Test Group 1 Research Articles

Integration of hepatitis B virus into patients' sperm genome and its clinical risks.

Like the coronavirus disease 2019, the hepatitis B virus is also wreaking havoc worldwide, which has infected over 2 billion people globally. Using an experimental animal model, our previous research observed that the hepatitis B virus genes integrated into human spermatozoa can replicate and express after being transmitted to embryos. However, as of now, this phenomenon has not been confirmed in clinical data from patients. To explore the integration of the hepatitis B virus into patients' sperm genome and its potential clinical risks. Forty-eight patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection were categorized into two groups: Test Group-1 comprised 23 patients without integration of hepatitis B virus DNA within the sperm genome. Test Group-2 comprised 25 patients with integration of hepatitis B virus DNA within the sperm genome. Forty-eight healthy male donors were included as control. The standard semen parameter analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, sperm chromatin structure assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized. The difference in the median copy number of hepatitis B virus DNA per mL of sera between Test Group-1 and Group-2 was not statistically significant. In Test Group-2, the integration rate of hepatitis B virus DNA was 0.109%, which showed a significant correlation with the median copy number of hepatitis B virus DNA in motile spermatozoa (1.18×103 /mL). Abnormal semen parameters were found in almost all these 25 patients. The integrated hepatitis B virus S, C, X, and P genes were detected to be introduced into sperm-derived embryos through fertilization and retained their function in replication, transcription, and translation. Our findings suggest that hepatitis B virus infection can lead to sperm quality deterioration and reduced fertilization capacity. Furthermore, viral integration causes instability in the sperm genome, increasing the potential risk of termination, miscarriage, and stillbirth. This study identified an unconventional mode of hepatitis B virus transmission through genes rather than virions. The presence of viral sequences in the embryonic genome poses a risk of liver inflammation and cancer.

Structural identification through GC mass spectrophotometer and determine anti lithiotic activity of hibiscus rosa sinensis by using ethylene glycol induced method

The present study investigated the antiurolithiatic effect of standardized ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis by structural elucidation of the responsible compound for the activity as well as Ethylene glycol model induce calcium oxalate crystal in Albino rats. The chemical structural elucidation of H. rosa sinensis performed by phytochemical study and GC-Mass spectrophotometry. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis was induced in rats in rats by ethylene glycol -ammonium chloride feeding in drinking water. Antiurolithiatic activity of H. rosa sinensis was evaluated in 2 different doses (300,600 mg/kg) in curative and preventive regimen by estimating the histological changes in kidney and biochemical change in urine, serum. Sodium oxalate was used as reference standard drug. Ethylene glycol-ammonium chloride feeding caused an increase in urinary volume, oxalate, total protein, phosphate and uric acid levels along with a decrease in urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and citrate. Test group -1 and Test group-2 animals treated with H. rosa sinensis decrease the amount of calcium, oxalate, citrate, which is responsible for induce calcium oxalate crystals in significant amount. Histological study revealed minimum damage and a smaller number of calcium oxalate deposits in the kidney of ethylene glycol treated rats. These results indicated that the hibiscus rosa sinensis reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones. However, the sodium citrate is more effective than the H rosa sinensis (600 mg/kg more effective than hibiscus 300 mg/kg) in the treatment of urolithiasis. Keywords: Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis, Kidney Stone, Sodium Citrate, Ethylene Glycol, Calcium Oxalate.

Influence of Anodizing Stages on the Preload Force of Implant-Abutment Screws and Their Benefits Regarding the Concept of Immediate Implant Placement-An In Vitro Study.

The tightening torque applied to a screw in a provisional restoration immediately after implant placement in a fresh extraction socket is often too low to gain sufficient preload force. Therefore, abutment screw loosening is a common complication. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to increase the preload force of a given tightening torque by anodizing parts of the implant–abutment complex. In test group 1 (TG1), only the abutment screw was anodized, in four different stages, whereas in test group 2 (TG2), the abutment and the threaded sleeve were anodized in four anodizing stages (TG2a–TG2d). The control group (CG) consisted of non-anodized components. The results were tested for normal distribution, and the components were subsequently parametrically analyzed using a linear model. Both test groups showed higher preload forces compared to the non-anodized control group. The CG obtained an average preload force of 390 N at a tightening torque of 35 Ncm. Comparable values were already obtained at a tightening torque of 20 to 30 Ncm in TG1c/D and TG2b/d. It can be concluded that anodization of abutment screws and components is an effective measure to increase the preload force of the abutment screws by a given tightening torque.

