this context, vlogs provide an ideal space for translanguaging meaning-making and creative language use in EFL education. Through systematic content analysis of their English-language vlogs, including coding of multimodal elements and translingual features across multiple viewing sessions, this research uncovers key strategies that reflect creativity in multimodal communication. Drawing on Canagarajah’s (2013) translingual meaning negotiation framework and transmodality concepts (Im et al., 2022), the analysis identifies five major translanguaging strategies: translingual words (varied spellings of Korean terms), code-meshing of Korean and English, genre blending, hybrid pronunciation, and transmodal resource integration. These practices demonstrate how preservice teachers negotiate their cultural and linguistic identities while developing pedagogical awareness of translingual communication. The findings suggest that vlog creation can serve as a powerful tool in EFL teacher education, fostering metalinguistic awareness and multimodal literacy skills. This research informs the design of teacher preparation programs by highlighting how digital projects can develop both linguistic flexibility and a pedagogical understanding of translanguaging in contemporary EFL contexts.

De l’émotionème à l’énonciation marionnettiste : une analyse discursive systémique des mèmes

By proposing a semio-discursive analysis of the use of memes on the Internet, this article explores their plurisemiotic nature, combining textual and visual elements to convey messages and emotions. Thus, memes are not limited to humor but also serve as powerful tools for the circulation of emotions and ideas in both digital and non-digital contexts, from a post-digital perspective. Consequently, memes are analyzed as hypernarrative objects that transcend discursive genres and stimulate user engagement on Web 2.0. To capture their particularities, we also introduce the concept of 'puppeteer enunciation,' where the enunciator uses a character or narrative scenario to express a message and convey social representations.

Hungarian Scissors and French Taste: Nationalized Fashion Plates in the 1840s

In the illustrated press of the nineteenth century, texts and images circulated across geographical borders. The European and transatlantic imports of French fashion plates and their leading role in the fashion press of various countries have already been highlighted by several researchers. The fashion magazines of the 1840s played a decisive role in the literary, artistic, and national movements, as well as in the dissemination of illustrations in Hungary, which was then part of the Habsburg Empire. Among the supplements (portraits and cityscapes, for example), the hand-coloured fashion plate was a steady favourite for subscribers. The fashion engravings came from Paris and the Hungarian editors copied, transformed, and reused them. By changing the textual and visual elements, the fashion compositions of French origin were adapted to and embedded in the local culture, with their meaning or the messages they conveyed tothe readers changed and nationalized. In my case study, I will focus on the image circulation and modification of the fashion plates that were published in Hungarian-language fashion magazines in the first half of the nineteenth century. I argue that the adoption of fashion imagery can only be understood as a complex process that affected the composition and meaning of the fashion images. The French fashion plates spread Parisian fashion throughout Europe, but at the same time, they ‘mutated’ via compilations and modifications, thus creating new versions that became embedded in the local culture. Mapping the French sources of Hungarian fashion images helps to reveal the concealed links between the national and the international press market. Furthermore, it also sheds light on the various stages and processes of image circulation among Western and Central European fashion magazines, as well as the technical and intellectual background of this uniquekind of nationalization. The specific examples presented in my case study show that nationalization is a distinctive form of mediation in the transnational circulation of press illustrations.

Remediation of the picture-text problem for learners exhibiting reading deficits.

Early reading materials are replete with pictures. Pictures purportedly improve reading comprehension and motivation; however, the simultaneous presentation of pictures and text can also impede textual control for some readers. Attempts to remediate restricted stimulus control in picture-text compounds suggest that omitting the picture element is most effective, although these arrangements may also be less socially valid. The current study is an evaluation of a novel compound stimulus prompt (CSP) arrangement that required that the learner differentially respond to the underselected (i.e., textual) element during picture-book reading. The development of textual control in this condition was compared with that in text-only and picture prompt arrangements. The CSP condition required the same or fewer sessions to produce textual control as the text-only condition for five out of six participants who exhibited reading difficulties. Participants emitted more correct responses during CSP and picture prompt instruction and preferred these conditions to the text-only condition during a concurrent-chains assessment.

