Organic solar cells (OSCs) demonstrating high power conversion efficiencies have been mostly fabricated using halogenated solvents, which are highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. Recently, non-halogenated solvents have emerged as a potential alternative. However, there has been limited success in attaining an optimal morphology when non-halogenated solvents (typically o-xylene (XY)) were used. To address this issue, we studied the dependence of the photovoltaic properties of all-polymer solar cells (APSCs) on various high-boiling-point non-halogenated additives. We synthesized PTB7-Th and PNDI2HD-T polymers that are soluble in XY and fabricated PTB7-Th:PNDI2HD-T-based APSCs using XY with five additives: 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB), indane (IN), tetralin (TN), diphenyl ether (DPE), and dibenzyl ether (DBE). The photovoltaic performance was determined in the following order: XY + IN < XY + TMB < XY + DBE ≤ XY only < XY + DPE < XY + TN. Interestingly, all APSCs processed with an XY solvent system had better photovoltaic properties than APSCs processed with chloroform solution containing 1,8-diiodooctane (CF + DIO). The key reasons for these differences were unraveled using transient photovoltage and two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction experiments. The charge lifetimes of APSCs based on XY + TN and XY + DPE were the longest, and their long lifetime was strongly associated with the polymer blend film morphology; the polymer domain sizes were in the nanoscale range, and the blend film surfaces were smoother, as the PTB7-Th polymer domains assumed an untangled, evenly distributed, and internetworked morphology. Our results demonstrate that the use of an additive with an optimal boiling point facilitates the development of polymer blends with a favorable morphology and can contribute to the widespread use of eco-friendly APSCs.

Effects of Y Zeolite Acid Properties on the Hydrocracking Performance of Tetralin for BTX Production

Supercritical (SC) fluid technologies are well-established methods in modern green chemical synthesis. Using SC fluids as solvents instead of traditional liquids gives benefits of higher diffusivity and lower viscosity, which allows mass transfer intensification and, thus, an increased production rate of chemical transformations. Therefore, a conjugation of heterogeneous catalysis with SC media is a large step toward a green chemistry. Tetralin (TL) is an important hydrogen donor solvent used for biomass liquefaction. In industry, TL is obtained via catalytic hydrogenation of naphthalene (NL). Herein, for the first time we have demonstrated the NL hydrogenation with close to 100% selectivity to TL at almost full conversion in the SC hexane. The observed transformation rates in SC hexane were much higher allowing process intensification. The downstream processes can be also facilitated since hexane after depressurisation can be easily separated from the reaction products via simple rectification. The TL synthesis was studied in a batch reactor at variation of reaction temperature and overall pressure. For the first time for this process, low Pt-loaded (1 wt.%) nanoparticles stabilized within hyper-cross-linked aromatic polymer (HAP) were applied. The Pt/HAP catalyst was stable under reaction conditions (250 °C, 6 MPa) allowing its recovery and reuse.

The need to find alternative liquid fuels more environmental friendly and with a more secure supply, has led to the idea of studying the conversion of carbonaceous wastes, like plastics, used tyres and biomass into liquid products to be used as fuels or as raw materials for several industries. As coal liquefaction is a well-known process to produce liquid products, coal blended with used tyres and plastic wastes was co-liquefied. Coal impregnated with 1 % wt. of molybdenum was used in co-liquefaction tests blended with 50 % wt. of used tyres or with the main plastics present in municipal solid wastes: PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene) and a mixture of these plastics. The results obtained showed that all wastes promoted coal liquefaction. However, liquids yield and quality improved with the presence of plastics, while more solids were obtained when used tyres were used. Coal blends with PS wastes led to the highest liquid yield (74 % wt.) and conversion (88 % wt.) The presence of PE favoured the formation of linear alkanes, while PS promoted the formation of more aromatic compounds, which is in agreement with these plastics initial molecular structure. Some co-liquefaction tests were done in presence of tetralin, a hydrogen donor solvent that promoted the formation of liquids. Tetralin allowed increasing liquids yields obtained with plastics to values higher than 90 % wt., while in co-liquefaction of coal with used tyres led to liquids yields around 77 % wt.

It is predictable that liquid fuels will be needed for long distance transport sector for quite some years. Thus, it is imperative to find alternative fuels to reduce the dependency on petroleum derived fuels and to decrease the negative environmental impact. Co-liquefaction of coal and wastes, like plastics, to produce liquid fuels and raw materials for several industries may play an important role in the near future, because it will decrease the problems associated with the dependency of only one raw material and also it will allow taking profit of the suitable properties of each one, while diluting the disadvantageous characteristics of coal. The use of plastics, namely polyethylene (PE) favoured coal liquefaction, as PE macromolecules are easier to break down and to form smaller liquid molecules than coal. To improve the production of liquid compounds by coal liquefaction solvents with different hydrogen donor capabilities were tested, such as: methylnaphthalene and tetralin. Tetralin led to the highest liquid yields and conversion, due to its hydrogen donor capacity. Some commercial available catalysts, like FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) and Co-Mo based were also tried. Coal impregnated with some metals like iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) was also tested. Impregnated coal, especially with Mo showed to have a better performance than the commercial catalysts. Liquid yield obtained during co-liquefaction of coal and PE when coal was impregnated with Mo was around 66 wt%. The use of tetralin allowed increasing this value around 44 %.

