Test Fuels Research Articles

An integrated approach for wastewater treatment and algae cultivation: Nutrient removal analysis, biodiesel extraction, and energy and environmental metrics enhancement

Human urine is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and the presence of these elements in wastewater significantly disrupts the biogeochemical cycle. Meanwhile, green algal biomass cultivation is unfeasible without these nutrients. Hence, the present study integrates wastewater treatment and algae cultivation to extract biodiesel and improve its performance through fuel modification. Chlorella vulgaris algae was cultivated in different dilution ratios of water and urine, and the nutrient removal rate was analyzed. Chlorella vulgaris algae biodiesel (CAB) was derived through Bligh and Dyer's method followed by transesterification, and its functional and elemental groups were analyzed. The various volume concentrations of CAB were blended with regular diesel fuel (RDF), and 10% water was added to a 30% CAB blended RDF to evaluate the combustion performance and environmental impacts. The results of the experiments demonstrated that the algae cultivation effectively removed the wastewater nutrients. The functional and elemental groups of CAB are identical to those of RDF. The engine characteristics of test fuels report that the CAB-blend RDF fuel mixtures generate low carbon footprints, whereas negative impacts have been drawn for performance metrics and oxides of nitrogen emissions. The water-emulsified fuel outweighed the unfavorable effects and promoted more efficient and cleaner combustion.

Effects of an Exhaust System Equipped with a Thermoelectric Generator on Combustion, Performance, Emissions, and Energy Recovery in a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel

The predominance of petroleum-based fuels is lessened by the preference for biodiesel as an alternative. However, one of the adverse effects arising from the use of biodiesel is the formation of waste heat. The novel aspect of this study proposes a sustainable solution that will decelerate global warming by recovering waste heat through a new exhaust design equipped with thermoelectric generators. The study obtained test fuels by blending vegetable-derived biodiesel in five different volumetric ratios (0, 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100%). The experiments were carried out at three different constant engine speeds (1000, 1250, and 1500 RPM) and five different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on a single-cylinder diesel engine. At the end of the experiment, the combustion characteristics, engine performance, exhaust emissions, waste heat values, and electrical energy gained from the thermoelectric system of biodiesel blend fuels compared to diesel were evaluated. Specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures, exhaust emissions, and electrical power generation with TEG in the diesel engine were evaluated, focusing on the different biodiesel blend ratios, engine load, and engine speeds.

A comparative analysis of pyrolytic oil from medical waste and its suitability as fuel in a Compression Ignition engine

ABSTRACT In recent years, the pyrolysis technique has been adopted for converting non-degradable materials into biofuels and the yields of this process, oil and gas can be substituted as a fuel in CI engine. In this study, the medical waste plastics such as masks, gloves, personal protective equipment (PPE) kit and other plastics associated with hospitals were seen as the feedstock material for the pyrolysis process. It is collected from Government Medical College Hospital Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. The proximate and ultimate characterization of these wastes shows the percentage of volatile matter in the mask, gloves, and PPE kit are 81.2%, 79.3%, and 79.6%, respectively, and carbon percentage lies in the range of 75% to 78%, which ensures that the feedstock can be used in this process. The pyrolysis technique is carried out separately for all the collected feedstock such as mask, glove and other PPE kits. In this research, the mask waste showed a higher pyrolytic oil yield rate and is 80.3 wt% at 350°C than other plastics wastes. Further, FTIR of all the plastic waste confirms that pyrolytic oil is in acidic nature and it contains carboxylic acids and other heavier compounds, which are unstable in nature. To improve the fuel characteristics of pyrolytic oil, blending it with diesel requires the utilization of surfactants such as Span 80, Tween 60 and Atlox 4916. In this analysis, 5% of surfactant is mixed with 15% of pyrolytic oil and 80% of diesel. Among the various surfactants Atlox 4916, shows better fuel properties than other pyrolytic oil of plastic waste used in the analysis. Emulsifier fuel blend is prepared from different pyrolytic oils such as masks, gloves and PPE kit with Atlox 4916 surfactant, and MA, GA and PA, respectively. However, the pyrolytic oil from mask with Atlox 4916 surfactant blend has a (42.26 MJ/kg) higher calorific value. The evaluation of performance and emissions is conducted for the test fuels with surfactants derived from mask (MA), gloves (GA) and PPE (PA). Among these blends, MA showed better results in performance and emission behavior. The BTE of MA is 28.4%, which is 4.69% lower diesel and it is 2.077% and 2.95% higher than blend GA and PA. Blend MA shows lower emissions than other blends.

