Territory Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

INFORMATION SUPPORT OF OVERLAND TRANSIT FREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGH THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN

This article is devoted to the topic of transit land freight traffic through the territory of Kazakhstan. The paper considers international railway and road communication routes passing through the territory of Kazakhstan and connecting the countries of the European Union, Russia, Central Asian countries and China, as well as transport projects in which Kazakhstan plays the role of a land bridge between Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Statistical data on the volume of transit cargo transportation through the territory of Kazakhstan for the past 5 years is given. The issue of providing information support for transit freight traffic is considered as one of the elements contributing to the full use of the transit potential of the country. For realization of information support of transit land freight traffic in the work it is offered a hardware and software complex for managing international transport transit corridors, which consists of electronic seals, data centre (DC) and information portal, and functions with application of modern technologies of satellite navigation and communication. This hardware and software complex allows monitoring the movement of transit cargo and guarantees its safety by locking the doors of the cargo compartment of vehicles and containers with electronic seals, which besides the role of a locking and sealing device acts as a device for registration and transfer of data on the state of the monitored object to the DC. The data received in the DC are checked for integrity, analysed, archived and transferred to the information portal, which provides user access to the system for visualization.

THE ROLE OF MIGRATIONS IN THE ETHNOHISTORICAL PROCESSES OF CENTRAL ASIA (the early middle ages)

The major objective of this article is to analyze the migrations of nomadic tribes, which led to a number of transformational changes in the territory of Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. The methods used in the work are structural-functional, comparative-historical, systematization and generalization. The migrations of tribes in the Medieval Period are one of the core issues of research in historical science today. The influence of this phenomena on ethnic processes can be barely revaluated. The study of the migrations of nomadic tribes makes it possible to determine the origins of ethno-glotto-cultural genesis, many political, economic and social events of medieval history. The ethno-historical characteristics of the migration processes which took place among the Turkic tribes of the Middle Ages contributed to the advancement of a number of hypotheses regarding the time of their appearance on the territory of Kazakhstan. Data from historical sources, also the research by scientists, allowed the authors to trace the history of some Kazakh tribes to the early stages of the beginning of the Turkic ethnic community. The conclusion of the study is migratory movements of tribes were a frequent phenomenon during the period being studied, which began with the collapse of state formations. They were formed on the basis of the effect of inner and outer factors associated with climatic, economic, demographic and political changes. In this regard, it can also be argued that the large movements of medieval tribes played the role of locomotives in the history of peoples. Key words: migration, ethnic processes, Turkic tribes, ethnonym, Central Asia

Три сабли монгольского времени с территории Казахстана

Purpose. The article considers three sabers stored in the Akmola Regional Museum of Local History (inv. No. ГИК 2322/1, ARMLH, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan), National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (inv. No. KRUM 802, NMRK, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan) and a private collection. The saber from NMRK was found in a destroyed mound in the Shet District, Karaganda Region (Central Kazakhstan). Results. Total lengths of these sabers are: 90.5, 73.0 and 91 cm (including the blade length – 82.2, 66.3 and 82.2. cm, widths in the area of the ricasso are 3.5, 3.4 and 3.5 cm). All three single-edged blades under consideration have a more or less strong curve. The tip of the saber from the private collection has a rib and double edge clips with long pronounced iron ‘tongues’ welded on to the ricasso of the blade. In two cases the ‘tongues’ are decorated with sharp-angled spikes. A rivet attaching the ‘cheeks’ of the hilt is inserted into the hole of the tang blade that is bent sideward (the saber from the private collection has an S-shaped rivet head). The guard has a characteristic ‘boat-shaped’ design. Based on the typological analysis, it was identified that the samples under consideration differ from traditional sabers of the Turkic nomads of Kazakhstan during the Kimak and Kipchak periods (10th – 12th Centuries). Their closest analogues were found on the territory of Southern Siberia and date back to the 13th – 14th Centuries. It is highly possible that the appearance of sabers of this type on the territory of Northern and Central Kazakhstan were associated with the events of the Mongol invasion in the 13th Century and the inclusion of Eastern Dasht-I Kipchak into the Mongol Empire. Conclusion. It seems that the sabers were forged by masters in Southern Siberia and were then brought to Northern and Central Kazakhstan by the Chingizid troops. The small number of long-bladed weapons of the 13th – 14th centuries found on the territory of Kazakhstan determines high scientific value of the considered sabers.

