Test For Homoscedasticity Research Articles

The effect of self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety on students' mathematical communication skills

This study aims to identify and examine the effect of self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety on students' mathematical communication skills. This study used a quantitative method with a survey design. The population of this study was students of class X at SMA Negeri 2 Cianjur and the sample used was students of class X-D to X-G, totaling 34 people. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling. Data regarding self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety using a questionnaire each amounted to 20 statements and data regarding students' mathematical communication abilities used a test which amounted to 5 description questions with quadratic function material. The data processing technique used is multiple linear regression tests, by fulfilling the prerequisite tests including the normality test, homoscedasticity test, linearity test and multicollinearity test. Based on the research results, it was found that the P value was 0.074, meaning > 0.05, then H0 was accepted and H1 was rejected. This means that there is no influence between self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety on students' mathematical abilities.

The Influence of Learning Motivation and Numeracy on High School Students

This research aims to analyze the influence of learning motivation on numeracy in trigonometry material. The method used is quantitative. The subjects in this research were 54 Pasundan 1 Cianjur High School students who were given four numeracy test questions and 20 learning motivation questionnaire statements. The instruments used are descriptive test questions and non-test questions in the form of questionnaires. Data analysis techniques use normality tests, homoscedasticity tests, linearity tests and simple linear regression tests. Based on the research results, a conclusion was obtained: The achievement of the highest percentage of learning motivation is interpreting the results of the analysis to predict and make decisions, including good criteria. The lowest percentage is that there is a conducive environment with sufficient criteria. The achievement of the highest percentage of student numeracy was interpreting the results of the analysis to predict and make decisions, including good criteria. The lowest percentage is being able to analyze information displayed in various forms (graphs, tables, charts, diagrams and so on), with sufficient criteria. There is an influence of learning motivation on high school students' numeracy.

Evaluating the Impact of Professional Development on STEAM Education Competency in the Industrial Revolution 5.0 Era

This research evaluates the impact of the Teacher Professional Education (PPG) program for Kindergarten educators on their understanding of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education in the context of the Industrial Revolution 5.0 and Society 5.0. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a pretest-posttest design, the study involved fifty kindergarten teachers from the PPG Daljab (In-Service Teacher Professional Education) at FITK, UIN Sunan Kalijaga. The assessment of participants, conducted through validated instruments, focused on measuring the enhancement of pedagogical competencies in STEAM before and after the program. Results indicated a notable improvement in the teachers' competencies post-intervention. The statistical analysis, including a paired t-test, showed a significant increase in test scores from the pretest to the post-test with a t-statistic of -53.58 and a p-value of 8.54 x 10^-44, highlighting a highly significant difference and validating the effectiveness of the PPG program in bolstering STEAM educational skills. Further tests for normality and homoscedasticity confirmed the reliability and validity of the data. Despite these positive outcomes, variations in test item reliability suggest the need for ongoing evaluation and refinement of assessment tools. The study underscores the potential of structured professional development programs in enhancing teacher capabilities, particularly in adapting to the demands of modern technological and interdisciplinary educational environments. It recommends further research to explore the long-term effects of such interventions on teacher competencies and to fine-tune the assessment methodologies used. This study contributes to the understanding of effective professional development in preparing educators to integrate and excel in STEAM disciplines, aligning with the educational imperatives of contemporary technological revolutions.

A comparison of tests for homoscedasticity using simulation and empirical data

A comparison of tests for homoscedasticity using simulation and empirical data

Effect of inert dust on the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), generally reaches pest status in stored grain. Chemical control is the most used method for population suppression, which can cause adverse impacts, thus creating a need for alternatives such as using inert powders. The present work aims to verify the effect of different concentrations of different types of inert powders on the mortality of S. zeamais in the laboratory. To this end, the experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, with 13 treatments and four replications, ten adults per replication, where the effect of different inert powders (basalt powder, gypsum powder, and diatomaceous earth) was tested at concentrations of 0.025 g, 0.05 g, 0.1 g and 0.2 g/20 g of corn grains. Variance, normality, and homoscedasticity tests were applied in addition to controlling efficiency (CE%), median lethal time (TL50), and survival curves. All treatments caused mortality in S. zeamais, and all concentrations with diatomaceous earth were more efficient, with 100% mortality at 20 days, followed by the treatment of 0.2 g of gypsum powder/20 g of corn grains, with superior efficiency, to 95% in 20 days and 100% in 30 days. The results indicated that treatments with diatomaceous earth had the highest mortality rate and the best average survival time.

