Removal Of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Research Articles

Mechanochemical Ball Mill Goethite to Activate Sodium Persulfate for the Treatment of Organic Wastewater Containing Tetracycline Hydrochloride

The contamination of aquatic systems by tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) has emerged as an urgent environmental concern necessitating immediate intervention. Herein, a mechanochemical approach was utilized to synthesize a FeOOH@AC nanocomposite through the co-grinding of goethite (FeOOH), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH⋅HCl), and activated carbon (AC). The FeOOH@AC nanocomposite acted as a catalyst for the activation of sodium persulfate (PS), producing strong oxidizing radicals for the removal of TC from water. The results demonstrated that the physicochemical properties and crystal structure of FeOOH were altered via ball-milling treatment. The activation of PS-generated sulfate radicals (SO[Formula: see text] and hydroxyl radicals ([Formula: see text]OH) synergistically degraded TC. Additionally, the degradation rate of TC in a 50[Formula: see text]mg/L solution reached 91.26% after the addition of FeOOH@AC and PS. This work offers a theoretical and technical foundation for the mechanochemical ball milling preparation of FeOOH@AC, facilitating PS activation for the degradation of TC in water.

Construction and characterization of sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol double-network hydrogel beads with surfactant-tailored adsorption capabilities for efficient tetracycline hydrochloride removal

The extensive use of tetracycline (TC) for disease control and the residuals in wastewater has resulted in the spread and accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes, posing a severe threat to the human health and environmental safety. To solve this problem, a series of double-network hydrogel beads based on sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol were constructed with the introduction of various surfactants to modulate the morphology. The results showed that the introduction of surfactants can modulate the surface morphology and internal structure, which can also regulate the adsorption ability of the hydrogel beads. The SDS-B beads with SDS as surfactant exhibited highest adsorption efficiency for removal of TC with a maximum adsorption capacity up to 121.6 mg/g, which possessed a resistance to various cations and humic acid. The adsorption mechanism revealed that the superior adsorption performance of the hydrogel beads was primarily attributed to hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and π-π EDA interactions. Adsorption kinetics demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the adsorption process well and adsorption isotherm showed the adsorption of TC occurred through both chemical and physical interactions. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency remained approximately 87.5 % after three adsorption-desorption cycles, which may have potential application and practical value in TC adsorption.

Piezoelectric-enhanced MoS2@PVDF-HFP composite for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

In this work, composite films of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) were fabricated using aqueous phase transformation and hydrothermal methods, aiming at efficiently degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The findings revealed that the degradation efficiency of TC by MoS2@PVDF-HFP, when subjected to a combined photocatalysis process involving a simulated pressure electric field and aeration, reached a remarkable 96.11% within 1 hour-surpassing the performance observed under individual conditions. The changes in the electron density cloud on the films surface induced by the pressure electric field and the acceleration of electron transfer rate between contact interfaces were evident. Notably, the composite films exhibited a stable performance with a TC removal rate of 90.23% after five cycles, including a relatively stable degree of mineralization. We employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the changes in the state density of MoS2@PVDF-HFP under different conditions, such as compressive stress, tension, and no force. This further clarified the mechanism of piezoelectric coupling photocatalysis promoting induced charge transfer on the films surface. The research findings presented in this paper provide a promising avenue for the application of piezoelectric field-assisted photocatalysis in enhancing material performance.