Бөгде түрлер мен «Қазақстан фаунасының Қара кітабын» енгізу қажеттілігі

The habitats of biological species have never been unchanged, their configuration gradually changed under the influence of certain changes in the environment. With the advent of man, the speed of such changes began to increase, since man purposefully spread, brought into new places those species of plants or animals that he considered useful. The term “alien species” hardly needs any explanation. In fact, this is a biological species alien to this ecosystem, which disturbs the established connections between the individual members of this ecosystem. In Kazakhstan, the problem of alien species is no less acute than in Russia, but so far nothing has been done in this regard, as in the neighboring Central Asian states. However, before starting individual specific projects (or rather, completely independently of them), it is necessary to systematize and classify all data on alien species of fauna on the territory of Kazakhstan. Without such an inventory, it is difficult to expect success in such an important endeavor. And here I would like to emphasize that all alien species, without exception, are subject to inventory, and not only the most malicious pests. After all, it is no secret that many species enter a new territory for them due to natural reasons (take, for example, the arrival of birds) or as a result of passive drift (sea currents or air masses), as well as delivery by transport. Many of them, due to their rarity and scarcity, do not pose a threat to ecosystems, but this does not cease to be alien species. All of them should be registered in the general list of alien species, and already in it, their classification should be carr monitoring and control. Such work does not require any special funding, it can be done by specialists — each in his own field — and as soon as possible (meaning the compilation of an exhaustive list of alien species).

White-tailed lapwing (Vanellochettusia leucura) in lake Cartma (lake systems of Syrdarya river's delta, Kyzylorda region, republic of Kazakhstan)

This article generalizes data of authors collected in course of birds count at Lake Cartma Lake Systems of Syrdarya river's delta of the territory of Kyzylorda region, Republic of Kazakhstan, in period of 2014-2019. Distribution, quantity, ecology and areal of white-tailed lapwing (Vanellochettusia leucura) is considered in details. White-tailed lapwing is a medium-sized wader; body structure largely resembles black-sided lapwing but the size is slightly lesser. At present time, on territory of Kazakhstan, the white-railed lapwing is nesting at wetland stations of middle and downstream (from border with Uzbekistan to North Aral sea), system of lakes in delta of Syr-Darya river, in the north part of Caspian sea. Quantity of white-tailed lawing on studied Cartma lake is determined in limits of 30-150 specimen; this is the result of season nature of countings, fluctuation of area of studied water body surface. A characteristic feature of this species is a peculiar voice, descriptively translated as “chetyre, chetyre” ("four, four” in Russian),  increasing at approach to nesting sites. Analysis of special literature on ornithology of eastern site of Aral sea and lakes of Syr-Darya river delta showed that for two hundred years period, white-tailed lapwing mostly adheres to constant habitats. Nesting station is located in shore zone, at sandbars and isles. Key words: Cartma lake, wetlands, white-tailed lapwing, distribution of avifauna, trophic specialization of birds, E.A. Eversmann

Opportunities of short-term weather forecasts data in the environmental monitoring of the Kazakhstan

This paper considers the possibilities of assimilation of FEWS NET (Famine early Warning System Network) products in natural resource monitoring of the territory of Kazakhstan in the cold period. With an area of 2.7 million km2, Kazakhstan is located in the center of Eurasia in the arid zone, and snow is one of the most important water sources in the first half of the vegetation season. The products “Snow Depth”, “Temperature” and “Precipitation” developed for Central Asia are based on model meteorological data, including short-term weather forecasts. This information, presented in the form of regular matrices, has several advantages in efficiency and spatial detailing over direct ground (remote) measurements of meteorological parameters. The use of FEWS NET products for the environmental monitoring of the entire territory of Kazakhstan or its separate parts is of benefit for assessing the current situation on snow reserves, weather regimes and prospects for spring snowmelt.

THE EFFECT OF ROCKET FUEL ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LUNGS OF RATS