The Influence of Education and Training, Professionalism through Elementary Teacher Performance on the Quality of Learning at SDN East Banjarmasin District

This study aims to describe and analyze education and training, professionalism, teacher performance, and learning quality. This research is a correlational study with a quantitative approach. The study population was 537 teachers of elementary schools in East Banjarmasin. The sample technique used was proportional random sampling with as many as 229 people. This research data analysis uses descriptive statistics with path analysis. Data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of education and training (22 items), teacher professionalism (20 items), teacher performance (50 items), and learning quality (54 items). Test the validity and reliability of the data using Cronbach's alpha. Path analysis was used to look at the relationships between variables, both directly and indirectly. This was done by first running normality tests, homoscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests, and correlation tests. The results showed that there is a relationship between (1) education and training on learning quality (2) teacher professionalism on learning quality (3) education and training on teacher performance; (4) professionalism on teacher performance (5) teacher performance on learning quality (6) teacher education and training through teacher performance on learning quality and (7) teacher professionalism through teacher performance on learning quality.

The Relationship of Transformational Leadership, Work Climate and Discipline on the Professionalism of Public High School Teachers in the City of Banjarmasin

This study aims to analyze relationships leadership transformational, work climate and discipline towards the professionalism of SMAN teachers in Banjarmasin city. This research is a correlational study with a quantitative approach. The population of this study was 47 4 senior high school teachers in the city of Banjarmasin with PNS status spread over 13 schools. The sample technique used is Proportional Random sampling as many as 160 people. Analysis of the research data using descriptive statistics with path analysis. Data collection is done by using the instrument. Research data were analyzed using path analysis to see direct and indirect relationships between variables, by first carrying out the normality test, homoscedasticity test, multicollinearity test and correlation test. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between transformational leadership has a direct and significant relationship to variables teacher professionalism. Work climate directly and significantly related to variables teacher professionalism. Discipline directly and significantly related to variables teacher professionalism. Transformational leadership has a direct and significant relationship to the work climate variable. Transformational leadership is directly related and significant to variables work discipline. The indirect relationship through the work climate is smaller than the value of the direct influence of transformational leadership on the professionalism of public high school teachers in the city of Banjarmasin. the indirect relationship through work discipline is greater than the value of the direct influence of transformational leadership on the professionalism of public high school teachers in the city of banjarmasin

The Effect of Principal Leadership, Work Discipline, Teacher Achievement Motivation on the Performance of Public High School Teachers in the City Of Banjarmasin

This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect effect of the principal's leadership, work discipline, teacher motivation on teacher performance. This study used a quantitative approach, a type of correlational research. The population in this study was 580 teachers of SMA Negeri Se-Kota Banjarmasin and a sample of 237 people was determined using proportional random sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of principal leadership (31 items), work discipline (45 items), achievement motivation (30 items) and teacher performance (35 items). Test the validity and reliability of the data using Alpha Cronbach. The research data were analyzed using path analysis to see direct and indirect relationships between variables, by first conducting normality tests, homoscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests and correlation tests. The results showed that there was an effect between: (1) the principal's leadership on teacher achievement motivation, (2) the principal's leadership on achievement motivation, (3) the principal's leadership on teacher performance, (4) teacher performance work discipline, (5) teacher work achievement motivation, (6) the principal's leadership on teacher performance through teacher work discipline, (7) the principal's leadership on teacher performance through teacher achievement motivation.