Comparison of the Catalytic Cracking of Tetralin over Beta and Y Zeolite

Influence of Sulfur Content on Tetralin Hydrogenation over NiW Hydrotreating Catalysts

Infrared and Raman spectra and theoretical calculations for benzocyclobutane in its electronic ground state

Objective Synthesis of new series of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives conjugated with chalcone, pyridine, pyrazole and isoxazole functionalities hoping to circumvent the unwanted ulcerogenic and other side effects of the already used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Background Most currently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suffer from limitation in their therapeutic uses, since they cause gastrointestinal and renal side effects related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase1 (Cox1) in tissues where prostaglandins exert physiological effects. Methodology Reaction of 2-acetyl tetralin (1) with some aromatic aldehydes in the presence of malononitrile yielded 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives 2a–c. Condensation of compound 1 with aromatic aldehydes afforded the chalcone derivatives 3a–c. Then, compound 3a reacted with hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine and yielded pyrazoline derivatives 4 or 5, respectively. Also, the reaction of compound 3c with hydroxylamine hydrochloride afforded the isoxazole derivative 6. Anti-inflammatory properties of the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vivo utilizing formalin induced paw edema method in rats, analgesic activities were tested via both hot plate and writhing methods. Results Derivatives 2c and 3c revealed promising results when the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and ulcerogenic activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. All of the compounds induced significant central and peripheral analgesia. The derivatives 2a, 2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, 5, and 6 showed higher activity than the standard ibuprofen.

Experiments of diisopropylnaphthalene cracking over zeolite catalysts under certain reaction temperature and catalyst/oil ratio were conducted on a small fixed fluidised bed(FFB) unit.Effects of ZSM-5 and Y zeolite catalysts,temperature and catalyst/oil ratio on side chain scission of diisopropylnaphthalene were explored.The experimental results showed that the side-chain scission of diisopropylnaphthalene over zeolite catalysts occurred easily,by which the products were naphthalene,C1-C4 alkyl naphthalene and tetralin,alkyl tetralin as well as low olefin such as propylene.Less products by dehydrogenation condensation reactions were polycyclic aromatics with more than three rings(phenanthrenes,pyrenes and so on) and coke.Due to the diffusion and adsorption of alkyl aromatics on catalysts,selectivity of the side-chain scission was closely related to pore and mainly to B acid of catalysts.The selectivity of the side-chain scission was higher over ZSM-5 catalyst with weaker B acid and preferable adsorption than that over Y catalyst.At the mass hourly space velocity of 10 h-1,temperature of 425-525℃,catalyst/oil mass ratio of 3-8,reactions of dehydrogenation condensation were stronger,and selectivity of the side-chain scission was weaken with the temperature rising or catalyst/oil ratio increasing over Y catalyst.

The effects of repeated (twice daily, 21 days) administration of the 5-HT1A A receptor partial agonists buspirone (2.5 mg kg−1) and ipsapirone (5 mg kg−1), antagonist (S)-N-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]-2-phenylpropanamide dihydrochloride ((S)-WAY 100135, 10 mg kg−1), and full agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (0.5 mg kg−1), or the antidepressant imipramine (10 mg kg−1), as well as of short-term (twice daily, 3 days) administration of buspirone and imipramine on the hyperactivity induced by quinpirole (0.25 mg kg−1, 24 h after the last dose of the investigated compounds), a response mediated by dopamine D2 receptors, were examined. Of the examined 5-HT1A receptor ligands, only buspirone—like imipramine—administered repeatedly, but not on a short-term basis, potentiated the locomotor hyperactivity induced by quinpirole. The results indicate that the effect of buspirone, which points to sensitization of the postsynaptic D2 receptor, is not connected with the drug's interaction with 5-HT1A receptors.