It is important to study the impact of the Baikonur, Saryshagan, Azgyr space rocket test sites located on the territory of Kazakhstan, as well as Kapustin Yar, which is very close to the border, on the landscape, animal habitat and local health and determine the impact. The areas in several areas where the detachable parts of the rocket launchers have fallen occupy a very large area [1]. The areas of collapse of the detachable parts of the rocket launchers belong to the category of disaster zone according to their ecological status, and the areas affected by these parts belong to the crisis zone. The atmosphere, natural and anthropogenic landscapes are heavily polluted with all classes of harmful substances: asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMG), nitrosodymethylamine (NDMA), nitrogen tetraoxide, tetramethyltetrazen and other toxic substances [2-4]. Rocket complexes and rocket launches have a negative impact on all components of the environment and biological objects. There are reports that the number of animals living around the landfill is declining sharply, and some species are on the verge of extinction [1; 5]. Due to these circumstances, there is a need for regular environmental monitoring of these areas and morphological study of the structural components of the animals that inhabit these areas, arising from the current environmental situation in the country. There are reports that heptyl or asymmetric dimethylhydrazine, one of the main components of rocket fuels and lubricants, causes various diseases when ingested by humans and animals due to an accident or other circumstances during a rocket launch [2-3; 5]. 1,1-DMG is converted into other compounds in the soil, plants, as well as in the body, which in turn appears to be toxic to the body in general or to a particular organ [4]. However, the toxic effects of 1,1-DMG and nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), one of its derivatives, are poorly understood. There is reason to believe that heptyl, which enters the body through respiration, primarily damages the respiratory and gas exchange (respiratory) parts of the lungs.

Леонид Степанович Ушаков – редактор газеты «Приишимье»

The article is devoted to the newspaper «Priishimye», published in 1913–1919 in the city of Petropavlovsk, Akmola region (the territory of Kazakhstan now). It was in this newspaper that the first publication of Vsevolod Ivanov took place (the poem “Winter”, 1915). In 1915– 1916, the newspaper published stories by Vsevolod Ivanov, Anton Sorokin, Kondraty Tupikov and other Siberian writers. The editor of the newspaper since 1914 was Leonid Stepanovich Ushakov (1886 – after 1957). There are published three of his letters to Kondrati Nikiforovich Urmanov (real family Tupikov; 1894–1976), stored in the City Center for the History of the Novosibirsk Book named after N. P. Litvinov (Novosibirsk). The letters were written and sent to the writer in 1957. After the 1920s – early 1930s, Ushakov was not associated with the world of literature; he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and dealt with issues of economy and national economy. The letters to Urmanov contain valuable information about the literary life of Siberia at the beginning of the 20 th century, as well as about the biography and personality of L. S. Ushakov.

Титулатура древних тюрков: «каган» (каган) и «жабгу» (ябгу)

The Turks managed to create a huge empire. Territory – from the Altai mountains in the east to theBlack Sea in the west, from the upper Yenisei in the north to the upper Amu Darya in the south. At thebeginning of the VI century, the territory of Kazakhstan came under the authority of the Turkic Kaganate.Turkic Kaganate is the first state in Kazakhstan. Its basis was the union of Turkic-speaking tribes, whichwas headed by the kagan. The state, based on tribal traditions, was based on military-administrativemanagement. It was part of a system of relations with such major states of the time as Iran and Byzantium.China was a tributary of the kaganate. The title in many cultures played the role of an importantindicator of the international prestige of the state. As is known, only members of the Ashin clan had thesacred right to supreme power in the Turkic Kaganate. Possession of one or another title, occupation ofone or another place in the political and state structure of society, depended on many circumstances,the main of which was belonging to a particular tribe in a tribal union, clan in a tribe, etc. Social determinants(titles, ranks, positions), as the most significant components of ancient Turkic anthroponomy,contained complete information about the social status of the bearer of a given name, its origin andmembership in a particular layer of society, data on its place in the political structure of society andthe administrative structure . The political and military organization of Turkic society in many respectscontinued the traditions of previous state formations of the Huns. In linguistic terms, most of them areborrowings – mainly from Sogdian, Chinese and Tibetan languages.

The structure of the populations of Crambe tаtaria Sebe´ok in the Aktobe Region

Crambe tаtaria Sebe´ok is one from four species of genus Crambe, which grow on the territory of Kazakhstan. This species is listed in Red Data Book of Kazakhstan as rare endangered species, and its natural habitats are chalk areas of west part of the country. The structure of seven populations of Crambe tаtaria was studied in the Aktobe Region. The optimum habitat conditions for this species are northern and northeast slopes of chalk uplands, chestnut and light-chestnut soils. In unfavorable conditions of summits and southern slopes of lime uplands, C. tаtaria can form invasive-regressive populations with the prevalence of virgin plants. The variation of the structure of the populations does not lead to a decrease in their resistance, which highlights high plasticity of the species within chalk uplands.

