Territorial Partition Research Articles

Ruling Separately but with the Same Mind: The Partition of Territory as Power-Sharing Projects between the Tenth and the Twelfth Century in Byzantium

This article is a study on projects of jurisdictional division of imperial territory from the tenth to the twelfth century. For that, modern concepts of “power-sharing” and “power settlement” will be adapted for the analysed context. Initially the history of territorial power-sharing in the Roman Empire will be summarised to underline the long tradition upon which the studied projects lay. Then the political strategies behind those projects are also analysed, as well as how sources present them.

Speculative Undergrounds

The fraught tectonic history of Anatolia has given oil in Turkey an absent presence. In this article, I examine how oil’s absent presence produces a series of speculations in Turkish public life regarding oil’s alleged abundance and its obstructed production. In particular, I trace widespread speculations that claim that the Treaty of Lausanne, which founded Turkey in 1923, will expire on its centennial anniversary in July 2023. I argue that speculations about the expiration of Lausanne harken back to both anxieties around territorial partition and neo-imperial desires of expansion in contemporary Turkey. Such speculations are further utilized by the AKP government to reinterpret Turkey’s history and to legitimize expansionist and irredentist politics in the present. In this context the ground—what’s under it and who exerts political claims over it—becomes a productive zone in which multiple ethno-nationalist and imperialist notions of territorial belonging, loss, and desire are played out. I conclude that by recalibrating anthropological analyses around the generative powers of the geological, we can better understand how the indeterminacy of the underground entwines with the political legacies of post-imperial collapse and nation-state formation that emerged in the aftermath of World War I.

Mythologies without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020 by Jerome Slater

Jerome Slater’s book impressively counters Abba Eban’s profoundly false meme that the Arabs “never missed an opportunity to miss an opportunity.” In Israeli parlance, Slater contends that hahefech hu hanachon (“the opposite is the case”). Though exploiting only English-language secondary sources, he uses the rich scholarly literature on the Arab-Israeli conflict to analyze hundreds of discrete episodes, disputes, and polemical claims, showing how regularly and often breathtakingly facts contradict the narrative of official Israel and its advocates. Slater lavishes attention on the blameworthiness of Israeli governments, Henry Kissinger, and a series of weak-willed or politically paralyzed American presidents for the failure of dozens of attempts to make peace based on some version of territorial partition. The dramatic gaps between fact and widespread belief that Slater exposes are particularly well-illustrated by Israeli-Syrian relations. Quoting David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan, Slater compellingly demonstrates that aggressive and systematic Israeli attacks on Syria in the 1950s, not Syrian extremism and shelling of peaceful Israeli farmers, made a peace treaty impossible and set the stage for Israel’s conquest of the Golan Heights in 1967. With brutal repetitiveness, he shows that the failure of American-brokered efforts to secure an Israel-Syria peace was due to the intransigence of Israeli leaders (from Peres to Netanyahu), their concern with marginal domestic issues, and their confidence that Washington would never pressure them on the issue. These factors rendered irrelevant the pragmatism and flexibility of both Hafez and Bashir el-Assad.

Rural–Urban Educational Inequalities and Their Spatial Variations in China

Existing discussions of rural–urban education inequality focus primarily on education investment and/or attainment, with little attention being paid to the opportunities or potential that an area has to achieve better educational outcomes. This study presents a new analytical framework based on Amartya Sen’s capability approach for a better understanding of rural–urban education disparity. In addition, the rural–urban definitions for educational research are clarified and the effects of a wide range of Central Government policies aimed at reducing the rural–urban educational gap are assessed. The results suggest: inadequate investment (e.g., funding and high-quality teaching resources) in rural education in some regions, especially middle and high schools; inappropriate partitioning of the national territory by the Government for policy implementation; and negative effects resulting from the school consolidation policy. The latter will influence the ability of some rural areas to match the educational achievements of their urban counterparts. This research also reveals that the existing rural–urban gap will be unlikely to narrow under the current policy regime. A conventional approach based on investment and outcomes alone in rural–urban disparity research and policy may overlook the important interactions and conversion processes that are important for mitigating rural–urban disparities.