The Effect of Teacher Competence, School Facilities and Work Motivation on the Work Performance of Islamic Elementary School Teachers in Banjarmasin City

This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect effect of teacher competence, school facilities and teacher work motivation on teacher performance. This study used a quantitative approach, a type of correlational research. The population in this study was teachers of SD Islam Kota Banjarmasin which amounted to 544 people and a sample of 231 people was determined using proportional random sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of teacher competence (37 items), school facilities (43 items), work motivation (22 items) and teacher performance (30 items). Test the validity and reliability of the data using Alpha Cronbach. The research data were analyzed using path analysis to see direct and indirect relationships between variables, by first conducting normality tests, homoscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests and correlation tests. The results showed that there is an effect between: (1) teacher competence on teacher work performance, (2) school facilities on teacher work performance, (3) work motivation on teacher work performance, (4) teacher competence on teacher work motivation, (5) school facilities on teacher work motivation, (6) teacher competence on teacher work performance through teacher work motivation, (7) school facilities on teacher work performance through teacher work motivation.

The Effect of Conflict Management, Work Environment and School Climate on Teacher Job Satisfaction at Madrasah Aliyah, Hulu Sungai Tengah District

This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect relationship between conflict management, work environment, school climate to teacher job satisfaction in Madrasah Aliyah Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. This research is a correlational research with a quantitative approach. The study population was 263 Madrasah Aliyah teachers. The sample technique used was proportional random sampling of 159 people. Analysis of research data using descriptive statistics with path analysis. Data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of conflict management (15 items), work environment (20 items), school climate (20 items) and job satisfaction (25 items). Test the validity and reliability of the data using Alpha Cronbach. The research data were analyzed using path analysis to see direct and indirect relationships between variables, by first conducting normality tests, homoscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests and correlation tests. The results showed that there is a relationship between: (1) conflict management with teacher job satisfaction, (2) conflict management with the work environment, (3) conflict management with school climate, (4) work environment with teacher job satisfaction, (5) school climate and teacher job satisfaction, (6) indirect relationship of conflict management through the work environment with teacher job satisfaction, (7) indirect relationship of conflict management through school climate with teacher job satisfaction

Socio-spatial Aspects Contributing to the Spread of COVID-19 in Yogyakarta Province (Indonesia)

In the early pandemic, the positive cases of COVID-19 predominately occurred in the big cities in Indonesia. However, the virus spread rapidly and extensively across the cities and districts. This shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is limited to urban areas and has spread widely to more remote area This study aims to investigate the correlation between socio-economic characteristics against the spread of confirmed COVID-19 cases. In this study, we collected data from residents with confirmed positive for COVID-19 and their socio-economic profiles in 78 subdistricts in the Special Region of Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The collected data were statistically analyzed in three sequential steps, including a correlation test, classic assumption test (e.g., normality test, homoscedasticity test, and non-multicollinearity test), and multiple regression test to determine the correlation between the COVID-19-infected population and the socio-economic data in each subdistrict (as dependent variables). The results demonstrated that regions with more urban character, particularly socio-economic, were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection during the first year of the pandemic. However, the socio-spatial aspects such as population density as one of the requirements for the "compact cities" and the proportion of built-up land area were not contributing factors to the viral transmission. Socio-spatial aspects may influence the risk of virus transmission, but not as significantly as social factors and human behavior in an area. Therefore, efforts to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus must be more focused on social factors and human behavior.