Clinical efficacy of scaling and root planing with and without metronidazole on glycemic control: three-arm randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTreating periodontitis through non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) may improve glycemic control in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, the evidence to maintain this improvement beyond four months is insufficient. Hence, this trial was conducted to assess clinical efficacy of NSPT on glycemic control in T2DM patients.MethodsThis three-arm randomized controlled trial recruited 150 known T2DM participants (35–65 years), suffering from moderate to severe periodontitis, having HbA1c level ≥ 6.5% at baseline. Participants were followed up at 3 and 6 months. Intervention for test group-1 included scaling and root planing (SRP) with metronidazole (MET) and oral hygiene instructions (OHI). Test group-2 was intervened with SRP + OHI and control group with OHI only. Stata v. 14 was used to observe inter and intragroup mean changes in glycemic [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG)] and periodontal variables [bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL)] using ANOVA and RMANOVA. Proportion of change in outcome variable (HbA1c) was assessed between treatment groups using chi-square test. Change was considered significant at p-value ≤ 0.05.ResultsA significant reduction was observed in BOP, PPD, CAL, HbA1c and FBG over time [p < 0.05]. Significant reductions were observed in same variables in both test groups in comparison to control arm [p < 0.05]. No change between the two test groups was observed [p > 0.05].ConclusionScaling and root planing improves glycemic control of T2DM patients independently of the use of MET. Therefore, SRP after every 6 months may be suggested and included as a part of overall diabetes management for patients suffering from T2DM.Clinical trial registration NCT 03,343,366 [Date of Registration: 17/11/2017]

Experimental evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of bark extract of Ficus benghalensis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes is chronic condition that is a major risk factor for diseases of all organ systems. We currently have many allopathic drugs to treat the condition, however, we need to explore the effects of the herbal drugs in treating the disease. Aim and Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Ficus benghalensis bark ethanolic extraction in diabetic male albino rat species. Materials and Methods: The albino rats were categorized into six groups and each group consists of six rats. All groups were induced diabetes by streptozotocin except Group-I. Group-I (normal control) and Group-II (diabetic control) were not given any drug. Group-III (standard group) was received glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg body weight by oral route daily for 15 days. Group-IV rats (test Group-1) were given 150 mg/kg, Group-V rats (test Group-2) were given 300 mg/kg, and Group-VI (test Group-3) rats were given 500 mg/kg body weight of F. benghalensis bark extract by oral route daily for 15 days. Glucose levels in blood were evaluated on the 0th, 5th, 10th, and 15th days. Results: The test groups were treated with increasing dose of F. benghalensis bark extract which had significant dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic activity. The test Group 3 showed antidiabetic activity as effective as glibenclamide with the dose of 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: The study on F. benghalensis bark extract concluded that it has dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats as efficacious as standard drug.

Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological evaluation of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. in ovalbumin induced allergic asthma

Aim of the studyThe present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-asthmatic effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (MOLE) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in guinea pigs. Materials and methodExtraction, preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of MOLE was carried out. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extract were determined. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic effect of the extract was done in guinea pigs sensitized with OVA albumin. Dexamathasone was taken as standard drug, while the test extract was administered at two dose levels before challenging the experimental animals with aerosolized 0.5% OVA albumin. Animals were randomized and divided into 5 groups namely normal control (NC), disease control (DC), positive control (PC), Test group 1 (T-1) and Test group 2 (T-2). Bronchoconstriction and lung function tests were performed. At the end of study, blood was collected from animals in each group to take total WBC count. Leucocyte count was also taken from Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) collected from the lungs of animals belonging to each group. Histamine estimation in lung tissues was performed. Changes in lung tissue were observed by histopathological study. ResultsExtractive value of MOLE was 24.9%. Phytochemical screening of extract suggested that the extract is rich in broad classes of phytoconstituents including flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides and tannins. Fingerprint analysis was conclusive of the presence of multiple compounds in the extract. Total phenolics in the extract were found to be 9.8 g equivalent of gallic acid while the flavonoidal content was 0.46 g equivalent of Catechin. Administration of standard and test extracts resulted in improved lung functions. ConclusionMethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf has beneficial effects against bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and asthma. Further exploratory studies may lead to identification and isolation of potential anti-asthmatic candidate molecules from the plant.