Biochar derived from straw residue prepared via combined pre-treatment designed for efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and sulfadiazine sodium salt

In this study, straw residue (SR) was prepared from corn straw by a combined pre-treatment method that involved both microbial treatment (Myrothecium verrucaria, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma reesei) and treatment with ρ-toluenesulfonic acid. After pre-treatment, the cellulose content of the residues reached 79.3 %, 72.1 %, 83.5 %, and 85.2 %, respectively. The results indicated that Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei effectively destroyed the corn stover structure, improving the efficiency of the subsequent treatment. Following carbonation and activation processes, the SRs were converted into a series of biochars (ACCC, ACMC, ACTC, and ACNC) with large specific surface areas (2343, 2219, 2693, 2672 m2 g−1). The prepared biochars demonstrated excellent performance in adsorption tests performed using tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and sulfadiazine sodium salt (SDZ) as adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacities recorded for TC (908, 1117, 1216, and 1189 mg/g) and SDZ (930, 965, 1033, and 1083 mg/g) were higher than most of the other adsorbents. Furthermore, the potential adsorption mechanisms included pore filling, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. Even after 5 test cycles, the biochar retained over 75 % of its adsorption performance, highlighting its strong potential for applications in removing antibiotics from water.

Construction of magnetic FeP/CdS composites as photo‐Fenton‐like catalysts to realize high‐efficiency degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Photocatalysis is an efficient technology for the degradation of pollutants. However, it still needs to be improved. In this study, magnetic Z‐scheme FeP/CdS composites heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method, and the structure, morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the prepared composites were investigated in detail. The efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal by FeP/CdS composites was investigated under different reaction conditions (including different FeP and CdS ratios, catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide consumption, temperature, and initial pH). FeP/CdS composites exhibited better catalytic performance compared with pure components. The F1Cd1 composite (mass ratio of FeP to CdS is 1:1) achieved 92.7% removal efficiency of TCH, moreover, the F1Cd1 composite still exhibits a high stability after five consecutive cycles. The capture experiments on the active material showed that the removal of TCH by the F1Cd1 composite was mainly dominated by •OH; however, •O2−, e‐, and h+ played a minor role, and the degradation mechanism was revealed by combining various characterization techniques. The introduction of cadmium sulfide formed an effective photogenerated carrier transport channel at the interface with the iron phosphide surface, which could accelerate the transfer and separation of photo‐excited e‐/h+ pairs, thus improving the degradation performance of TCH.

MIL-125-PDI/ZnIn2S4 Inorganic-Organic S-Scheme Heterojunction With Hierarchical Hollow Nanodisc Structure for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution from Antibiotic Wastewater Remediation.

Efficient photocatalytic production of H2 from wastewater is expected to address environmental pollution and energy crises effectively. However, the rapid recombination of photoinduced carriers results in low photoconversion efficiency. At present, inorganic-organic S-scheme heterojunction have become a prominent and promising technology. In this study, an organic ligand modified MIL-125-PDI/ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) inorganic-organic S-scheme heterojunction catalyst is designed. ZIS nanosheets are grown on the disc-shaped MIL-125-PDI surface to form a distinctive hollow nanodiscs with hierarchical structure, giving the material an abundance of surface active sites, an optimized electronic structure, and a spatially separated redox surface. Consequently, the optimal 100MIL-125-PDI250/ZIS exhibited high photocatalytic HER of 508.99 µmol g-1 h-1 in Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) solution. Meanwhile, the catalyst achieved complete TC-HCl removal and mineralization rate of 66.62% in 4h. Experimental and theoretical calculations corroborate that the staggered band alignment and work function difference between MIL-125-PDI and ZIS induce the formation of a built-in electric field, thus regulating the charge transfer routes and consequently enhancing charge separation efficiency. The possible photocatalytic mechanism is analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the toxicities of the degradation products are also evaluated. This work presents a green dual-function strategy for H2 production and antibiotic wastewater recycling.

One-Step Construction of Hierarchical Porous and Defect-Rich Zn2+-Doped NH2-MIL-125(Ti) to Enhance Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride.