Features of stratospheric ozone distribution in Kazakhstan

Ozone control and monitoring are very important because they provide the world’s population with a basis for making informed decisions and policies to protect life on earth. Since the thinning of the ozone layer is harmful to nature and human health, the study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of stratospheric ozone on the territory of Kazakhstan does not lose its significance. Based on aerological data obtained from observations of the world ozone and ultraviolet data center and the University of Wyoming, the total amount of ozone and its relationship with other meteorological parameters (air temperature above 20 km altitude, relative humidity and wind speed) at stations where ozone observations are carried out in Kazakhstan were investigated and the correlation between them was calculated. Correlation analysis of control series was used to study the relationships between values, hypotheses were made about possible mechanisms of their interaction, and the method of statistical processing was used as a research method. The average annual moves of the considered characteristics are given. As a result, it was found that each of the considered meteorological parameters affects the ozone concentration, especially in close connection with changes in air temperature. Under the influence of strong heating of the stratosphere, a positive relationship between the air temperature and the total ozone was revealed, while under normal conditions it has a negative relationship.

Этнография казахского народа в работах Григория Николаевича Потанина

Purpose. In the conditions of accelerated development of modernization processes in Kazakhstan, there is increased interest in the study of Kazakh heritage by historians and ethnographers of the 19th – 20th centuries. The purpose of this work is to identify the main scientific issues in the ethnography of the Kazakhs covered in Grigorii Nikolaevich Potanin’s studies. Scientific works of this outstanding scientist in this respect are particularly relevant. Firstly, the researcher was born in one of the fortifications in the Kazakh steppe and had a good command of the Kazakh language as he was familiar with the peculiarities of culture and life of the Kazakh people since his childhood. Secondly, he was a famous ethnographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society and participated in several scientific expeditions on the territory of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China. This article deals with studying the traditional culture of the Kazakh people by the famous ethnographer G. N. Potanin (1835–1920). We analyze the main works of the researcher devoted to the study of the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. On the basis of our study, we identify that the study of folklore was one of central and most important issues among the various scientific aspects G. N. Potanin raised. Results. G. N. Potanin focused on studying oral folk art of the Kazakh people including genealogical legends. He analyzed the origin of those legends and their similarities with legends of other peoples. The researcher also collected and recorded fairy tales, proverbs, riddles and tongue twisters of the Kazakh people. G. N. Potanin proved the so-called “eastern hypothesis” of the origin and development of the medieval European epic. In our opinion, G. N. Potanin concentrated on studying oral folk art because it reflects the life of the Kazakh people. The researcher noted a certain influence of Islam and Central Asian culture on the traditional culture of the Kazakh people. He studied ethnic composition, social structure, traditional economy and material culture of the Kazakh people. Conclusion. Thus, the study of Kazakh folklore, including oral and musical creativity, was the main important issue in G. N. Potanin’s research. He made conclusions on the ethnic composition, the traditional system of life support of the Kazakh people. In this small work, we noted only a small range of aspects that are reflected in the work of the great researcher. It is necessary to widen the range of archival materials studied to continue investigating the heritage of this outstanding Russian scientist, a true friend of the Kazakh people.

История развития криминалистических подразделений органов внутренних дел Казахстана (к 100-летию криминалистической службы)

The article presents a historical analysis of the development of the development of criminalistic divisions of the internal affairs bodies of Kazakhstan. The author draws attention to the fact that at the initial stage of its formation in Europe and Russia, the forensic service had a police orientation. With the establishment of Soviet power on the territory of Kazakhstan, along with the creation of new law enforcement agencies, the tasks were set to ensure the process of disclosing, investigating and preventing crimes with modern scientific and technical methods, methods and means, and to solve them in 1923 in St. In Orenburg, the Kazakh regional school for the command of the police was organized, and in 1924, on the basis of the GAU of the NKVD of Kazakhstan, a scientific and technical subdivision was organized in the criminal investigation department. The author comes to the conclusion that the beginning of the development of the criminalistic divisions of the internal affairs bodies of Kazakhstan was laid by the creation of a scientific and technical subdivision in the criminal investigation police and the path of development of the criminalistic divisions of the internal affairs bodies of Kazakhstan was long and fruitful. Currently, the personnel of the criminalistic service of the internal affairs bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan performs important work on solving crimes and makes a worthy contribution to the fight against crime.