Evaluation of the effect of dose-dependent platelet-rich fibrin membrane on treatment of gingival recession: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Miller's class I gingival recessions (GR) have been treated using coronally advanced flap (CAF) with platelet-rich fibrin membrane (PRF membrane) or connective tissue graft (CTG).Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different multiple layers of PRF membranes for the treatment of GR compared with the CTG procedure.Material and Methods:Sixty-three Miller class I GR were treated in this study. Twenty-one GR selected randomly were treated with two layers of PRF membranes+CAF in 2PRF+CAF (test group-1), four layers of PRF membranes+CAF in 4PRF+CAF (test group-2), and CTG+CAF in the control group. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), keratinized tissue thickness (KTT), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), and keratinized tissue height (KTH) measurements were performed at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The post-operative discomfort of patients, assessed with the visual analog scale (VAS) and healing index (HI), was recorded after surgery.Results:PI, GI, and PD scores were similar for all patients at all times. RD and RW scores were similar for each patient at 1 month, but these values were significantly increased in the subsequent periods in test group-1. The increase in KTT was significantly higher in the control group compared with the test groups. Similar root coverage scores were obtained in the test group-2 and control groups, and these scores were significantly higher compared with test group-1.Conclusions:The PRF membrane+CAF technique may be an alternative to the CTG+CAF technique for postoperative patient comfort. However, PRF membranes should use as many layers as possible.

EFFECT OF DELTAMETHRIN ON THE FRAGILITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN ALBINO RATS

This study investigated the toxic effect of Deltamethrin dust Insecticide on the fragility of red blood cells using albino rats. Deltamethrin is an insecticide belonging to the Pyrethroid family used to kill bed bugs, ticks, fleas and spiders. In this study animals were divided into four groups: the test group1 as the control, group II recieved 0.03ml of the insecticide, groups III and IV recieved 0.05ml and 0.08ml of the insecticide respectively. The results showed a slight decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), Heamoglobin (Hb), and Red Blood Cell (RBC) concentrations with the values thus: PCV (40.80 +2.94% to 36.94±0.20%), HB (13.60±0.98g/dl to 12.31±0.06g/dl) and RBC concentration from 5.80±0.20 to 5.33±0.12(x1012 mm3). For Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) they experienced slight increase from 68.79±4.72 to 69.38±1.32(fl) and 22.87±1.32 to 23.13 ±0.44(pg) respectively. The Mean Corpuscular Heamoglobin Concentration (MCHC) had a constant value at 33.33g/dl. Oxidative stress from environmental toxicants like Deltamethrin dust insecticide may have affected the membrane intergrity of the RBC by the membrane shrinking or hemolysing showing that osmotic fragility has taken place in the animals used.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Histopathological evaluation of the effect of systemic thymoquinone administration on healing of bone defects in rat tibia

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to assess the systemic effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on bone healing by starting TQ administration, either 40 days before, or on the day of the surgical procedure and continuing during the healing period of 28 days. Eighteen experimental rats were divided into three groups and defects were created in their tibias. The following procedures were performed for each group: Control group (C): No systemic drug administration (n = 6); Test group 1 (T1): Systemic TQ was administered daily starting 40 days before creation of the defect and additionally during the post-operative healing period of 28 days (n = 6); Test group 2 (T2): Systemic TQ was administered daily after creation of the defect and during the healing period of 28 days (n = 6). Quantitative measurement for new bone formation, osteoblast lining and semi-quantitative measurement of capillary intensities were examined and statistically analysed. There was a significant increase in the ratio of new bone per total defect area and new bone trabeculae lined by active osteoblasts in both test groups (T1 and T2) compared to control group (p < 0.05). However the difference between T1 and T2 was not statistically significant. TQ-administered groups also showed an increase in capillary intensity in the defect area compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Systemic administration of TQ either starting 40 days before or on the day of surgery accelerated new bone formation in a rat model and can be advocated as an adjunct to expedite bone healing.