The development of efficient metal-organic framework (MOF) photocatalysts for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) is crucial for environmental and public health. Herein, NH2-MIL-125(Ti) flakes (namely, ZnxTi1-x-NML), featuring defect-rich and Zn2+-doping, were synthesized using a one-step solvothermal method. For the first time, the crystal structure of Zn-doped NML was determined by combining extended X-ray absorption with fine structure spectroscopy. The formation mechanisms of the flake morphology with hierarchical porous structures were thoroughly investigated. Compared to NH2-MIL-125(Ti), Zn0.15Ti0.85-NML achieved a 3.4-fold increase in removal of TC under simulated sunlight. The adjusted electronic structure enhances superoxide radical production, coupled with a flake-like and porous architecture that promotes reaction sites, improved mass transfer, and reduced charge distances. Combined with theoretical calculations of the density of states and electrostatic potential, the ligand-metal-metal charge transfer process was elucidated. The possible pathway for the photocatalytic degradation of TC by Zn0.15Ti0.85-NML was further speculated. Moreover, the safety of the photocatalytic pathway was assessed by predicting the toxicity of the degradation intermediates. Our findings link the structure of MOFs to their catalytic efficiency, guiding the creation of sustainable photocatalysts.

Dual S-Scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 photocatalysts for removal of tetracycline pollutants through enhanced molecular oxygen activation

A dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 heterojunction was prepared by decomposition methods, and it displayed enhanced performance to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride with the ideal stability under different water substrates and ions. Comparing with three single components, as g-C3N4, g-C3N5, and Ag3PO4, the dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 heterojunction displayed 4.4-, 3.4-, and 2.5-times enhancements in the tetracycline hydrochloride removal. Based on the dynamics analyses for charge carriers and band structure calculations, two channels of molecular oxygen activation (MOA) between Ag3PO4 and g-C3N4 (and g-C3N5) were confirmed. More importantly, according to this double consumption process of excited electrons, dual S-scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/g-C3N5 could suppress the charge recombination, which was the key point to boosting photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the determination of intermediates also supported the vital role of MOA during these photocatalytic reactions. this report of two reactive sites in MOA that generate reactive oxygen species in a “V” type band structure. The electronic dynamic in the reaction was also testified by several detections, indicating the enhanced charge separation and migration from internal field effect and electron trapping from dual S-scheme mechanism. This work provides a new research direction for the design and mechanism analysis of dual S-scheme photocatalysts

Spin-dependent activity of cobalt contained hydroxy double perovskite for efficient antibiotic removal via peroxymonosulfate activation

Cobalt-containing catalysts exhibit good performance in the advancement of efficient catalytic oxidation reactions. However, achieving an optimal balance between reaction kinetics and adsorption, usually governed by variable spin states of Co ions, to enhance the performance remains a significant challenge. This study aims to develop a convenient compositional tuning strategy to achieve such balance in stable CoxZn1-xSn(OH)6 perovskite hydroxides. We systematically investigate the effect of varying spin state on a chosen representative catalytic oxidation reaction, namely peroxymonosulfate activation and tetracycline hydrochloride removal. The magnetic properties analysis reveal that the content of octahedral Co2+ ions with high-spin state increases with Co content (x) and reaches 59.5 % in Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6. Experimental results and DFT calculations reveal that the spin states transition of Co2+ ions enhance the interaction between Co and O atoms. This enhanced interaction not only improves the reactivity due to the formation of highly covalent Co-OH bonds that serve as catalytically activated charge transfer channels, but also optimizes the suitable adsorption energy of PMS molecules at −3.52 eV for Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6. Consequently, Co0.5Zn0.5Sn(OH)6 shows superior catalytic activity, achieving nearly 100 % antibiotic removal efficiency within just 10 min, surpassing previously reported catalysts. These findings underscore the potential of compositional tuning spin states of transition metal ions in advancing oxidation processes and designing innovative catalysts.

