Tetraonchus Monenteron Research Articles

Push or pull: grasping performance analysis between a pulling gripper inspired by Tetraonchus monenteron parasite versus an actively pushing gripper developed through many-objective design optimization

Push or pull: grasping performance analysis between a pulling gripper inspired by Tetraonchus monenteron parasite versus an actively pushing gripper developed through many-objective design optimization

Parasitofauna of pike Esox lucius of the Lower Tobol (Russia)

One of the predators of the ichthyofauna of the Lower Tobol is Esox lucius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Esociformes, Esocidae). The purpose of this work is to study the current state of the E. lucius parasite fauna in the lower reaches of the Tobol River. In the present study 47 individuals of the northern pike of different sex aged from 2+ to 8+ years were examined by the method of complete parasitological dissection. As a result of the research, 23 types of parasites were found in the pike. The largest number of species of parasitic organisms – 20 – were found in May, 12 were found in December and 11 in September. Of these, 10 species are specific to northern pike: Haemogregarina esoci (Nawrotzky, 1914), Chloromyxum esocinum (Dogiel, 1934), Myxidium lieberkuhni (Biitschli, 1882), Myxosoma anurum (Cohn, 1895), Henneguya psorospermica (Thelohan, 1995), Tetraonchus monenteron (Wagener, 1857), Gyrodactylus lucii (Kulakowskaja, 1951), Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781), Azygia lucii (Miiller, 1776), Raphidascaris acus (Bloch, 1779). For the first time an intraerythrocyte parasite – H. esoci – was found in pike in the Lower Tobol, the extensiveness of invasion was 18.7% in December, and 6.2% in May. Epistylis sp. and Trichodinella epizzotica parasitized on the surface of the body of fish only in May, whereas members of the genus Trichodina were found in winter and spring. In all seasons, parasitization by M. anurum and H. psorospermica was established on the gills. The greatest occurrence of spores of M. lieberkuhni and C. esocinum was observed in the spring. Myxosporidia parasitized in the kidneys and T. monenteron parasitized on the gills during all periods of the study (the latter with an extensivity of invasion of 100.0%). All examined fish are infected with T. nodulosus 100.0% of cases. In May, other types of cestodes were found: P. esocis and Dibothriocephalus latus. Three pike were infected with proteocephalis. The larval stage of diphyllobothriid was found in one fish in the liver and gonads in an amount of 139 individuals. In the pikes’ stomach, during all periods of the study, A. lucii was found in all the fish examined. In the autumn period of the study immature R. campanula were found in in the intestine of 4 fish specimens. The nematode R. acus was found in pike only in spring. This nematode was found in fish aged 4+–8+. In May, glochidia with a high intensity of invasion were found on fins, gill covers and gills of fish. E. sieboldi copepods were found on the gills; in May, one specimen was found in one pike and in September in 6 with AI of 0.7. Tetraonchus monenteron was a dominant species, in May its degree of dominance decreased with the greatest uniformity of species in this study period. Having considered the age dynamics of pike infection by various types of parasites, it was found that in the age group 4+–5+ the number of species of parasites was greatest (20), while in groups 2+–3+ and 6+–8+ it was 14. In the pike, the core parasitic fauna were M. anurum, H. psorospermica, T. monenteron, T. nodulosus, A. lucii. Seasonality has virtually no effect on the degree of infection with specific parasites. The age of fish largely determines the qualitative and quantitative composition of the parasite fauna.