Geographically Weighted Regression dalam Menganalisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kasus Tuberkulosis di Sumatera Utara

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a method used to analyze a case by considering spatial effects. Spatial effects indicate differences in environmental characteristics between regions. A spatial effect can be seen from the violation of the assumption of the multiple linear regression homoscedasticity test. Research in the health sector often shows that the spread of disease, especially infectious diseases, is influenced by spatial effects, one of which is tuberculosis. In 2020, North Sumatra will become one of the areas with high tuberculosis cases, so it is necessary to study tuberculosis cases and determine the factors that influence it by involving spatial effects. This study aims to model tuberculosis cases and analyze the ten factors thought to influence it using the GWR method with the adaptive kernel bi-square weighting function. The results showed that 23 regencies/cities had local GWR models and different factors influencing tuberculosis cases for each region, and ten other regencies/cities were influenced by other factors outside the variables studied. Based on the variables that affect it, 13 regional groups are formed. Modeling with the GWR method can explain tuberculosis cases in North Sumatra by 99.4%, and other predictor variables influence the rest.

The Correlation Between Environment-Based Curriculum and Teacher Pedagogical Competence with Learning Quality through Literacy Learning at State Junior High Schools in East Banjarmasin District

This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect correlation between environment-based curriculum, teacher pedagogical competence and learning quality through literacy learning. This research used a correlational study with a quantitative approach. Two hundred and eighteen junior high school teachers at adiwiyata schools were involved as population of this study. The researchers used proportional random technique and obtained as many as 141 people. The data collection was carried out using instruments consisting of an environment-based curriculum (17 items), teacher pedagogic competence (21 items), literacy learning (13 items) and learning quality (29 items). The validity and reliability tests were performed using the Alpha Cronbach. Then, the data of this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics with path analysis to see direct and indirect correlations between variables, by first carrying out the normality test, homoscedasticity test, multicollinearity test and correlation test. The results of the study show that there is a correlation between: (1) environment-based curriculum and learning quality, (2) teacher pedagogic competence and learning quality, (3) literacy learning and learning quality, (4) environment-based curriculum and literacy learning, (5) competency teacher pedagogy with literacy learning, (6) the correlation between environmentbased curriculum and learning quality through literacy learning, (7) the correlation between teacher pedagogic competence and learning quality through literacy learning

Simulation-Based Assessment of the Effectiveness of Tests for Stationarity

Non-stationarity potentially comes from many sources and they impact the analysis of a wide range of systems in various fields. There is a large set of statistical tests for checking specific departures from stationarity. This study uses Monte Carlo simulations over artificially generated time series data to assess the effectiveness of 16 statistical tests to detect the real state of a wide variety of time series (i.e., stationary or non-stationary) and to identify their source of non-stationarity, if applicable. Our results show that these tests have a low statistical power outside their scope of operation. Our results also corroborate with previous studies showing that there are effective individual statistical tests to detect stationary time series, but no effective individual tests for detecting non-stationary time series. For example, Dickey-Fuller (DF) family tests are effective in detecting stationary time series or non-stationarity time series with positive unit root, but fail to detect negative unit root as well as trend and break in the mean, variance, and autocorrelation. Stationarity and change point detection tests usually misclassify stationary time series as non-stationary. The Breusch-Pagan BG serial correlation test, the ARCH homoscedasticity test, and the structural change SC tests can help to identify the source of non-stationarity to some extent. This outcome reinforces the current practice of running several tests to determine the real state of a time series, thus highlighting the importance of the selection of complementary statistical tests to correctly identifying the source of non-stationarity.

Use of Nd:YVO4 laser, photodynamic therapy, sulfuric acid and sand blasting on improving bond integrity of PEEK to resin cement with adhesive