Influence of Students’ Mental and Physical Performance on Development of Technical and Tactical Skills in Fencing

Study objective: to reveal the relations between the indicators of physical and mental performance and the development of technical and tactical skills in fencers, to determine the significant criteria and tests for selecting students for health-improving and sports fencing groups.&#x0D; Methods: study and analysis of literature; pedagogical observations; physiological methods (physical performance by the Harvard step test with HSTI (Harvard step test Index) calculation, mental performance by the correction tables, special exercises to assess fencers’ technical and tactical skills); statistical methods. The reference group students (9 female fencers) had five workouts a week, the students (13 female students) of test group 1 (TG1) had 2 hours of physical training per week, the TG2 and TG3 (8 and 10 female students respectively) had 4 hours of fencing workouts per week. The TG2 had 4 months of fencing experience, and TG3 had one year and 4 months thereof.&#x0D; Results. The reciprocal effects of the performance indicators and the correlation between&#x0D; the indicators of technical and tactical skills of the student fencers allowed to establish the informative value of individual indicators for quality selection of students for the fencing group. The Harvard step test index and the standardized number of errors of the correction test can serve as the prognostic criteria for developing technical and tactical skills in student fencing.

Screening of a novel furan compound for its antidepressant activity in albino mice

Background: Depression is a common chronic recurrent syndrome, characterized by apathy, loss of energy, retardation of thinking and activity, as well as profound feelings of gloominess, despair and suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of synthesized novel furan compound by using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Methods: The antidepressant activity was studied in albino mice using FST and TST. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs and test drug novel furan compound (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) was used as test drug. A total of 60 mice were selected for the study and utilized 30 mice in each model. Animals were divided into five groups consisting of 6 animals in each. Control group received 10% tween 80 orally; standard group received fluoxetine 20 mg/kg orally; test group 1 received 5 mg/kg substituted furan compound orally; test group 2 received 10 mg/kg substituted furan compound orally; test group 3 received 20 mg/kg substituted furan compound orally. Results: In FST the low dose test compound had shown the percentage inhibition of 75.5% which was comparable to percentage inhibition of standard drug fluoxetine -82%. In TST the test group-1 had produced 66.6%, test group-2 83.3% and test group-3 produced 100% protection against passive behavior (immobility). The percentage of protection produced by highest dose was equal to standard drug fluoxetine against passive behavior. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the test drug has produced significant inhibition in duration of immobility by FST and also had significant protection against passive behavior. Hence substituted furan had potential antidepressant activity.

A Study of Inflammatory Status in Nephropathy Patients with History of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Haemodialysis

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Local vascular inflammation is increased in diabetes mellitus (DM), which results in higher burden of microvascular and macrovascular complications. The present study was carried out to assess the importance of inflammatory status in nephropathy patients with Type-II DM. Eighty diagnosed cases of type II DM who had end stage renal disease (Nephropathy Stage-5) were selected for the study, they were further divided equally into 2 sub-categories; Group I (patients who were undergoing haemodialysis) and Group II (patients who were not undergoing haemodialysis). The control group comprised of 40 individuals who were age and sex matched healthy individuals. Inflammatory status was assessed by estimating serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin. A significant increase in serum CRP and a significant decrease in serum albumin were seen in test group- I and test group-2 as compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between serum albumin and GFR with r=0.904 in the Test Group-I and r=0.946 in Test Group-II. A negative correlation was observed between serum CRP and GFR r= -0.597 in Test Group-I and with r= -0.6231 in Test Group-II. Also, the correlation between CRP and albumin showed a negative trend with r= -0.848 in Test Group-I and with r= -0.78 in Test Group-II. Microinflammation is a common finding in haemodialysis patients who have a history of nephropathy with Type-II diabetes mellitus. With a proper knowledge on factors which lead to this microinflammation, we can employ preventive strategies for a better management of Type-II diabetic nephropathy patients and thereby, for improving their survival.

Microscopical and chemical surface characterization of the gingival portion and connection of an internal hexagon abutment before and after different technical stages of preparation