The state of knowledge of the parasitic fauna of the pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 in Poland in the 50th anniversary of the publication of the Catalogue of Parasitic Fauna of Poland. Part II. Parasites of Cyclostomes and Fish by Jadwiga Grabda

Parasites of pike Esox lucius from freshwater and brackish water in Poland are listed. This checklist summarized data published in Catalogue of Parasitic Fauna of Poland. Part II. Parasites of Cyclostomes and Fish by Jadwiga Grabda and later data from original studies. Parasites are listed alphabetically in higher taxa with their location in host and distribution in Polish waters with references. Parasites belonging to the higher taxa as Protista – 11 records, Myxosporea – 6, Digenea – 17, Monogenea – 2, Cestoda – 9, Nematoda – 7, Acanthocephala – 7, Hirudinida – 5, Mollusca – unidentified glochidia, Crustacea – 6, were found. The most frequently noted parasites have been Azygia lucii, Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys clavata, Tetraonchus monenteron, Triaenophorus nodulosus, Raphidascaris acus and Ergasilus sieboldi.

Parasite Fauna of Fish in Büyükçekmece Dam Lake

Büyükçekmece Dam Lake, located in the Marmara Region, is the third largest water resource of the six main reservoirs of Istanbul. It is used as a safe drinking water source. In this study, the parasitic fauna of the freshwater fish species in Büyükçekmece Dam Lake was investigated during the period of September 2012-May 2013. Gill nets were used for the collection of fish specimens from the lake. The fish specimens were transported to the laboratory in fiberglass tanks and they were kept alive until parasitological examination. During the dissection, the body cavity, all internal organs, the gills, the eyes, the skin, and the fins were examined. A total of 273 fish specimens belonging to nine fish species were examined and 11 parasite species were found in infested individuals. Ancylodiscoides vistulensis, Tetraonchus monenteron, Paradiplozoon homoion, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Raphidascaris acus and Eustrongylides excisus were identified to the species level. Trichodina spp., Dactylogyrus spp., Ergasilus spp. and Glochidia larvae were identified the genus level in infested individuals. Monogenea was determined as the most common parasite group. Eustrongylides excisus was also observed as the most prevalent parasite in as different fish species.

Investigation of parasites of pikes (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1785) from Chamkhale River, Anzali and Amirkelayeh wetlands, Iran.

To investigate the health status, the parasite diversity and abundance were studied in three pike populations. For this purpose, totally 90 fish were caught from three natural habitats of pike including Chamkhale River, Anzali and Amirkelayeh wetlands, Iran. After biometry and age determination, fish were dissected and parasites were investigated in intestine, gill and eye. According to results, five parasite species were identified in whole body of pikes including Eustrongylides exises, Raphidascaris acus and Triaeophorus crassus in intestine, Tetraonchus monenteron in gill and Diplostomum spathaceum in eye. The highest values of quantitative indices of parasite population [i.e. incidence percent (86.66%), mean intensity (60.83±39.92), mean abundance (58.14±34.6) and abundance range (1-232)] were recorded for T. monenteron in all three sampling regions. The lowest values of these quantitative indices were found for D. spathaceum, E. exises and Tetraonchus crassus in Anzali wetland, Chamkhale River and Amirkelayeh wetland respectively. In 2, 3 and 4years old pikes, T. monenteron had the highest values of quantitative indices of parasite population. In conclusion, our results showed that Anzali wetland have more parasite pollution compared to other sampling regions. This may be due to the more rapid eutrophication in this wetland compared to Amirkelayeh wetland and Chamkhale River.

Endoparasitaemia of Chrysichthys Nigrodigitatus in a Tidal Freshwater Body in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