Effects of fuel injection pressure and quantity on low octane gasoline sprays in a simulated high-pressure ambient environment of a gasoline compression ignition engine

Gasoline Compression Ignition technology using low-octane gasoline-like fuel can lead to very low NOx and Soot emissions and enhanced thermal efficiency than conventional diesel engines. The difference in test fuel properties is a significant reason for the difference in the fuel–air mixture formation in Gasoline Compression Ignition engines offering these advantages. In this study, microscopic and macroscopic spray characterisation of baseline diesel, 50 % v/v diesel blended with 50 % v/v gasoline (G50), and 20 % v/v diesel blended with 80 % v/v gasoline (G80) are conducted in a high-pressure ambient environment relevant to Gasoline Compression Ignition engines. The study was performed in a constant volume spray chamber in non-reacting conditions using Phase Doppler Interferometry and Diffused Backlit Illumination techniques. The test fuels were injected into a 30 bar ambient pressure environment at 400, 500, and 700-bar fuel injection pressures. The liquid spray penetration length of gasoline-diesel blends was slightly shorter than baseline diesel, but their spray cone angles and entrained air mass were significantly higher. The average axial droplet velocity was higher, and the Sauter Mean Diameter was lower for gasoline-diesel blends than baseline diesel 40 mm away from the injector nozzle exit, indicating superior mixture formation for the gasoline-diesel blends. The effect of droplet collision and injected fuel quantity on droplet size distribution was assessed in all test fuels. Droplet collisions increased the Sauter mean diameter of the spray at farther distances. Smaller fuel injection quantities decreased the Sauter mean diameter of the spray, increasing the probability of unburnt hydrocarbon emission producing ultra-lean regions in the engine combustion chamber.

Elastomer-Based Sealing O-Rings and Their Compatibility with Methanol, Ethanol, and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines.

Green methanol, ethanol, and diesel-based hydrotreated vegetable oils are some of the renewable liquid fuels that show satisfactory performance in diesel engines. A notable advantage of these fuels is that they are renewable and do not require significant modifications in the existing engines for successful operation. Suitable fuel systems, especially their material compatibility, remain unresolved, and therefore, it is a weak link in their large-scale adaptation. Elastomer-based sealing O-rings lose their mechanical properties after a short exposure time to these fuels, adversely impacting their functionality. This research study evaluated the long-term material compatibility of different elastomer-based sealing materials by immersing the O-rings in these test fuels (hydrotreated vegetable oil, methanol, ethanol, and diesel) for different time intervals (i.e., up to 15 months). The material compatibility was assessed mainly by investigating these changes in various mechanical properties of these O-rings, namely tensile strength (ΔTs), elongation at break (ΔEb), Shore A hardness (ΔH), and mass (ΔM). The degradation of mechanical properties was studied and analyzed during the immersion interval from 0.9 to 15.2 months and compared with O-rings kept in a normal atmosphere. It was noted that individual fuels affect various mechanical properties significantly. In a short interval of 0.9 months (28 days), significant changes in the mechanical properties of the sealing O-rings were observed.