AimThe present study aimed to inspect and compare several PEEK surface treatments modifications using Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) laser, Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), and sandblasting (SB) when bonded to composite resin via an adhesive system Material and methodsOne hundred disk-shaped PEEK specimens were prepared by CAD-CAM milling and randomly distributed into five groups based on surface treatment methods: group1: Control (no treatment), group 2: PDT, group 3: Nd:YVO4 laser, group 4: H2SO4 and group 5 sandblasting. Later bonding was pursued using resin cement with an adhesive system. Measurements of surface roughness employing a surface profilometer, water contact angle by the static drop method, SBS by universal Testing machine, and failure modes of de-bonded PEEK specimens by Stereomicroscope were attained. Execution of statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p>0.05). The Shapiro–Wilk normality test and Bartlett's test for homoscedasticity were also performed. ResultsThe highest SBS was exhibited by Nd:YVO4 laser (16.33 ± 0.71 MPa) and the lowest SBS was observed in the control group (9.4 ± 1.02). However, PEEK specimen luted with resin cement treated with PDT (16.21 ± 0.14 MPa) and H2SO4 (15.23 ± 0.63 MPa) displayed a comparable SBS to Nd:YVO4 laser (p>0.05). The results of Ra exhibited that PEEK material when exposed to Nd:YVO4 laser (15.252 ± 1.581 μm) unveiled the highest Ra. Nd:YVO4 laser (131.25 ± 2.9 μm) and PDT (130.24 ± 3.7 μm) showed comparable WCA values (p>0.05).Adhesive failure was dominant. ConclusionPEEK surface treated with photodynamic therapy and Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate laser and bonded to composite resin via an adhesive system significantly improved shear bond strength, surface roughness, and water contact angle.

Interruption of Seed Dormancy and In Vitro Germination of the Halophile Emerging Crop Suaeda edulis (Chenopodiaceae)

Suaeda edulis (Flores Olvera & Noguez) is a halophile species that grows in saline environments, with concomitant difficulties to germinate and reproduce. Once a null germination under a salinity gradient or fresh water was observed, a plant-growth bioregulator (BioR) was applied to interrupt dormancy and improve germination in vitro. This BioR is composed of gibberellins and adjuvant regulators; and 12.5, 25.0, and 37.5 mg L−1 of gibberellins with immersion at 24, 48, and 72 h were assayed. Most of the normality and homoscedasticity tests were favorable, except in three of 24 cases. On the germination percentage (transformed values), the dose 25.0 mg L−1 reflected the highest values of 5.5 and 6.0 units at 48 and 72 h. For the mean germination time, the highest level of 37.5 mg L−1 at 24 h reflected the best response. For the germination rate, the best one was 25 mg L−1 at 48 h, reaching 12% per day, but for the germination speed coefficient, the best value was observed with 25.0 mg L−1 at 24 h. It was concluded that to improve germination of S. edulis seeds, it is necessary to assess a dose-gradient of gibberellins, starting at 25.0 mg L−1, with higher values to break dormancy.

PASIG RIVER WATER QUALITY ESTIMATION USING AN EMPIRICAL ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION MODEL OF SENTINEL-2 SATELLITE IMAGES

Abstract. This study entails generation of empirical ordinary least squares regression models to estimate water parameters. It uses remote sensing for environmental monitoring of Pasig River located in the Philippines. This uses measurements of primary water quality (WQ) parameters defined on Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order 2016-08 recorded on the Pasig River Unified Monitoring Stations (PRUMS) report from January to June of 2019. Sentinel-2 images are utilized to estimate biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chloride, Color, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, Nitrate, pH, Phosphate, Temperature, and Total suspended solids (TSS). Feature generation involved calculation of different band reflectances from the satellite image. Exhaustive feature selection through application of a Pearson Correlation threshold was applied to limit number of independent variables. The box-cox transformations of water quality parameters (except for Temperature) were used as dependent variables and the selected features are used as dependent variables for the ordinary least squares regression model. The root mean square error (RMSE) values for the models which are computed using the k-fold cross validation technique showed outliers, especially for the TSS model (>547000 mg/L), which made its average negative RMSE so large. Tests for multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and homoscedasticity indicated problems in models created. However, normality of residuals indicates that models allow us to roughly estimate water quality for the river as a whole with the advantages of remote sensing, enabling a better perspective for its spatial distribution.