Subversive Humanism in Manto’s Partition Fiction

Ironizing the violence to convey the political message about minority, Saadat Hasan Monto uses humanistic radical irony as a vehicle for political commentary by demystifying the politics of the representation of violence in official texts of both modern India and Pakistan. Partition affected every sector of human affairs badly. So, partition stories depict the irreplaceable loss displacement, dispossession, abduction, rape, painful death and other forms of violence that common people suffered from all three communities: Hindu, Sikh and Muslim. Manto counts the prime position who dealt with reality of the existing violence by showing it at various levels as familial, social, economic, political, religious others. In that course Manto also subverts the limited and biased notion of partition, which took partition of India as only the partition of territory and people. In the light of Hutcheon’s notion of ‘radical use of irony’, I argue that Manto’s use of irony in “Cold Meat” and “Open it” shows the utter cruelty of the people in power and authority at the time of partition violence and humanity shown by the marginalized section of society. His writing encapsulates his empathy for the victims and his belief in the essential goodness of humanity. The humanity that shines through in his writings about the down-trodden people living in the fringes of society, and the victims of partition violence of 1947 are an integral part of his stories.

Connected Memories: The International Politics of Partition, from Poland to India

Abstract This article theorizes connected memory, or in other words how people remember each other's memories, through the connected histories of territorial partition in different contexts. It claims that social memories can travel beyond their original context, pushing beyond efforts to understand supranational “mnemonic communities,” or to understand cosmopolitan memory as a thin memory community encompassing all humanity. It builds on the idea of “connected histories,” arguing that existing approaches to social memory in world politics either neglect connections across national and regional boundaries or scale up the national model to the global level. The article uses the history of territorial partitions as an illustration of three types of connected memory: sympathetic, vicarious, and modular. Partition has often been studied in comparative or aggregative ways, ruling out the possibility that partitions affect each other. But from the partitions of Poland to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, to Ireland, Palestine, and India, partitions have often been events remembered beyond the national context and in the plural. Such memories have, in turn, altered the imaginable possibilities of the future, for example, by providing precedents for or warnings about future partitions.

Community mobility in the European regions during COVID-19 pandemic: A partitioning around medoids with noise cluster based on space–time autoregressive models

In this paper we propose a robust fuzzy clustering model, the STAR-based Fuzzy C-Medoids Clustering model with Noise Cluster, to define territorial partitions of the European regions (NUTS2) according to the workplaces mobility trends for places of work provided by Google with reference to the whole COVID-19 pandemic period. The clustering model takes into account both temporal and spatial information by means of the autoregressive temporal and spatial coefficients of the STAR model. The proposed clustering model through the noise cluster is capable of neutralizing the negative effects of noisy data. The main empirical results regard the expected direct relationship between the Community mobility trend and the lockdown periods, and a clear spatial interaction effect among neighboring regions.

Histories of Indian Citizenship in the Age of Decolonisation

AbstractThis essay discusses the important contributions of three new works on Indian citizenship by Ornit Shani, Uditi Sen, and Oliver Godsmark. Their books discuss the territorial partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947, the framing and inauguration of the Indian Constitution in 1950, the preparation of voter rolls and the first democratic elections, and linguistic reorganisation of Indian states in 1956, alongside questions of refugee rehabilitation, counterinsurgency measures and rising ethnonationalisms. The emphasis is not only on the legal regimes of national citizenship, but also how it is unevenly mapped and experienced. This emphasis on territoriality is an invitation to ask questions about continuity and change in the transition from empires to nation-states, as well as invented pasts and imagined futures that transcend national borders set up after the end of colonial rule.