Experimental investigation of 4‐cylinder compression–ignition engine parameters fueled by newly formulated hydrous ethanol–diesel‐emulsified fuel infused with nano‐sized γ‐Al2O3 particles

AbstractThe present study tested newly formulated hydrous ethanol–diesel‐emulsified fuel infused with nano‐sized γ‐Al2O3 particles on a turbocharged CRDI 4‐cylinder stationary diesel engine. W5H5, W5H10, and W10H5 test fuels were inducted into engine cylinders at a fixed engine speed of 2000 rpm. These test fuels significantly improved their physicochemical properties, with an 8.80% increase in gross calorific value and a 6.52% growth in cetane index. W5H10 exhibited a 16.01% increment in brake thermal efficiency and a 22.22% decrement in brake‐specific fuel consumption. Also, this fuel reported an 8.64% higher in‐cylinder pressure and a 40.71% higher heat release rate. W5H10 test fuel noted a 50% dip in carbon monoxide emissions and an 84.56% lower smoke opacity than diesel. W5H5 fuel reported 33.33% lower unburnt hydrocarbons than diesel at full load. W10H5 fuel observed an 88.46% drop in nitrogen oxide emissions compared with diesel at 10% engine load. The author found W5H10 the most suitable fuel for diesel engines with no modification costs.

Study the Performance and Emissions of Biodiesel Hydrofuel in Diesel Engine

The current situation of high prices of petroleum oil needs to be studied to find alternative fuels that can reduce some emissions. The use of biodiesel in a mixture of diesel fuel is an alternative to address the global crisis related to the depletion of petroleum reserves. Moreover, mixing biodiesel into diesel fuel can reduce some emissions such as CO, HC, and particulate matter. However, the NOx emissions are still high. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance and emissions using diesel fuel with a mixture of deionized water (ratio 60:40) in comparison with Indonesian diesel fuel (B30). Test fuels are conducted in a diesel engine with different loads of idle, 36% and 68% with the engine rotation of 1500 rpm. The results show that mixing 40% deionized water with diesel fuel can reduce emissions of HC up to 0,29%, and NOx by 21,56% than diesel fuel at 68% load. Moreover, the specific fuel consumption can be down up to 3% more than diesel fuel. Therefore, deionized water fuel can be the solution to make better fuel properties, can reduce emissions, and be friendly to the environment.

Spray and combustion characterization under an ultra-high-density condition – Multi-fuel comparison

This study reveals for the first time the ignition and combustion characteristics of different fuel properties under ultra-high-density ambient condition. A new pre-burn type optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber was established, allowing for operation at pressures exceeding 300 bar. This chamber was utilized to generate a spray combustion environment at 150 bar and 1000 K, corresponding to a bulk-density of 50.82 kg/m3. Diesel was used as the reference fuel, and three types of primary reference fuel (PRF), i.e., PRF0 (n-heptane), PRF50, and PRF100 (isooctane), were used as the main test fuels. OH* chemiluminescence was utilized to measure the stable flame lift-off length, while the broadband chemiluminescence technique was used to measure the ignition delay time and to capture time-resolved flame development. The results show that the ignition delay of PFR100 is significantly larger than that of other fuels due to its lowest cetane number. Flame visualization results indicate that diesel spray combustion aligns well with the conceptual model proposed by Dec [SAE transactions, 1997: 1319–1348], whereas noticeable wrinkles are observed in the flames of PRF50. The flame lift-off length during the quasi-steady period shows to be independent of fuel properties, but the value has notably reduced to less than 9 mm. Comparison of the multi-fuel luminosity images reveals that diesel experiences the most pronounced combustion recession. Spatially integrated natural luminosity analysis indicates that diesel has the longest combustion duration, chiefly due to a larger rate of injection, whereas the difference in combustion duration between different PRFs is negligible. The heat release rate error range for PRF0 is the largest, suggesting stronger combustion variations. The heat release rate of diesel combustion is the most robust. The peak value of AHRR of PRF50 and PRF100 is marginally higher than that of diesel, which can be attributed to their higher low heating value.