Islamic perspective on the social cataclysms in the history of Kazakhstan (on the example of the heritage of the school “Zar zaman”)

The texts of traditional poetry «Zar zaman» («the era of sorrow») are a special reflection of the pessimistic, anti-colonial and religious sentiments of the Kazakhs in connection with the negative perception in the collective memory of the colonial system of the Russian Empire on the territory of Kazakhstan. These samples of poetry, which illustrate the Islamic self-consciousness of educated Kazakhs, such as the poets Shortanbai, Dulat, Murat, and others, remained insufficiently studied during the Soviet period. Although over the years of political Independence in Kazakhstan, an objective study of this topic has begun, but in the available studies, a philological approach prevails, and the connection with Islam is not considered. The spiritual heritage of the Kazakh school «Zar zaman» requires deep interdisciplinary research. It is not excluded that they can be used as alternative historical sources in the study of issues of religion, ethnic consciousness and culture of Kazakhs. In these works, created by the Kazakh poets of a religious and philosophical direction that are opposed to the political regime, a peculiar Kazakh historical self-consciousness is reflected, an interesting interpretation of the civilizational conflict between the empire and the nomads is given. At the same time, the general characteristic of the “Zar zaman” school is regret and lamentation over the fact of political defeat from tsarism and the moral degradation of the people in the spirit of the religious and eschatological ideas of Sharia and Sufism. The poetry texts “Zar zaman” are interesting in the context of the discourse on Kazakh Islamic identity related to the 19th century, since the assessment of social cataclysms in them is given in accordance with one of the main plots of the Muslim worldview - the expectation of the End of the World (“Akyr zaman”).

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА КАЗАХСТАНА НА РУБЕЖЕ XIX–ХХ вв.

The paper explores the evolution of agriculture in Kazakhstan during its accession to the Russian Empire. At this time, two independent sectors were established in the uniform agricultural mechanism of Kazakhstan: The arable farming, which developed due to the colonization policy of the Russian government, and the livestock sector, based on the traditional cattle breeding, originating in Kazakh steppe. The focus of the research is specifically determined by the fact that the agrarian reforms in Kazakhstan in the 21st century are based on the coexistence of these two independent sectors in agriculture. The article thus looks at three main issues. Firstly, according to the sources of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the migration policy of the Russian government, initiating a vast territorial expansion of the Russian speaking population, and economic transformations in agriculture on Kazakhstan territory. Secondly, the transformation of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan is analyzed in historical retrospect. The author argues that the classic type of nomadic cattle breeding began to change from the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, but the most noticeable changes in the composition of the herd and the type of nomadism were observed from the beginning of the 20th century. Thirdly, the formation of the arable farming, the impetus for the development of which was given by Russian colonization, is studied. The beginning of arable farming among nomads in the Kazakh steppe dates to the beginning of the 19th century, but it was fully developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries due to the allotment of lands to peasants from Central Russia. Arable farming is most widespread in Akmola, Turgay, Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions. Thus, the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, considered in the paper, proved to be the beginning of the Kazakhstan agricultural split into two independent sectors: Arable farming and livestock farming. Simultaneously the ethnic factor came to the fore, manifested in the division of the spheres of activity, where autochthon population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and Russian immigrants were mostly engaged in seminatural agriculture.

Испан шырышты ұлуының (Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855) таралу аймағының географиялық кеңеюі

The article provides information about the most dangerous Spanish slimy snails that entered the territory of Kazakhstan. At the beginning of July 2020, we first met the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris) in the Medeu State Regional Natural Park. Slimy snails predominate in the moist areas of the lower slopes of the mountains. They crowd out and replace other native animals. These species are a natural threat to local snails. Therefore, experiments were carried out on an area of 10 m2 to test biological agents against the Spanish snail (Arion vulgaris). According to the results of industrial tests, the biological preparation Bitoxibacillin (Bacillus thuringiensis var.) Showed a biological effect of 7 days — 74.9 and 7 days — 87.4 compared to the untreated control area. The biological product Aktarofit showed high biological effectiveness, providing 100% removal of Spanish mucus on the 1st day after treatment. Today, due to the annual increase in trade with foreign countries, the country has the possibility of spreading various types of pests. Therefore, to prevent these problems, further monitoring is needed to improve control of Spanish snails.