Behavioral responses to numerical differences when two invasive ants meet: the case of Lasius neglectus and Linepithema humile

Two of the world’s most invasive ants, Linepithema humile and Lasius neglectus, are destined to overlap in range as they continue to spread throughout Europe. Although L. humile arrived first, and is therefore more numerically abundant, L. neglectus is the more behaviorally dominant of the two. We performed lab trials to determine whether L. humile could use numerical abundance to overcome the behavioral dominance of L. neglectus and whether the ants’ behavioral patterns shifted when the species co-occurred. We found that L. neglectus was more aggressive when less abundant, whereas the opposite was true of L. humile. When L. neglectus was outnumbered, it employed aggressive behaviors, such as biting or chemical attacks, more frequently than L. humile; it also utilized a behavioral sequence that included mandible opening and biting. Our results for these species support the hypothesis that species modulate their behavior towards competitors, which facilitates the understanding of how multiple invasive ant species can co-occur in a given area. Moreover, our study shows that the co-occurrence of invasive species could result from the use of two strategies: (1) the Bourgeois strategy, in which aggressiveness changes based on numerical dominance and (2) the dear-enemy strategy, in which aggressiveness is reduced when competitors co-occur. Since these strategies may lead to territory partitioning, we suggest that the behavioral flexibility displayed by both species when they overlap may allow local co-occurrence and increase their likelihood of co-occurrence during their range expansion in Europe, which could have a negative cumulative impact on invaded areas.

Optimal regulatory choices in the organization of solid waste management systems: Empirical evidence and policy implications

The paper deals with the definition of the territorial partitions within which a specific sub-service of the waste cycle should be entrusted to a monopolistic provider—service-specific optimal territorial areas (SOTAs). In fact, the Italian legislation requires SOTAs to be of an appropriate size (presumed to be at least as large as a province) to ensure the maximum attainable efficiency level, but it gives no guidance on how to empirically identify the optimal size. A range of possible sizes of SOTAs for urban waste collection services is tested in the paper through a multi-stage DEA-based procedure aimed at assessing the impact of regulatory choices on the efficiency of a regulated service. The procedure is applied to data relative to the set of Italian municipalities with a population of over 20,000 residents for the years 2013, 2015 and 2017. A key finding is that, in the case of waste collection services, areas with a population under 57,000 provide the best solution for the size of SOTA. This suggests a possible change in the Italian approach to the regulation of waste services. According to the conclusions obtained, efficiency could be increased by limiting the size of SOTAs (even subdividing the bigger municipalities into more SOTAs) and promoting, instead, the growth of service providers in order to fully exploit technical economies of scale. The system would have big service providers competing for the awarding of services in a high number of small SOTAs, so intensifying the positive effects of competition for the market.

Multiple borders of Nagorno-Karabakh

Though the agreement on ceasefire between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops in Nagorno-Karabakh was concluded more than 25 years ago, there is no progress in the negotiations between the sides. The conflict is intrinsically related to the partition of territory between the areas de facto controlled by the non-recognized Republic of NagornoKarabakh, boundaries of which do not match the administrative borders of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in the Soviet period, and Azerbaijan. This paper considers the geopolitical situation of Nagorno-Karabakh through the lenses of its cross-border interactions and bordering. This notion widely used in contemporary border studies means not only border delimitation and management, but also the constant process of change in their functions, regime, and social importance. Such change can result, for instance, from the transformation of political strategies, shifts on the international arena and bilateral relations, currency exchange rates and global market prices, as well as in the course of the everyday practice and interactions. The authors analyzed first the existing pattern of borders in the context of security. Then they characterized de-bordering and interactions between Nagorno-Karabakh and its patron state, Armenia, describing the adaptation of the Karabakhi population and economy to the lack of international recognition. The demarcation line with Azerbaijan remains one of the rare cases of a completely closed border. One of the main and potentially long-term obstacles in finding a solution is the cultivation of the «image of the enemy» on both sides of this border.

The Arctic and the Northeast Passage in History, Fiction, Culture and Political Science

The article traces the thousand-year history of the development and settlement of the Arctic, noted the most important research and expedition. Territorial disputes and attempts to redraw Arctic borders begin to intensify with the onset of the 20th Century. The issue of the territorial partition of the Arctic in the late 20th and the early 21st century is particularly acute, as the possession of Arctic territories gives control over the Northeast Passage and a superior right to extract minerals, a large the number of which is concentrated in the Arctic shelf. Besides, it is here that almost half of the world’s fish products are produced. The article also examines the understanding of the Arctic as an ancestral Russian territory in Russian literature, which in many ways forms mass consciousness.