Effects of Adding Waste Oil Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether to Diesel Fuel

This study focuses on the improvement of fuel properties of waste frying oils and their direct use without chemical processing. For this purpose, 10% filtered waste frying oil was added to the diesel fuel. Afterwards, the test fuels were formed by adding 5%, 10% and 20% volumes of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether to this mixture. The obtained fuel mixtures were run in a diesel engine at a con-stant engine speed of 3000 rpm at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% engine loads, and the changes in engine fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and ego emissions were investigated. The results showed that all the goose emissions increased with the direct use of waste oil, but the exhaust emissions decreased with the addition of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether. With the addition of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether, the viscosity and density values decreased and the heating value in-creased. The best fuel mixture was obtained with DAGD20 mixture with 20% Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether added. In this fuel mixture, BSFC decreased, Ex-haust Gas Temperature increased, NOx increased, CO increased, CO2 decreased, HC increased, and smoke decreased.

Experimental Analysis of The Impacts of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Mixtures on Engine Vibration, Noise and Combustion

The restricted reserves of fossil-based fuels and the regulations imposed on emission standards increase the importance of renewable fuels. Biodiesel is one of among peripherally friendly and renewable disjunctive fuels and contributes to the reduction of exhaust emissions. Biodiesel fuels have distinctive chemical frames and fuel features compared to conventional diesel fuels based on their substance and production method. Ignition delay, pressure increase rate, and combustion characteristics generate mechanical noises and vibrations in the engine. In compression-ignition engines, high noise and vibration eventuating from the explosive burning have negative effects on the environment and living beings. In this search, the impacts of various proportions of biodiesel fuel and conventional diesel fuel blends on the in-cylinder pressure, vibration, and noise of a three-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine were experimentally investigated. The peak max in-cylinder pressure values for all test fuels were obtained at 15 Nm. For all test fuels, the largest vibration value was obtained at 15 and 60 Nm and the smallest vibration value was obtained at 45 Nm. The engine noise level is reduced up to 45 Nm and increased at 60 Nm. The highest noise level was obtained with conventional diesel fuel (D) at all engine loads. The addition of biodiesel to the test fuels reduced the noise level at all loads. The average noise values of all test fuels are 90.58, 90.28, 90.35, and 90,09 dBA for 15, 30, 45, and 60 Nm loads, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Gasoline-Methyl Ethyl Ketone Fuel Blends on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions

Gasoline engines have been widely used because of operating with stoichiometric ratio and lower exhaust emissions compared to compression ignition engines. However, thermal efficiency is less than diesel engines due to lower compression ratio. In the present study, the influences of methyl ethyl addition were researched on engine performance, CO, CO2 and HC emissions in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. For this purpose, the test engine was run at wide-open throttle, engine speeds of 2400, 2800, 3200, 3600, 4000 rpm and the variations of engine torque, effective power, specific fuel consumption (SFC), thermal efficiency, CO, CO2 and HC emissions were investigated. It has been observed that engine power and torque increase and SFC decreases as methyl ethyl ketone is added to gasoline. It was observed that the thermal efficiency at 2800 rpm increased by 6.47%, 13.81% and 19.51%, respectively, with MEK20, MEK30 and MEK40 test fuels compared to gasoline. As the methyl ethyl ketone ratio in the blended fuels increased, HC and CO emissions reduced compared to gasoline. As a result, it was seen that methyl ethyl ketone additive can be utilized easily in a spark ignition engine without making any modification.

Flight Test Fuel Saving Path Based on Green Aviation Perspective

With the continuous progress and development of the aviation industry, fuel consumption and carbon emissions have become important challenges for airlines. Therefore, from the perspective of green aviation, it is of great significance to explore the fuel-saving path of flight tests to reduce the fuel consumption and environmental impact of aviation operations. This path mainly includes optimizing air traffic management, improving aircraft fuel efficiency, strengthening fuel-saving operation training, and improving aviation fuel management. Through these measures, airlines can realize more economical and environmentally friendly flight methods and contribute to the sustainable development of the industry.