Quantitative study on cross-linking reactions of oxygen groups during liquefaction of lignite by a new model system

The influence of solvent was examined in the single- and two-stage liquefaction of Tanito Harum coal with FeNi supported oil carbon black (FeNi/KB) and a synthetic pyrite. FeNi/KB catalyst provide a high oi l yield in the single-stage liquefaction when tetralin or 1methylnapthalene was used, while pyrite (FeS 2 ) gave a low oil yield in the liquefaction with 1- methylnapthalene although it produced a high enough oil yield in the liquefaction with tetralin. The single-stake liquefaction of coal gave extremely low oil yields under the solvent free conditions for all catalysts examined. In the liquefaction of coal with solvent, the difference of oil yield produced between single-stage and two stage is small. However, the conversion of H-- donor solvent after liquefaction was much lower than that of single-stage liquefaction. In the free-solvent liquefaction coal, two-stage liquefaction produced much higher oil yield than single-stage. Kata kunci: solvent, catalyst, single-stage coal liquefaction, two-stage coal Liquefaction

The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on neuronal firing rate were studied in the reticular gigantocellular nucleus (GRN) and, for a comparison, in the interstitial (IRN), the parvicellular (PRN) and the lateral (LRN) nuclei, sharing some of GRN functional characteristics. Unitary extracellular recordings performed in anesthetized rats demonstrated that microiontophoretic application of 5-HT modulated the background firing rate in 92% of GRN, in 100% of IRN and LRN, and in 77% of PRN tested neurons. In GRN, 5-HT application induced excitatory responses in 49% of the neurons tested and inhibitions in 43% of them. Both types of effects were dose dependent and appeared scattered throughout the nucleus. Enhancements and decreases of firing rate in response to 5-HT application were also recorded in IRN (58% and 42% respectively), LRN (43% and 57%) and PRN (36% and 41%). The 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) mimicked 5-HT evoked inhibitions in all the nuclei tested and induced weak inhibitory responses also in neurons excited by 5-HT. The 5-HT2A receptor agonist alphamethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (alpha-me-5-HT) mimicked excitatory as well as inhibitory responses to 5-HT, the former prevailing in GRN and the latter in the remaining reticular nuclei. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses to 5-HT were partially or totally blocked by the application of 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin. It is concluded that an extended, strong and differentiated control is exerted by 5-HT on the electrical activity of bulbar reticular neurons. Both 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors mediate these effects, but the involvement of other receptors appears probable.

本研究では，NiやWとの錯形成定数が異なるキレート剤を含浸溶液に添加してNiW/Al2O3を調製し，そのテトラリンおよびo-キシレン水素化活性と表面微細構造を調べた。いずれの反応でもキレート剤の添加によって活性が1.2～3倍向上し，シクロヘキサンジアミン四酢酸（CyDTA）が最も大きな効果を示すことを見出した。次いで，NiとWの分散度をNOパルス吸着法およびXP分光法により調べ，キレート剤の添加によりNiの分散度の向上が示唆された。さらに，CyDTAの添加によりWS2クラスターのW-S配位数が増加することがEXAFSから示された。WS2クラスターのエッジにNiが配位するとNi-S-W結合が形成しW-S配位数が増加することを考慮すると，キレート剤の添加によりNi-W-S相の形成が促進されると推定される。また，キレート剤とNiやWとの錯形成定数を調べた結果，Niとの錯形成定数の大きなキレート剤ほど大きな活性向上効果を示すことを見出した。キレート剤がNiと安定な錯体を形成し，それが担持，乾燥後も残存することによりNiの硫化過程に影響を及ぼし，Ni-W-S相の形成が促進されると考えられる。

Vibrational spectra and DFT calculations of tetralin and 1,4-benzodioxan

Flame-retardant plastics, such as desktop and laptop personal computer bodies, could be completely liquefied by carbon materials-catalyzed hydroliquefaction in tetralin without using H2 as a hydrogen source. Active carbons with larger surface areas (1450–3450 m2/g) acted as superior catalysts in transferring tetralin hydrogens to plastics. On the other hand, carbon blacks and fullerene-rich soot were less active catalysts. Graphite and mesocarbon microbeads did not show any catalytic effects. Benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were obtained as recyclable hydrocarbons; their total amounts varied from 4 wt% to 12 wt% depending on the types of plastics and the carbon materials used. Organic bromides such as polybromodioxins were not contained in the gases and oils of the product.

テトラリン体の精製における溶媒媒介転移を抑制するために, 転移に及ぼす晶析温度, 溶媒組成および撹拌速度の影響についてDSCを用いて検討を行った.転移の過程を経時的に追跡した結果, ある待ち時間を経たのちS字型の曲線を示しながら, 準安定形のA形結晶から安定結のB形結晶に転移した.転移過程を溶液濃度一定, すなわち過飽和度が一定の領域に対して成長速度式を用いて解析し, 総括転移速度定数, およびB形結晶が析出し始めるまでの待ち時間と種々な晶析条件との相関を求めた.この基礎実験結果に基づき, 500lスケールでパイロット実験を行った結果, 安定形のB形結晶を含まない準安定形のA形結晶のみを製造することができた.

The effect of chronic administration of antidepressants and electroconvulsive shock on the 5-HT 1A receptor mediated hypothekmic response induced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat

Reactivity of Argonne coals in the presence of cyclic olefins and other donors