Cultural Authenticity as Netflix Televisuality: Streaming Industry Discourse and Globally Commissioned Original Series

This analysis uses a media industry studies approach in conjunction with Caldwell’s concept of “televisuality” to explore the significance of cultural authenticity within Netflix’s industrial discourses. The authors argue that Netflix’s emphasis on cultural authenticity in its global content strategies mirrors the concept of “televisuality” as a form of corporate behavior and cultural representation in the streaming era. Specifically, the findings demonstrate the ways in which cultural authenticity can be understood as an industrial practice, distinct from the specific textual, narrative, or genre-related elements of its content. In addition, this research finds that executives’ assertions about universal storytelling diminish the significance of cultural differences, enabling them to present this diluted version of cultural authenticity as a catalyst for fostering global empathy and understanding. Yet, the broader utility of conceptualizing cultural authenticity as the overarching industrial logic of contemporary streaming television remains unclear as a result of Netflix’s distinctive position within the industry.

Automatic Identification of Fetal Abdominal Planes from Ultrasound Images Based on Deep Learning.

Fetal biometric assessments through ultrasound diagnostics are integral in obstetrics and gynecology, requiring considerable time investment. This study aimed to explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) architectures in automatically identifying fetal abdominal standard scanning planes and structures, particularly focusing on the abdominal circumference. Ultrasound images from a prospective cohort study were preprocessed using CV2 and Keras-OCR to eliminate textual elements and artifacts. Optical character recognition detected and removed textual components, followed by inpainting using adjacent pixels. Six deep learning neural networks, Xception and MobileNetV3Large, were employed to categorize fetal abdominal view planes. The dataset included nine classes, and the models were evaluated through a tenfold cross-validation cycle. The MobileNet3Large and EfficientV2S achieved accuracy rates of 79.89% and 79.19%, respectively. Data screening confirmed non-normal distribution, but the central limit theorem was applied for statistical analysis. ANOVA test revealed statistically significant differences between the models, while Tukey's post hoc tests showed no difference between MobileNet3Large and EfficientV2S, while outperforming the other networks. AI, specifically MobileNet3Large and EfficientV2S, demonstrated promise in identifying fetal abdominal view planes, showcasing potential benefits for prenatal ultrasound diagnostics. Further studies should compare these AI models with established methods for automatic abdominal circumference measurement to assess overall performance.

The Eternal Path between Sound and Sense: Luciano Berio's Linguistic Exploration in Sinfonia and Coro

Abstract This study examines Luciano Berio's integration of twentieth-century linguistic and semiotic concepts in his works Sinfonia and Coro, focusing on the interplay between sound, meaning, and structure. It highlights Berio's exploration of the unconscious mind and the idea of ‘universality of experience', suggesting that humans may possess an innate musical ability similar to that of language. The article also discusses the concept of the ‘theatre of the mind', where Berio combines musical and textual elements to evoke images or situations for the audience's interpretation. Through an analysis of the third movement of Sinfonia and Coro, the study illustrates how Berio implicitly develops a system of signification that evokes meaning, showcasing both musical and textual productivity, along with the notion of ‘the infinite use of finite means’. This exploration contributes to understanding how twentieth-century linguistics and semiotics can inform contemporary music and signify meaning within it.

Musical Literacy in Chinese Fuyang Folk Songs through the ‘Dui Duo Luo’ Music Piece

Fuyang folk songs, rooted in the cultural traditions of Anhui Province, China, represent a vital component of intangible cultural heritage, encapsulating the region’s linguistic, musical, and cultural identity. This study explores the musical literacy in Chinese Fuyang folk songs through the ‘Dui Duo Luo’ music piece. The research investigates the song’s textual, melodic, and performative elements using qualitative methods, including fieldwork, interviews with five key informants, and musical analysis. The findings reveal that the lyrics of ‘Dui Duo Luo’ serve as a repository of local dialects and idiomatic expressions, reflecting the cultural values and everyday lives of Fuyang communities. The melodic structure, characterized by pentatonic scales and rhythmic patterns, facilitates oral transmission and fosters cultural continuity. The performative aspects highlight its communal and participatory nature, such as its duet format and call-and-response interaction. These dimensions collectively underscore the significance of literacy in folk music as a multifaceted competence encompassing cultural awareness, interpretive ability, and artistic appreciation. The study concludes that integrating Fuyang folk songs into educational frameworks can enhance cultural literacy and preserve these traditions amid modernization. Recommendations include incorporating folk music literacy into curricula, leveraging digital tools for preservation, and conducting comparative studies with other regional folk traditions.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA ON TIE AND DYE SKILLS ACQUISITION FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS

Instructional media play a vital role in enhancing the quality of teaching and learning, yet inadequate and outdated learning materials remain a significant challenge in Nigeria's educational system. To address this issue, a study was conducted in Bauchi metropolis, focusing on the development of a video tutorial as an instructional medium for teaching tie and dye in secondary schools. The study aimed to identify current instructional media used in teaching Dyeing and Bleaching, develop a video tutorial for teaching tie and dye skills, and test the efficacy of the developed instructional media. A pilot study was conducted in ten secondary schools to identify the instructional media currently utilized in teaching Dyeing and Bleaching and Fine Arts. Using an applied research design, a video tutorial was developed for teaching tie and dye procedures, incorporating visual, audio, and textual elements using Canva graphics. The efficacy of the developed instructional media was tested on 102 respondents from four secondary schools in Bauchi metropolis using quantitative methods, including structural objective test questions and tie and dye practical tests. Results revealed that respondents could watch the tie and dye video tutorial and replicate tie and dye patterns independently, even without teacher guidance. Additionally, those who struggled to grasp the theory could perform well with the aid of the video tutorial. The study demonstrated that instructional media significantly influenced tie and dye learning, contributing to 65% of the variability in enhancing tie and dye practical learning. Based on the findings, several recommendations were proposed to improve tie and dye teaching and learning, including visual demonstrations, interactive tutorials, improvisation, printable resources, and case studies and examples.

Quacking in the Anthropocene: Ecocide and Climate Change in Kate Beaton’s Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands

In recent years, the graphic narrative medium has emerged as a potent site for interrogating the complexities of human-nature relations in the context of the Anthropocene epoch. With its unique fusion of visual and textual elements, this medium, transcends the boundaries of traditional storytelling, seamlessly merging artistry with activisms to illuminate the pressing societal concerns of our times. This research paper delves deep into the ecological dimensions of Kate Beaton’s graphic memoir1 Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands situated at the confluence of climate change discourse, eco-horror and the emerging discourse on ecocide, an intentional or systematic destruction of ecosystems driven by extractivist economies. Beaton’s portrayal of the Alberta oil-sands as a grotesque, polluted wasteland epitomizes the genre’s capacity to evoke a visceral response to the climate crisis. Her depiction of oil sands workers’ precarious conditions and the pervasive environmental destruction they encounter again reminds us of the discourse on the Anthropocene, highlighting the intersectionality of labour, exploitation, and environmental harm. As Rob Nixon posits in Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, the Anthropocene is characterized by “slow violence” and “…it is those people lacking resources who are the principal casualties…” (4). This paper argues that Ducks transcends mere documentation of environmental and human injustices by interrogating the systemic structures that sustain ecocide and ecological amnesia2. The memoir situates individual and collective trauma within broader Anthropocene narratives, challenging readers to reckon with the ethical implications of extractivism and the commodification of nature. While celebrating the aesthetic and thematic innovations of Beaton’s work, this research also interrogates potential limitations in its narrative strategies, addressing the interplay between personal testimony and structural critique. By critically analysing the ecological, ethical and political dimensions of Ducks within the framework of ecocide and eco-horror, this paper contributes to the growing body of scholarship on graphic narratives as potent tools for eco-critical inquiry into the Anthropocene.

A Multimodal Dataset of Fact-Checked News from Chile’s Constitutional Processes: Collection, Processing, and Analysis

This paper presents a multimodal dataset capturing fact-checked news coverage of Chile’s constitutional processes from 2019–2023. The collection comprises 300 articles from three sources: Fast Check, Fact Checking UC, and BioBioChile, containing 242,687 words of text and visual content in 168 entries. The dataset implements advanced natural language processing through RoBERTa and computer vision techniques via EfficientNet, with unified multimodal analysis using the CLIP model. Technical validation through clustering analysis and expert review demonstrates the dataset’s effectiveness in identifying narrative patterns within constitutional process coverage. The structured format includes verification metadata, precomputed embeddings, and documented relationships between textual and visual elements. This enables research into how misinformation propagates through multiple channels during significant political events. This paper details the dataset’s composition, collection methodology, and validation while acknowledging specific limitations. This contribution addresses a gap in current research resources by providing verified multimodal content spanning two constitutional processes, supporting investigations in computational social science and misinformation studies.