Photo-assisted Fenton degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride with magnetic Fe3S4/CuS composite

In recent years, semiconductor materials have gradually become popular through photodegradation of organic pollutants, and the semiconductor materials Fe3S4 and CuS have their own shortcomings. To make both materials useful, Fe3S4/CuS composites were prepared by hydrothermal method and degradation experiments were carried out using tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as a simulated pollutant. The effects of factors such as the mass ratio of Fe3S4 to CuS, temperature, pH changes, the consume of H2O2, and the amount of catalyst added on the degradation of TCH were explored. At room temperature, the Fe3S4/CuS composites exhibit good Fenton degradation efficiency. The F1C1.5 composite (mass ratio of Fe3S4 to CuS is 1:1.5) achieved 74.60 % at pH 4.0 within one hour. Subsequently, the free radical capture experiments and metal leaching experiments were conducted, and it was found that the active substance h+ played a major role. At the same time, the F1C1.5 composite shows stability, allowing for a lower concentration of iron leaching and having high catalytic activity after 5 cycles. These degradation properties, together with the ease of fabrication of the catalyst, will facilitate the practical application of this system in the continuous removal of TCH.

Structural design of hierarchical porous biomass carbon with a built-in electric field for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation

Biomass-derived carbon materials have excellent adsorption capacity and cost-effectiveness, and the electron interactions between multiphase composite materials improve the efficiency of water pollutant removal by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Herein, a multistage biochar catalyst in which metallic cobalt-embedded carbon tubes are prepared uniformly on the surface of kapok tubes is designed and fabricated. The closely connected structure grown in situ accelerates electron migration and forms a directional transfer electric field. The N-doped carbon nanotube encapsulated Co nanoparticles growth on the kapok biochar/PMS (Co-N-KBC/PMS) system removes tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) at a rate 11.8 times higher than that of KBC/PMS. Free radicals (SO4•−, •OH, and •O2–) and non-free radicals (1O2) are generated in conjunction with electron transfer during PMS activation. The cobalt sites and C=O groups are possible active sites. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the built-in electric field from N-KBC to the Co surface, which accelerates electron transfer and improves TCH removal. The results reveal an effective strategy to activate PMS and address environmental remediation by utilizing carbon materials derived from biomass.

Non-radical activation of peracetic acid by Fe-Co sulfide modified activated carbon for the degradation of refractory organic matter

Recently, the non radical activation system had attracted much attention due to its strong anti-interference ability. In this study, a novel FeCo2S4/activated carbon (AC) catalyst was prepared and used to construct a non radical dominated degradation system. Due to the electron-donating groups (C-OH) of AC and the conversion of free radicals generated from the activation of PAA by iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) ions, a large amount of singlet oxygen (1O2) were produced, making the activation system possessed excellent universality and applicability for the removal of organic pollutants. Within 5 min, about 89.87 % of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) was removed in FeCo2S4 /AC + PAA. After only 20 min of reaction, the TCH removal efficiency reached 94.12 %, accompany with the reaction rate reached 0.099 min−1. Other organic pollutants including ibuprofen (IBU), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and atrazine (ATZ) were also efficiently removed within 20 min, with the removal efficiencies were 92.0 %, 91.5 %, 89.4 %, 88.3 %, and 84.5 %, respectively. When the solution pH changed from 5.01 to 9.48, FeCo2S4 /AC also showed excellent catalytic performances, with the TCH removal rates were maintained at over 85.18 %. Moreover, the removal rate of TCH still reached 90.23 % after 5 recycles. This study offered an efficient non-radical peracetic acid (PAA) activation system, which can be effectively used to degrade refractory organic pollutants from complex water environment.

Mn and P co-doped biochar catalyst for persulfate efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride：Process and mechanism