Relative exergy and energy analysis of DI‐CI engine fueled with higher blend of Azadirachta indica biofuel with n‐butanol and NiO as fuel additives

AbstractAlternate fuels are in high demand for current engines and such fuels are studied both property‐wise and tested as fuel in the current engines. In current work, diesel engines are studied for higher blend Neem (Azadirachta indica) biodiesel (NB) as fuel, and fuel additives such as n‐butanol and NiO nano additives are chosen. Experimentation was performed on the experimental stationary engine which is coupled to eddy current dynamometer for four test fuels under varying fuel injection timings. Four test fuels were chosen for experimental studies which are Diesel 90% (vol %) + n‐butanol (10%), pure Neem biodiesel, NB 90% (vol %) + n‐butanol (10%), and Neem Biodiesel 90% + 25 ppm of nickel oxide dissolved in solvent. The synthesis of nickel oxide nano additives was done using a homogenous grinding method and XRD, FESEM, and EDS characterization signifies the presence of NiO. The Neem biodiesel was derived from base catalytic process and was studied using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy apparatus for its chemical composition. The experimentation results which were focused were on the energy, exergy derived, and expenditure at varying fuel injection timings. The exergy and energy usage were almost similar in nature and entropy produced during the chemical‐to‐mechanical energy transfer reduced with the advancement in fuel injection timing to 27° bTDC for Diesel 90% + Bt.10%, NB90 + Bt.10% and NB100 + 25 ppm of NiO by 2.2%, 2.9%, and 4.6% respectively. Also, the exergy destruction retarded when with advancement in fuel inlet timing to 27° bTDC by 2.1%, 3%, 6.2%, and 6.8% for the same fuels, respectively.

Macroscopic and microscopic spray characterisation of Low-Octane blends for gasoline compression ignition engines

Gasoline compression ignition is an advanced combustion technology that controls harmful emissions from low-octane fuels used in compression ignition engines. Fuel’s physical properties and injection strategy influence the fuel–air mixture formation and combustion. High volatile fuel and fuel injection pressure improve the spray atomisation and fuel–air mixture formation. Gasoline-diesel blends are widely investigated for gasoline compression ignition engine applications. This study investigated microscopic and macroscopic spray characteristics of 70 % v/v gasoline and 30 % v/v diesel blend (G70), 80 % v/v gasoline and 20 % v/v diesel blend (G80), and baseline diesel injected at different fuel injection pressures. Parameters such as liquid fuel spray penetration length, spray cone angle, and droplet size and velocity distributions were assessed. The results of these parameters help determine the effect of the fuel injection parameters on combustion. It was found that though the liquid spray penetration length was not significantly different for the three test fuels, G70 exhibited a slightly lower liquid spray penetration length than the other two test fuels. Increasing the diesel fraction in the test blend reduced the spray cone angle and improved the axial dispersion of the fuel spray. The spray droplet diameter reduced with increasing gasoline fraction in the test blend and the fuel injection pressure. Sauter mean diameter decreased by up to 20 % for G80 than baseline diesel and up to 36 % with an increased fuel injection pressure from 300 to 700 bar. This study addressed a significant research gap in the spray characteristics of gasoline-diesel blends and provided a benchmark for simulation based model validation.

Influence of ethyl proxitol on cold filter plugging point, combustion, emissions characteristics of biodiesel blends in CI engines

In this study, it is aimed to enhance the suitability of biodiesel blends for cold region applications while preserving or even improving combustion and emissions characteristics. The effects of ethyl proxitol additive as an additive to biodiesel blends were investigated. Specifically, two test fuels were formulated namely E15B30 (30% biodiesel, 15% ethyl proxitol, and 55% diesel) and E15B40 (40% biodiesel, 15% ethyl proxitol, and 45% diesel). Experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder CI engine under various operating conditions. Experimental results revealed significant improvements in combustion efficiency, as evidenced by enhanced CGP, HRR, and MGT values, particularly at medium and high engine loads. Additionally, the introduction of ethyl proxitol positively influenced the cold flow plugging point values of the fuel blends, making the fuel blends more suitable for use in cold climates. These improvements were achieved without any significant deviation in emissions parameters, highlighting the environmental friendliness of the fuel blends. This study not only presents a practical solution for addressing cold weather challenges in biodiesel applications but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and potential economic benefits. The findings underscore the potential of biodiesel with ethyl proxitol as a promising advancement in alternative fuels.