This study was aimed to assess contaminants on the abutment surface close to the implant-abutment interface and the connection, after common technical protocols. A total of 40 abutments were divided into four groups: control group (abutment removed from the plastic envelop), test group1 (milled), test group2 (milled and polished), test group3 (milled, polished and steamed). Groups were subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Pollution particles were counted and measured. Mean values and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. To evaluate any difference between groups Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was conducted. In addition, contaminant chemical characterization was investigated by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Control group presented minimal amount of pollution (mean value of 2.1 spots [SD: 1.66] covering 0.004% of the surface). On the other hand, SEM analysis revealed on the abutment surface a mean value of 115.9 (SD: 32.27), 162 (SD: 21.17), and 32.5 (SD: 9.73) spots, respectively, in Test group 1, 2, and 3. Micro-particles covered the 0.025%, 0.057%, 0.0404% of the surface, respectively, in Test group 1, 2, and 3. On the connection, SEM analysis revealed a mean value of 61.9 (SD: 9.07), 39 (SD: 12.35), 42.1 (SD: 8.59) spots, respectively, in Test group 1, 2, and 3. Micro-particles covered the 0.0774%, 0.0869%, and 0.0392% of the surface, respectively, in Test group 1, 2, and 3. Spots were identified by EDX as micro-particles of lubricant and titanium smear layer. All differences were statistically significant. After technical procedures, presence of contaminants on the abutment surface in contact with the peri-implant tissues was confirmed. To prevent that such debris could interfere with biological stability of peri-implant tissues and, thus, enhance the implant-prosthesis integration, different cleaning protocols should be evaluated.

Soft tissue surrounding switched platform implants: an immunohistochemical evaluation

This clinical and immunohistochemical study was designed to characterize the cellular and molecular patterns for bone loss of soft tissues surrounding implants restored with different implant platform configurations. A total of 32 implants were restored using abutments with the following mismatches: 0 mm (control group), 0.25 mm (test group(1)), 0.5 mm (test group(2)) and 0.85 mm (test group(3)). Four years after, loading all sites were clinically healthy, and soft tissue samples were harvested and processed for immunohistochemical analysis. Amounts of lymphocytes T (LyT) -B (LyB), IL-17 and RANKL were assessed. No significant difference was found between groups (P > 0.05) in terms of infiltrated T and B cell counts, IL-17 and RANKL expressions. When pooled data were analysed, lymphocytes T counts and IL-17 were higher than lymphocytes B counts and RANKL. LyT and LyB counts were highly negatively correlated (Pearson's r > 0.7) and IL-17 was correlated (Pearson's r > 0.4, <0.7) to LyT and LyB. After prolonged exposure of abutments in the oral cavity, the configuration of the implant abutment interface does not seem to affect the inflammatory cellular and molecular pattern responsible for bone loss.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of pro-inflammatory molecules in the soft tissue surrounding switching platform implants

Introduction . Switching platform implants have been proposed to reduce the peri-implant bone loss by shifting the implant abutment interface internally and away from the bone tissue. Aim of the present study was to characterize the inflammatory infiltrate in the soft tissue surrounding switching and matching platform implants and to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules involved in the bone loss. Material and methods. A total of 32 implants with diameters of 3.8mm, 4.3mm, 4.8mm and 5.5mm were all restored with abutment of 3.8mm of diameter, thus resulting the following implant-abutment mismatches: 0mm (n=10) (control group), 0.25mm (n=7) (test group1), 0.5mm (n=8) (test group2), and 0.85mm (n=7) (test group3). Four years after loading, peri-implant soft tissue samples were harvested and processed for immunohistochemical analysis. Total amount of lymphocytes T (LyT) -B (LyB) infiltrated, and expression of IL-17 and RANKL were detected. Results . At the harvesting time all sites were clinically healthy. No significant differences were found between groups (p>0.05) in terms of infiltrated T and B cells amount, IL-17 and RANKL expression. In all samples lymphocytes T and B were mainly localized close to the junctional epithelium and sparsely detected in the surrounding connective tissue. The distribution of IL-17 and RANKL staining resulted strictly correlated to the inflammatory infiltrated. When pooled data were analyzed, amount of lymphocytes T and IL-17 were higher than respectively lymphocytes B and RANKL. Amount of LyT and LyB were highly correlated (Pearson’s r>0.7) and IL-17 was moderately correlated (Pearson’s r>0.4, <0.7) to LyT and LyB. Conclusions . In the prolonged exposure of the abutment at the oral cavity the configuration of the implant abutment interface may do not affect the inflammatory cellular and molecular pattern responsible for bone loss.