One hundred Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were randomly selected from the New Calabar River to determine the effect of size and sex on the endoparasitaemia in the blood, heart, liver, kidney and Gastro-intestinal tract. The formol-ether concentration method was used to examine the samples. Data revealed an overall parasitaemia of 18 (18.0%). The size classes 301-400mm, 201-300mm and >169-200mm had 5(55.6%), 12(15.2%) and 1(11.1%) respectively while the size class 0.05), however the females had 11(20.4%) and the males had 7(15.2%) of their respective populations. Site specific endoparasitaemia showed that the gastro-intestinal tract harboured the highest (38.9%) parasitic load, while the kidney had the lowest (5.6%). The heart had (33.3%) and the blood and liver had (11.1%) parasitic load each. Fourteen (14) parasite species from 5 phyla were recovered from the fish samples namely: Protozoa - Coccidia sp. and Thelohanellus piriformis; Platyhelminth - Ascocotyle ceolostoma, Sanguinicola inermis, Sanguinicola armata, Atalostropion sp., Silurotaenia siluri, Tetrochetus coryphaenae, Biacetabulum appendiculatum and Tetraonchus monenteron; Nematoda - Strongyloides sp.; Acanthocephala - Acanthocephalus lucii and Neoechinorhynchus rutili; and Crustacea - Alebion elegans. Endoparasitaemia in the sampled population was influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the water body which is greatly affected by the intrusion of salt into the river due to its tidal conditions. However, the relatively high endoparasitaemia in the gastro-intestinal tract was associated with the nutrient rich ambience of the intestine which may allow easy establishment and multiplication of parasites.

Hematological parameters associated with parasitism in pike, Esox lucius caught from Anzali wetland.

This study involved 120 pike, Esox lucius, captured from Anzali wetland. Parasite fauna were identified in captured fish. Also, changes of haematological parameters were compared both infected and uninfected fish. Parasitological inspections revealed the following infestations: Skin: Lernea cyprinacea, Argulus foliaceus (Crustacean) and Tricodina sp. (Ciliatea). Gill: Dactylogyrus sp. (Digenea) and Tetraonchus monenteron (Monogenea). Eye: Diplostomum spathaceum (Digenea). Gut: Eustrongylides exises, Rhipdocotyle illense, Raphidascaris acus (Nematode), Corynosoma Strumosum (Acanthocephala). Most prevalence and intensity were related to Eustrongylides exises and Rhipdocotyle illense. Following haematological parameters were evaluated: haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Significant difference was found for MCV between infected and uninfected fish.

Metazoan Parasite Fauna of Fish Species from Lake Kortowskie

Parasitological studies of fish from Lake Kortowskie were carried out from 2001 to 2004. In the current study, 381 fish representing ten species: perch, Perca fluviatilis L., bleak, Alburnus alburnus (L.), ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.), silver bream, Abramis bjoercna (L.), pike, Esox lucius L., common gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.), tench, Tinca tinca (L.), rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), bream, Abramis brama (L.) and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) were examined. The aim of the study was to review the parasites of selected fish species and to compare the infestation of bream, perch, and rudd in 1984-88, 1994 and 2001-2003. A total of 51 species of parasites belonging to Monogenea (27), Digenea (6), Cestoda (7), Nematoda (4), Acanthocephala (3), Crustacea (3), and Molusca (1) were recorded. The largest numbers of parasite species were found in roach (18), followed by bleak (14), perch and silver bream (13), bream (11), ruffe and pike (10), and the fewest in common gudgeon (4) and tench and rudd (2). Tetraonchus monenteron, Triaenophorus nodulosus, Ergasilus sieboldi, and molluscs glochidia occurred in 83.3% of the pike. Comparing the bream, perch, and rudd infestation parameters of over twenty years with the current results, it can be concluded that the changes are linked to environmental changes that have occurred as a consequence of the Lake Kortowskie experiment.

METAZOAN PARASITES OF PIKE (ESOX LUCIUS L.) FROM LAKE ULUABAT, TURKEY

In this study, metazoan parasites of pike (Esox lucius L.) from Lake Uluabat were investigated monthly from January 1993 to January 1994. Parasites belonging to six species were recorded for 133 pike hosts: Argulus foliaceus, Tetraonchus monenteron, Rhipidocotyle fennica, Diplodiscus subclavatus, Raphidascaris acus, and Acanthocephalus anguillae, of which only two specimens of A. foliaceus were found in the gills of one host fish, and a single specimen of A. anguillae and two specimens of D. subclavatus in the intestine of another. Tetraonchus monenteron, R. fennica, and R. acus were the dominant parasite species found in the pike. Tetraonchus monenteron was the most prevalent species found in fish of all sizes during the year of the study. Rhipidocotyle fennica infection rate was highest during summer and autumn and minimal during winter and early spring, with larger pike having more parasites than smaller host pike. The third dominant parasite, R. acus, produced two generations per season, with peaks in...