Фитохимический состав растений Thymus Serpyllum L. и исследование антибактериальной активности

The results of phytochemical studies of plants are presented of the genus Thymus Serpyllum L. growing in East Kazakhstan. The quantitative characteristics of macro- and micronutrients are determined. In plants, the maximum calcium content is 654.25 µ g / ml, magnesium 235.34 µ g / ml. From thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), a pure substance of the class of flavonoids, campferid, was isolated. The structure of the compound was proved by spectral (IR, UV, 13C NMR, 1H -, mass spectrometry) analysis methods. The biological activity of phytopreparations and the obtained individual compound was studied. This article presents the results of chemical composition study of the aboveground part of Thymus Serpyllum L. and the number of biologically active substances widely used in folk medicine, distributed in the Eastern territory of Kazakhstan. Thymus Serpyllum L. is a valuable medicinal plant raw material and a source of a number of biologically active substances (flavonoids, phenolycosides, phenolic acids, tannins, essential oils), which is characterized by a wide range of pharmacological activity that can resist inflammation, viruses, anti-rheumatic and other diseases.

Genetic diversity of avian influenza virus strains A/H3N8

The spread of influenza A viruses (IAV) in nature is inextricably linked to migratory movements of wild birds, which is a natural reservoir of avian influenza virus in nature. The paper presents monitoring data on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2018 -2019, during which the IAV/H3N8 circulation was detected among the wild bird population. Changes in the genetic structure of surface genes circulating on the territory of Kazakhstan of five IAV/H3N8 strains were analyzed and their phylogenetic affiliation was determined. The genetic distances of the IAV/H3N8 surface genes identified using the MEGA software version 6.0 show that Kazakhstani strains distance themselves from the Asian and European IAV/H3N8 strains and form a separate branch that differs from the prototype strains. Perhaps these Kazakhstani strains are new variants of IAV/H3N8. Five Kazakhstan HAV / H3N8 strains and strains of the Eurasian genetic branch also demonstrated phylogenetic closeness in the nucleotide sequences of neuraminidase. Moreover, the genetic distance between the Kazakhstani strains of the HAV / H3N8 and the closest Asian strain A / duck / Mongolia / 566/2018 (H3N8) MK978954 was D≥0.015. Kazakhstani strains distance themselves from European strains like A / mallard / Sweden / 141811/2013 (H3N8) KT725427 with a value of D ≥0.027.

ЭТНОКРАНИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ С ДРЕВНЕТЮРКСКИМ ЯЗЫКОМ И ТЕНГРИАНСТВОМ НА ДРЕВНЕЙ ПРЕДКОВОЙ КАЗАХСКОЙ ЗЕМЛЕ

The article is the first time of considering of the general ethnocraniological indicators in the context of the ancient Turkic language and Tengrianism in Kazakhstan. Correlation of data from different scientific areas in reality, each in its own way and taken together, reveal in the broadest aspects the depth and integrity of the ethno-historical sources of the formation and development of the Kazakh people. This long and thorny path of development of the Kazakh people and their ancestors was about forty centuries. At the same time, the formation of the main part of local tribes largely concerned the territory of Kazakhstan under consideration, where the physical appearance, ethno-cultural community and ideological basis of the Kazakh people were continuously formed on the basis of ancient autochthonous inhabi-tants with the participation of alien populations from the more eastern regions of Central Asia.

Bioclimatic assessment of East Kazakhstan in relation to climate change

Bioclimate assessment of East Kazakhstan in relation to climate change In recent years, climate warming has been observed not only globally, but also on the territory of Kazakhstan. In this regard, much attention is paid to the issues of global climate change and the effects of weather phenomena on human life and health. One of the important information is the impact of bioclimatic assessment and weather changes on human life and health. East Kazakhstan is one of the main sources of industrial zones, which has a significant place in our country. Agriculture is well-developed in the region, especially animal husbandry, non-ferrous metallurgy industries and other types of farming, are of great importance in our economy. The main activity which determines the work outdoors is in the winter. And the climate of the region is characterized by hot summers and severe winters with low temperatures and strong winds. In this regard, bioclimatic assessment and analysis of the East Kazakhstan region are among topical issues. This article reviews the bioclimatic assessment of East Kazakhstan and analyzed the dynamics of climate change. The bioclimatic assessment is based on the Canadian Model equivalent temperature index (WCET), which is determined by taking into account the complex effect of temperature and wind on humans. This indicator estimates the warmth of the person at a certain temperature. Initial data were obtained from six meteorological stations of East Kazakhstan. According to the results, the minimum value of the WCET index in the cold season corresponds to the levels — “very cold”, in some years — “the threat of frostbite”. At the same time, in the last decade, due to climate change, the likelihood of minimum WCET was about above 2-3%, it means that cold winters were observed. Information on bioclimatic assessment can be used by public awareness systems, emergency services and when they are going to organize outdoor activities. Keywords: bioclimate, East Kazakhstan, temperature, wind, equivalent temperature.