Disaster Preparedness in Physical Aspect of students in Bantul and Balikpapan Indonesia

This study aims at identifying difference in physical fitness level between students in disaster-safe school in Bantul and in Balikpapan, Indonesia. This study is a quantitative descriptive study that adopted a comparative method. Data were collected through tests and measurement. Population of the study was all upper-grade students (105 students) of State Madrassa Ibtidaiyah (MI Negeri) 2 Bantul and all upper-grade students (102 students) of State Primary School (SD Negeri) 003 Balikpapan. Samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique with as many as 65 students of MI Negeri 2 Bantul and 87 students of SD Negeri 003 Balikpapan involved. Instrument of the study was the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) for children aged 10-12 years. Data were analyzed using a 2-sample t-test preceded by normality and homoscedasticity tests. Results indicate significant difference in physical fitness level between upper-grade students at MI Negeri 2 Bantul disaster-safe school and those at SD Negeri 003 Balikpapan. The t-test generated a t-value of 7.664 and t-distribution of 1.655 (df 150;5%) with significance level (p) of 0.000. With t-value being greater than t-distribution (7.664 > 1.655) and p-value being less than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05), it is clear that physical fitness level of students in both schools differs significantly. It can also be concluded that physical fitness of students in Bantul (a mean of 12.40) is higher than that of students in Balikpapan (a mean of 9.93). Hence, it can be said that students in Bantul are more physically prepared for disaster than students in Balikpapan.

The effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting and discs on shear bond strength of metal brackets rebonded in eroded enamel

This research aimed to assess the effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting and discs on the bond strength of metal brackets rebonded on artificially eroded enamel. Fifty-four bovine incisors were divided into groups: Control (Artificial Saliva), AlOx (Aluminum oxide sandblasting), and SL (Aluminum oxide discs). They had their enamel surface flattened with Al2O3 discs and a metallographic polisher, then Knoop microhardness was assessed. AlOx and SL specimens were eroded with Coca-Cola™ for 1 minute, 3 times a day for 7 days. Metal brackets were bonded to the tooth. Shear strength was measured by an EMIC universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was performed after shearing through magnifying glass (10X). Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, homoscedasticity and ANOVA tests were applied to assess microhardness and shear strength (p=0.163). All groups presented shear bond strength with no significant differences. The ARI showed statistically significant difference between the groups. The prevalence for the control group was ARI 3. However for AlOx and SL, ARI 1 and 2 prevailed. The aluminum oxide sandblasting and aluminum oxide discs did not positively increase the bond strength of brackets when bonded to artificially eroded enamel. The ARI indicated that eroded teeth present higher resin adhesion to enamel.

TOURISM-LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze tourism-led growth hypothesis in Kenya’s economy. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: The descriptive research design was adopted. This study targeted international tourism receipts, employment, economies of scale and capital investments in tourism related economic activities that included hotels and food service activities, wholesale and retail trade, transport and information communication and travel agencies, entertainment and recreation in the period 1980 to 2019.The study used purposive sampling. a sample size of data for 40 years from 1980 to 2019 was used. The data were collected from KNBS, the World Bank and WTTC using a secondary data collection sheet. Using real GDP per capita as the dependent variable and international tourism receipts, tourism related employment, economies of scale and capital investments as the independent variables, the study used regression and vector error correction (VEC) to carry out the analysis. The analysis was systematic and begins with diagnostic tests that included Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test for homoscedasticity, Jarque-Bera normality test, VIF multi-collinearity test, Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test and Johansen Co-integration test and finally the regression and the vector error correction analysis. Data analysis was done using E-views software.&#x0D; Results: The study results showed that international tourism receipts, tourism related employment and economies of scale positively influence real GDP per capita in both short run and long run equilibrium. Capital investments negatively affected real GDP per capita in the long run but had a positive effect in the short run equilibrium. Granger causality test presented a bi-directional causality between international tourism receipts, tourism related employment, economies of scale and capital investments and real GDP per capita.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The country should enact policies that promote tourism related activities because the benefits derived from tourist expenditures positively influence the growth of the economy. Institutions such as Brand Kenya, Tourism Promotion Council, the Ministry of Tourism and recruitment of international tourism ambassadors should be strengthened to ensure more foreign tourists are attracted into the country.