Особенности обучения будущих учителей английского языка переводу американских шуток, содержащих национально-специфические реалии, на русский язык

The purpose of the study is to identify linguistic means of creating American jokes containing nationally specific realities and to determine strategies for their translation into Russian in order to teach undergraduates in language teaching areas to analyze linguistic means of creating a comic effect and translate the text elements containing units of humor within the framework of the discipline “Theory and Practice of Translation”, taking into account the possibility of application of acquired translation competence in future extracurricular teaching activities. The article presents three types of tasks for teaching undergraduates how to translate English-language jokes containing American realities. Specific ways of translating short comic texts with examples and comments are indicated and explained. Scientific novelty is determined by the development of a set of three types of tasks: diagnostic, structural and functional, and translation tasks proper tasks for the formation of skills in translating jokes containing English-speaking realities in order to teach future foreign language teachers to translate humor. The research shows ways to recreate the humorous effect in the translation language, based on the analysis of domestic and foreign studies of humor, both in terms of linguistic characteristics and features of jokes, and from the perspective of taking into account the peculiarities of perception of the translation result by Russian-speaking recipients in order to develop translation skills among students of language teaching areas. Practical recommendations are proposed for future foreign language teachers on the application of the skills and abilities acquired in the course of theory and practice of translation in the context of future circle and extracurricular teaching activities in secondary schools. A set of tasks has been created to develop skills in translating jokes containing English-language realities, based on the concepts of transparency and exoticism of reality, as well as the degree of preservation of absurdity in the situation described in the joke.

Eyeing the pun: an eye-tracking study on the synergistic effects of visual and textual elements in tourism advertising

Eyeing the pun: an eye-tracking study on the synergistic effects of visual and textual elements in tourism advertising

Application of Algorithm-Driven Visual Communication Strategy in Advertising Design

In today’s fast-paced digital era, advertising design heavily depends on advanced visual communication techniques to capture and maintain consumer attention. By leveraging dynamic visuals, brands can effectively engage diverse audiences and create long-lasting connections with consumers. Traditional advertising design often lacks effectiveness due to subjective judgments. The challenge lies in combining aesthetics with audience engagement using algorithmic techniques for improved visual communication. The objective of this study is to explore the application of algorithm-driven visual communication strategies in advertising design, focusing on enhancing the effectiveness of visual content by aligning with audience preferences and behaviors. The collected data undergo preprocessing using the normalization technique. Feature extraction is performed using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze advertising background images, allowing for the selection of suitable visuals that resonate with the target audience. This study proposed an intelligent moth flame-optimized malleable-gated recurrent units (IMF-MGRU) method that synthesizes textual information to generate effective product taglines, enhancing the expressiveness of the advertising image. Malleable-gated recurrent units (MGRU) are utilized to create relevant taglines that align with the selected visuals, while the intelligent moth flame (IMF) optimizes the layout of elements within the image, minimizing overlap among key components. Experimental findings show that the suggested method enhances the appeal of advertising content, particularly highlighting considerable advantages in performance during the evaluation experiment. The proposed IMF-MGRU method represents a significant advancement in synthesizing visual and textual elements, resulting in cohesive and compelling advertising designs.

Analisis Framing Dan Retorika dalam Teks Pidato Menteri Luar Negeri RI Terkait Isu Kemanusiaan di Palestina Tahun 2024

This study focuses on the analysis of rhetoric and framing in the speeches of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Retno Marsudi, delivered at two major international forums in 2024, namely the United Nations Security Council Open Debate and the International Court of Justice. Using a qualitative approach grounded in the interpretive paradigm, this research employs Ibnu Hamad's framing analysis to understand how the Minister of Foreign Affairs constructs discourse related to humanitarian issues in Palestine. Pathos rhetoric serves as a key element in the speech text, used to evoke the audience's emotions and influence their perception of human rights issues in the Israel-Palestine conflict. The analysis results reveal that Minister Retno Marsudi’s speeches highlight verbal and non-verbal symbols that reinforce Indonesia's solidarity with Palestine. The use of emotional language, quotes from Israeli officials, and symbolic attributes like the keffiyeh support the framing aimed at portraying Israel as the primary perpetrator of humanitarian crimes. Strategic fact presentation is also employed to emphasize the United Nations Security Council's failure to enforce resolutions against Israel. Priming is conducted by selecting critical moments to maximize the audience's attention to the delivered message. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of humanitarian diplomacy through state speeches. However, the effectiveness of the pathos rhetoric used needs further examination by observing the audience's direct responses. This research is expected to contribute to the development of political communication studies, particularly in the context of framing and rhetoric in state speech texts.