METAZOAN PARASITES OF PIKE (ESOX LUCIUS L.) FROM LAKE ULUABAT, TURKEY

In this study, metazoan parasites of pike (Esox lucius L.) from Lake Uluabat were investigated monthly from January 1993 to January 1994. Parasites belonging to six species were recorded for 133 pike hosts: Argulus foliaceus, Tetraonchus monenteron, Rhipidocotyle fennica, Diplodiscus subclavatus, Raphidascaris acus, and Acanthocephalus anguillae, of which only two specimens of A. foliaceus were found in the gills of one host fish, and a single specimen of A. anguillae and two specimens of D. subclavatus in the intestine of another. Tetraonchus monenteron, R. fennica, and R. acus were the dominant parasite species found in the pike. Tetraonchus monenteron was the most prevalent species found in fish of all sizes during the year of the study. Rhipidocotyle fennica infection rate was highest during summer and autumn and minimal during winter and early spring, with larger pike having more parasites than smaller host pike. The third dominant parasite, R. acus, produced two generations per season, with peaks in...

Glands and sensilla associated with the haptor of the gill-parasitic monogenean Tetraonchus monenteron

Kearn G.C. and Gowing R. 1989. Glands and sensilla associated with the haptor of the gill-parasitic monogenean Tetraonchus monenteron. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 673–679. The gill-parasitic dactylogyroidean monogenean Tetraonchus monenteron has two kinds of haptor gland. The secretion of one of these gland systems is transported to duct openings on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the haptor and the peduncle; the secretion of the other leaves the parasite through the aperture from which the hamulus point projects. Associated with each hamulus is a reservoir for the hamulus gland secretion and a gutter-shaped accessory sclerite supporting the wall of the ‘sleeve’ enclosing the hook point. No convincing evidence has been found in transmission electron microscope sections of attached parasites to indicate an adhesive function for these glands. The hamulus gland system is weakly developed in Tetraonchus and the haptor surface glands well-developed, in contrast with the situation in the related Cichlidogyrus halli typicus. Eight pairs of sensilla have been found on the surfaces of the haptor and peduncle of T. monenteron.

Metazoan parasites of pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus, from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba, Canada

Metazoan parasites of pike Esox lucius from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba were studied to reveal species composition, differences with host age, sex, and location and season of capture. Pike hosted 18 species of metazoan parasites, two of which, Tetraonchus monenteron and Proteocephalus pinguis, made up over 84% of metazoan parasite numbers. Some parasite species exhibited definite patterns of abundance with host age and season which resulted from changes in host diet and behaviour. No differences in parasite abundance existed between the host sexes. Ranking of parasite abundances was significantly different between two sampling sites only 2 km apart as a result of intermediate host distribution. Impoundment could greatly change pike parasite levels. An initial decrease in parasite numbers could be followed by a rapid increase.

A note on some Monogenea (Trematoda) from Albertan fishes.

Four monogenetic trematodes—Tetraonchus monenteron, Cleidodiscus brachus, Dactylogyrus albertensis, and D. banghami—are reported from the gills of fishes of southern Alberta.

Systematic status of Tetraonchus loftusi n. sp. (Monogenoidea: Tetraonchidae) and comparative studies of T. monenteron (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858, and T. variabilis Mizelle and Webb, 1953

A new species of monogenean Tetraonchus loftusi, from the gills of the muskellunge, Esox masqinongy Mitchill, is described. Brief comparative descriptions and discussions of Tetraonchus monenteron (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858 and T. variabilis Mizelle and Webb, 1953 are given, extending our knowledge of structure and distribution of these two species.The genus Tetraonchus is accepted as the solitary genus in the family Tetraonchidae Bychowsky, 1937; the subgenera T. (Tetraonchus) and T. (Salmonchus) of Strelkov 1963 are rejected, in agreement with Ergens.