Effect of Surgical Drill Guide on Heat Generated From Implant Drilling

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the heat generated in bone by 2 implant drill systems in vitro with and without using surgical drill guides. Temperature was measured with K type thermocouple in vitro using the bovine femoral cortical bone model. A constant drill load of 2.0 kg was applied throughout the drilling procedures via a drilling rig at a speed of 1,500 rpm. Two different implant drill systems-System A (with external irrigation) and System B (with both external and internal irrigation)-were evaluated. The samples were divided into 4 groups. System A test group 1 (TG1) included the following: 20 samples for drilling with surgical drill guides; control group 1 (CG1): 20 samples for classical implant site preparation. System B test group 2 (TG2) included the following: 20 samples for drilling with surgical drill guides; control group 2 (CG2): 20 samples for classical implant site preparation. Heat was measured at the final drill in the drilling sequence (4.2 and 4.4 mm). Thermocouples were placed at a 1-mm distance from the osteotomy area at depths of 3, 6, and 9 mm. Heat measurements were recorded out to 50 uses by a software program. Data were subjected to the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The alpha level was set a priori at 0.05. The mean maximum temperatures at the depths of 3, 6, and 9 mm using surgical drill guides were 34.2 degrees , 39.7 degrees , and 39.8 degrees C, respectively, although without using surgical drill guides the values were 28.8 degrees , 30.7 degrees , and 31.1 degrees C. A statistically significant difference was found at the depths of 3, 6, and 9 mm between using surgical drill guides and classical drilling procedure. From a heat generation standpoint, we conclude that preparing an implant site with using surgical drill guides generates heat more than classical implant site preparation regardless of the irrigation type.

Extent of intestinal damage in the developing chick embryo after repetitive hypoxia under normoxic or hyperoxic conditions.

Episodes of hypoxia and reperfusion play an important role in the development of intestinal damage during perinatal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathology of the intestine in the developing chick embryo after exposure to repetitive hypoxia and recovery under two different conditions: normoxic and hyperoxic (60% O2). Chick embryos were exposed to 5 minutes of hypoxia. This was repeated six times with a recovery period of 15 minutes under normoxic conditions (21% O2) for chick embryos in test group 1 (TG1) and under hyperoxic conditions (100% O2) for chick embryos in test group 2 (TG2), from day 11 until day 20. Chick embryos that recovered under hyperoxic conditions (100% O2) were previously incubated under hyperoxic conditions (60% O2 for 24 hours). Histologic evaluation of the ileum was performed at different times after the interventions (2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours). In both test groups, only chick embryos older than 19 days showed intestinal damage. Intestinal histology on day 19 showed vasodilation of villus capillaries (10% in TG1 and 15% in TG2), necrosis in the top of the villi (29% in TG1 and 30% in TG2), and necrosis with preservation of base of the crypts (2% in TG1) and transmucosal necrosis (2% in TG2). Significant histologic changes, compared with the control group, were only found in chick embryos that were studied 2 hours after the interventions. Furthermore, recovery under hyperoxic conditions did not cause more intestinal damage compared with recovery under normoxic conditions.

Extent of Intestinal Damage in the Developing Chick Embryo After Repetitive Hypoxia Under Normoxic or Hyperoxic Conditions

ABSTRACTBackgroundEpisodes of hypoxia and reperfusion play an important role in the development of intestinal damage during perinatal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathology of the intestine in the developing chick embryo after exposure to repetitive hypoxia and recovery under two different conditions: normoxic and hyperoxic (60% O 2 ).MethodsChick embryos were exposed to 5 minutes of hypoxia. This was repeated six times with a recovery period of 15 minutes under normoxic conditions (21% O 2 ) for chick embryos in test group 1 (TG1) and under hyperoxic conditions (100% O 2 ) for chick embryos in test group 2 (TG2), from day 11 until day 20. Chick embryos that recovered under hyperoxic conditions (100% O 2 ) were previously incubated under hyperoxic conditions (60% O 2 for 24 hours). Histologic evaluation of the ileum was performed at different times after the interventions (2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours).ResultsIn both test groups, only chick embryos older than 19 days showed intestinal damage. Intestinal histology on day 19 showed vasodilation of villus capillaries (10% in TG1 and 15% in TG2), necrosis in the top of the villi (29% in TG1 and 30% in TG2), and necrosis with preservation of base of the crypts (2% in TG1) and transmucosal necrosis (2% in TG2).ConclusionsSignificant histologic changes, compared with the control group, were only found in chick embryos that were studied 2 hours after the interventions. Furthermore, recovery under hyperoxic conditions did not cause more intestinal damage compared with recovery under normoxic conditions.