A novel manganese/phosphorus-doped biochar (Mn/P-C) catalyst was prepared for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Characterization of the catalyst revealed that Mn/P-C possessed stacked, complex pleated sheets and surface oxygen-containing functional groups, providing abundant active sites. Mn/P-C exhibited superior adsorption and catalytic properties. Nearly complete removal of TCH was achieved under optimal conditions: a PMS concentration of 2 mM, pH 6.51, and catalyst dosage of 0.5 g/L within 120 minutes of reaction time. The reaction rate constant of the system was 0.060 min−1, which was 13.79 times higher than that of pure biochar. XPS characterization before and after the reaction, quenching experiment, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment comprehensively verified the reaction pathway mechanisms. The primary radicals involved were SO4•- and O2•-, while the 1O2 non-radical transfer pathway was also generated on the catalyst surface, enhancing electron transfer and accelerating catalytic degradation. UPLC-MS/MS was used to investigate the main degradation intermediates and the possible transformation pathways were proposed. The toxicity of TCH and its intermediates was evaluated by the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method. Theoretical calculations provided deeper insights into TCH degradation pathways through DFT computational analysis. This study confirms that doping biochar with transition metals and nonmetals can synergistically enhance the degradation efficacy of PMS-activated biochar catalysts, providing a novel approach for the application of carbon-based material catalysts in persulfate activation.

Ag2Se nanoparticles anchored on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets towards efficient photocatalytic tetracycline hydrochloride removal and H2 generation

To improve the stability of Ag based co-catalysts and to increase the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Ag2Se nanoparticles were grown onto superior thin sulfur-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets which was fabricated via two-step thermal polymerization at high temperature. Ultrathin S-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets were prepared via two-step thermal polymerization using melamine and thiourea. The ratios of Ag2Se were adjusted to fabricate a series of Ag2Se/S-g-C3N4 (Ag2Se/SCN) composite samples by controlled solvothermal synthesis. S-doping plays an important role in mono-dispersion of Ag2Se nanoparticles on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets because of the control of growth sites. The photocatalytic removal of tetracycline hydrochloride test indicates that sample Ag2Se/SCN-3 with Ag2Se loading of 3 % reveals the best removal effect, in which tetracycline hydrochloride of 60 % is removed within 60 min. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation test results without co-catalyst addition demonstrate that sample Ag2Se/SCN-3 exhibits the best H2 evolution rate of 2116.35 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is 3.8 times of that of pure carbon nitride. The photocatalytic mechanism tests suggest that Schottky heterojunctions are formed in the Ag2Se/S-g-C3N4 composites. The formation of Schottky heterojunctions improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. The incorporation of Ag2Se nanoparticles (as the co-catalyst) on S-g-C3N4 nanosheets is the key for drastically improving the photocatalytic performance and eliminating the use of Pt co-catalyst during the photocatalytic processes.

Efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride by ZnO/HNTs composites under visible light: Kinetics, degradation pathways and mechanism

Efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride by ZnO/HNTs composites under visible light: Kinetics, degradation pathways and mechanism

Self-floating FeOOH/EPE catalyst derived from waste expandable polyethylene for boosted peroxymonosulfate activation for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride

Self-floating FeOOH/EPE catalyst derived from waste expandable polyethylene for boosted peroxymonosulfate activation for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride

Schottky heterojunction-based photocatalysis-in-situ-self-Fenton system: Removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and biotoxicity evaluation of intermediates

Efficiently removing tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) while minimizing the formation of toxic intermediates is a significant challenge. A novel photocatalysis-in-situ-self-Fenton catalyst, RF/EA-Fe@Ti3C2, removed 92 % of TC (20 mg L−1, 100 mL) under visible light irradiation within 80 min. The results of optical thickness and local volumetric rate of photon absorption demonstrated that RF/EA-Fe@Ti3C2 had superior light capture ability than that of RF/EA-Fe. TC significantly inhibited wheat seed germination, seedling growth, and chlorophyll and carotenoid generation, whereas its intermediates had a lesser effect. Additionally, TC damaged the photosystem II (PSII) of wheat seedlings, reducing light response ability and energy capture efficiency, while TC intermediates caused damage similar to deionized water. The rapid TC degradation and low-ecotoxic intermediates stem from the synergistic effects between photogenerated holes and hydroxyl radicals. This study advanced the design of photocatalysis-in-situ-self-Fenton systems for antibiotic degradation and detoxification.