Effects of nanoadditives on the performance and emissions of rapeseed biodiesel in an insulated piston diesel engine.

Energy consumption and management have emerged as crucial production functions because of the high cost of energy. Since the total consumption of fossil fuels like diesel has increased proportionally to the expansion in demand for power generation, industry, and transportation services, researchers have long been interested in constructing a more energy-efficient engine. With its improved efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and fewer emissions, the application of nano-coating technology to engine components has become more popular in recent years. This study involved the application of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) using zirconia on the test engine piston. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of aluminium oxide nano-additives in rapeseed biodiesel blends on the performance of a diesel engine with a thermal barrier-coated piston. The four test fuels were prepared using 20% and 40% blends of rapeseed biodiesel with and without the addition of aluminium oxide at 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The full factorial design methodology was employed to examine the influential factors, specifically the rapeseed blend ratio and aluminium oxide concentration, in order to enhance performance and reduce emissions. The blends of RSB20AO25 and RSB20AO50 showed significant results on energy consumption and emissions. The RSB20AO50 blend performed with a 5.4% increase in brake thermal efficiency and a 6.5% reduction in fuel consumption compared with standard diesel. Similarly, blends of RSB20AO25 and RSB20AO50 show 6% and 11% reductions in carbon monoxide and 5.2% and 9.5% reductions in hydrocarbon emissions.

Numerical investigation for enhancing HCCI combustion characteristics in DI-CI engine fueled with butanol/diesel blends

The fast depletion of fossil fuels and the hazardous emissions associated with the use of fossil fuels in IC engines is driving the research in the area of renewable fuels. Homogeneous charge combustion ignition (HCCI) is a new mode of engine combustion technology, used for reducing the emissions without compromising the engine performance. The combination of HCCI and alcohol/diesel blends has the potential to simultaneously address the twin problems of depletion of fossil fuels and engine emissions. Butanol is an attractive biofuel, which is produced from agriculture wastes such as sugar cane bagasses and corn stalk etc. This paper presents numerical and modeling analysis on the emission and performance characteristics of a direct injection- compression ignition (DI-CI) engine operated with butanol/diesel blends. Numerical analysis was carried out using CONVERGE CFD software. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in developing the response models for three output parameters, viz., nitrogen oxides (NOx), soot emissions and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), in terms of the four input parameters, viz., compression ratio (CR), start of injection (SOI), fuel injection pressure (FIP) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Numerical experiments were conducted by varying these four input parameters, i.e., CR from 14 to 19, FIP from 200 to 280 bar, EGR from 0% to 30% and SOI from 17° to 29° CA bTDC, and with four butanol/diesel blends (0, 20%, 30% and 40% of butanol-by volume, designated as Bu00, Bu20, Bu30 and Bu40). The optimum combination of the input parameters for the four test fuels were found with the objective of minimizing the three output parameters (i.e., ISFC, soot and NOx) using desirability approach. The homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture was estimated using equivalence ratio distribution index, i.e., Target fuel distribution index (TFDI). From the numerical analysis, it was found that the TFDI improved for the optimized case by 20.5%, 21.5%, 24.4% and 27.2% for Bu00, Bu20, Bu30 and Bu40 respectively as compared to their respective baseline configuration.