The development of the adhesive organs of some diplectanid, tetraonchid and dactylogyrid gill parasites (Monogenea).

The adhesive organs of diplectanid, tetraonchid and dactylogyrid monogeneans develop in very similar ways indicating that all these gill parasites are closely related to each other. The oncomiracidia make initial contact with the general body skin or the lining of the buccal cavity to which they attach themselves by 14 or 16 ventrally orientated marginal hooklets. The growing parasites then find their way to the gills which call for a different kind of adhesive apparatus. In order to anchor itself between two of the host's secondary gill lamellae, two pairs of the parasite's marginal hooklets migrate to the dorsal surface of the haptor and two of the four developing hamuli rotate so that they also point dorsally.In diplectanids the hamuli are assisted by accessory friction pads (squamodiscs) which develop on the surface of the body anterior to the hooks.In dactylogyrids the ventral hamuli do not develop and are represented in the adult only by small spicules. In contrast the marginal hooklets grow during larval development and become important adult attachment organs, together with the dorsal hamuli.Adults of Tetraonchus monenteron feed on the epidermis covering the gills.I am most grateful to the Director and Staff of the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth and particularly to Mr J. E. Green for help and hospitality. I would also like to express my thanks to the East Suffolk and Norfolk River Authority and particularly to the Fishery Superintendent, Mr E. Q. Bitton, and to Mr D. Leary, for supplying me with freshwater fishes.

The adhesive mechanism of the monogenean parasite Tetraonchus monenteron from the gills of the pike (Esox lucius)

The monogenean parasite Tetraonchus monenteron attaches itself to the gills of the pike (Esoz lucius) by means of two pairs of large hooks (= hamuli). One pair of hooks is directed ventrally and the outer (flanking) pair is directed dorsally so that the hooks impale two adjacent secondary gill lamellage. Each lateral pair of hooks (one ventral and one dorsal hook) is operated by a single extrinsic muscle, the tendinous region of which is threaded through two fibrous loops (= Pulleys), one attached to each hook. Each tendon on entering the haptor also passes beneath transverse fibres joining the anterior ends of the two ventral hooks and these fibres probably act as a third pulley. This complex pulley system has a high mechanical advantage so that the energy used by the parasite to hold its hooks in position against the strong gill ventilating current of the host is minimal.The mechanics of the adheasive apparatus of T. monenteron are compared with those of the monogenean gill parasite Amphibdelloides maccallumi, in, which the pulley system is less complex.I would like to express my thanks to Mr G. W. Vane who kindly caught some pike for me, and to Dr P. C. Croghan and Mr S. A. Hodson for helpful discussion on the mechanical aspects of the adhesive apparatus.

Ectoparasites of the Blunt-Nosed Minnow (Hyborhynchus notatus)

Previous to 1934 the taxonomy of American fresh-water Gyrodactyloidea received little attention. Investigations were directed more toward control measures with a minimum amount of effort devoted to specific diagnosis. In the above mentioned year Justus F. Mueller gave comprehensive consideration to the group and later wrote several papers with additional descriptions and records of new forms. The present writer (1936) published an abstract of a doctor's thesis in which he briefly described twelve new species of Tetraonchinae from the gills of Illinois fishes. To date fifty-four species of monogenetic trematodes of the subfamilies Gyrodactylinae, Dactylogyrinae and Tetraonchinae have been reported from the gills of North American fresh-water fishes. Eight of these belong to the genus Gyrodactylus, two to the genus Dactylogyrus, and forty-four to the subfamily Tetraonchinae. Including the three forms described in this paper the species of Dactylogyrus known to North America now total five. Of the above trematodes all are indigenous to North America except Tetraonchus monenteron (Wegener, 1857); Gyrodactylus elegans Nordman, 1832; and Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845). These three species were first described from Europe.