Bi4Ti3O12/Bi4O5I2/Bi12TiO20 double Z-scheme heterojunction: Efficient purification of water pollutants by multi-channel charge transfer

The construction of double Z-scheme heterojunctions has significant merits in facilitating photogenerated charge migration and realizing efficient redox reduction. In this work, a dual Z-scheme heterojunction Bi4Ti3O12/Bi4O5I2/Bi12TiO20 (BT/BOI/BTO) with abundant oxygen vacancies is constructed to achieve multi-channel rapid charge transfer. The transport modes of the charges at the interface of the double Z-scheme of BT/BOI/BTO are investigated through detailed analysis of the Fermi energy levels, energy band structures, and electron spin resonance spectra. Dual Z-scheme heterojunction generates a dual-interface electric field on Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets. Carriers are driven to migrate directionally along multiple channels. Effective activation of oxygen molecules by oxygen vacancies in BT/BOI/BTO. BT/BOI/BTO achieved 100 % removal of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) compared to the original material. The detailed degradation pathways of TCH were elucidated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. This work presents a new insight into the construction of high-performance Z-scheme photocatalysts with multichannel charge transfer properties.

Defect and doping engineering mediated M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 heterojunction with dual active centers for efficient tetracycline hydrochloride removal

It is essential to explore Fe-MOFs catalysts containing both multiple active sites and rapid charge separation for improving photo-Fenton performance. Herein, a defect and doping engineering mediated M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 heterojunction with dual active centers was prepared and its removal performance was investigated against tetracycline hydrochloride. Characterization confirms that: (1) The ligand vacancies in M-D-MIL(Fe) can expose plenty of coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (Fe CUS), which enhance the Lewis acidity and optimize the adsorption of H2O2. Meanwhile, the built-in dual redox centers (Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu+/Cu2+) can synergistically promote the activation of H2O2. (2) The ligand vacancies in M-D-MIL(Fe) and copper ion in C3N4 as electron trapping sites can optimize the carrier separation of single-component materials. Furthermore, the composites exhibit a suitable energy band structure, an oriented built-in electric field, and tight interfacial contacts, all of which collectively create an optimal pathway and driving force for the efficient transport of photoinduced charges. This, in turn, accelerates the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycle. Finally, M-D-MIL(Fe)/Cu-C3N4 demonstrates excellent photo-Fenton performance at low H2O2 concentrations (5 mM), with a kinetic rate (k) of 0.035 min⁻¹, which is 14.58, 18.42, 1.94, and 15.21 times higher than those of MIL-100(Fe), C3N4, M-D-MIL(Fe), and Cu-C3N4, respectively. The study presents an innovative idea with potential applications in environmental restoration.

Improving the Photoactivity of Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks via Constructing [Ce-O] Active Site and Vacancy.

Defect engineering of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a versatile approach to tailoring their electronic structures and photocatalytic performance. Herein, Ce-based porphyrin MOFs (CMFs) featuring controlled structural defects were successfully prepared using a simple acid modulation strategy to drive the photocatalytic H2 generation. The [Ce-O] unit serves as the active site via a ligand-to-metal charge transfer process, which has been confirmed by in situ XPS analysis. Abundant exposed coordinatively unsaturated Ce-O centers are beneficial for the adsorption and activation of water molecules, which is an important factor for improving the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized defective MOFs. In addition, optical and electrochemical experiments indicate that CMFs with more oxygen vacancies possess higher charge separation efficiency. As a result, the optimized CMF(Zn)-200 sample afforded high stability and activity in the H2 generation (up to 1603.3 μmol·g-1·h-1 under cocatalyst-free conditions) and tetracycline hydrochloride removal efficiency (97%), which was 8.45 and 97 times higher than that of pure meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine. This study demonstrates that effective structural modulation and defect introduction can improve the activity and stability of PMOF-based photocatalysts.