Effect of hydrogen addition in a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and canola biodiesel fuel: Energetic-exergetic, sustainability analyses

In this study, the influence of diesel and biodiesel fuels with various flow rate of hydrogen (3 L per minute and 6 L per minute) addition through the intake manifold of a diesel engine was investigated at three different engine speed (1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, and 2100 rpm) by considering second law of thermodynamic as a different perspective. Energy, exergy, and sustainability analysis were evaluated by utilizing the data from the experiments. According to the results, it is enlightened that useful work energy ascends with the hydrogen addition in all engine speeds and the net work rates of all test fuels were found as highest at 1800 rpm engine speed while the rate of energy heat loss decreased with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, exergy input is also increased with the hydrogen addition to the engine whereas exergy destruction and exergy heat lost decreased with the increment of the hydrogen. The highest values of energy efficiency and exergy efficiency obtained at 1800 rpm engine speed by using diesel fuel with 6 L per minute hydrogen addition as 38.67 % and 35.09 %, respectively. The highest entropy generation occurred at 2100 rpm as 0.288 kW/K for the biodiesel fuel and the lowest value was observed as 0.201 kW/K for DH6 fuel at 1800 rpm. The analyses showed that the sustainability index values determined to be in the range of 1.437–1.541 and the increase in hydrogen ratio enhanced the sustainability index at all engine speeds and the DH6 and BH6 fuels are more sustainable fuels than the other experimental fuels.

Performance and Emission Comparison of Different Test Fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine with Syngas and Pyrolytic Oil Derived from Safflower

ABSTRACT This work aimed to compare the performance and emissions of different test fuels in a compression ignition engine. The fuels included diesel, SFEEE20, and SFME20, with and without a diesel reforming and partial oxidation system. Syngas and pyrolytic oil produced from Safflower were used in single and dual fuel modes. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased in dual fuel mode compared to single fuel mode. Diesel with SFS exhibited the highest efficiency of 32.20%, followed by SFEEE20 with SFS at 31.91% and SFME20 with SFS at 31.08%. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreased in dual fuel, and at maximum load condition, SFME20 with SFS demonstrated the lowest SFC of 0.3193 kg/kW-hr in dual fuel mode. SFEEE20 with and without SFS displayed SFC values of 0.28051 kg/kW-hr and 0.3005 kg/kW-hr, respectively. At maximum load condition, SFME20 with SFS exhibited an EGT of 187°C, while PME and diesel with SFS showed EGT values of 183°C and 184°C, respectively. CO and HC emissions decreased in dual fuel mode compared to single fuel mode. The work concluded that SFEEE20 with SFS showed promising results with high BTE and low emissions, making it a potential fuel blend for compression ignition engines.

Energy recovery from waste animal fats and detailed testing on combustion, performance, and emission analysis of IC engine fueled with their blends enriched with metal oxide nanoparticles

The interest in researching alternative fuels is vital due to the alarming levels of environmental hazards of petroleum fuels. Since biodiesel is biodegradable, renewable, and has lower emissions, it has emerged as an appropriate choice for further investigation. The biodiesel and diesel blends with nanoparticle additives also contribute to improving efficiency and reducing the engine's exhaust emissions. Accordingly, this research analyzed the engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics using Sheep fat (SF) biofuel blended with diesel fuel. The transesterification process produced the SF biodiesel, and the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were added as additives to improve the engine behaviors. The Sheep fat (SF) biofuel of 20 % volumetrically blended with conventional diesel fuel of 80 % (B20). Results of in-cylinder pressure, HRR, and BTE were recorded at the higher value using B20+ZnO 100 ppm and B20+ZnO 50 ppm blend fuel and BSFC was lowered compared with the nanoparticles-free fuel blends at higher load. Furthermore, the carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), and smoke levels have significantly decreased for both the B20+ZnO 100 and B20+ZnO 50 blends. For the B20+ZnO 100 fuel, these levels have decreased by roughly 28 %, 41 %, and 22 %, respectively, while for the B20+ZnO 50 blend, they have decreased by 24 %, 38 %, and 14 % at higher engine load. On the other hand, UHC, NOX, and smoke reduction percentage by using B20+ZnO 100 blend fuel is about 54.5, 52.4, and 45.4 % were reduced in comparison to these of diesel fuel. Compared with other test fuels, B20+ZnO 100 and B20+ZnO 50 blends significantly improve all engine characteristics.