Zastosowanie metody minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (najkrótszego dendrytu) w ocenie efektywności i spójności sieci osadniczej województwa mazowieckiego = Application of the minimum spanning tree method in assessing the effectiveness and cohesion of the settlement network of Mazowieckie voivodeship

Contemporary settlement systems observed in Poland bear numerous traces of historical transformations of rural settlements which took place in the 19th century, at the time of foreign partitioning of Polish territory, in different ways in particular regions. The result of processes occurring from the second half of the 20th century is the extensive development of urban areas, and – after 1990 – chaotic, spontaneous processes of transformation in suburban zones. Research methods using graph theory have been applied for years in investigating settlement networks on various scales. One of the more useful graphs is the minimum spanning tree (MST), which connects all vertices in such a way that the sum of the distances between them is the shortest. This article presents the application of the minimum spanning tree (or shortest dendrite) method with a view to its suitability for determining the degree of dispersion and spatial cohesion of urbanised structures being assessed. Two indicators have been proposed thanks to alignment of the shortest dendrite length to other variables. The settlement network effectiveness indicator is the ratio of MST length to the population in an area. The settlement network cohesion indicator is in turn the ratio of the MST length to population density. Mazowieckie voivodeship has been chosen as the research area, while address points obtained from the central official database collecting data from municipal records have been chosen as the source dataset. Over 1 million address points were considered, in line with their status as at the end of 2016. Minimum spanning trees were plotted for each of the 314 gminas (local-authority areas) aking up the voivodeship, using ArcGIS software. Subsequently, the proposed indicators were calculated by reference to the MSTs. The results were then mapped. The proposed indicators may be helpful in studies on the origin of settlements, allowing areas with varying degrees of uniformity or isolation of building locations to be indicated. They can be made use of in comparative studies, especially concerning rural settlements, in which single-family housing predominates, and hamlets and uildings standing in isolation are present. The effectiveness indicator can be used in the assessment of infrastructural coverage, i.a. in the ontext of the costs of spatial chaos and demographic capacity.

РОССИЮ "РАЗРЕЖУТ" ПО-НОВОМУ

<p align="justify">Утвержденная в мае 2017 г. Концепция пространственного развития Российской Федерации до 2025 года предполагает разделение России (пока не административное, но функциональное) на макрорегионы, для которых будут выделены отдельные направления экономического развития и отраслевой специализации, определяющие их стратегическое место в российском и мировом распределении труда. В статье рассмотрен один из предложенных подходов к выделению макрорегионов - на основе социально-экономических критериев, приводятся экспертные мнения участников Красноярского экономического форума-2018 о проекте Стратегии пространственного развития. </font>

Territorial partitions, the production of mining territory and the building of a post-neoliberal and plurinational state in Ecuador

The Ecuadorian government currently advances large-scale mining as an economic activity to alleviate poverty and ultimately achieve a post-neoliberal agenda in the country. Three large-scale mining projects are planned in the Cordillera del Condor, a region of the Amazon basin, where local people have developed particular ways of living in close relation to their land. This paper claims that current mining projects create territorial partitions that transform socio-spatial relations in five inter-related ways: institutional hierarchies, governance frameworks, social imaginaries, politico-cultural identities and productive transformations. It is argued that territorial partitions aim to develop a particular state narrative in the Cordillera del Condor, the one of a mining territory. This narrative in turn, regroups territories into a unity that imposes state dominance over new meanings of territory. Ultimately, this paper challenges the state's rationality of using mining as a strategic activity for a post-neoliberal agenda while limiting Ecuador's ability to transition towards a plurinational state.

Predictive SIRT dosimetry based on a territorial model

BackgroundIn the planning of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for liver cancer treatment, one major aspect is to determine the prescribed activity and to estimate the resulting absorbed dose inside normal liver and tumor tissue. An optimized partition model for SIRT dosimetry based on arterial liver territories is proposed. This model is dedicated to characterize the variability of dose within the whole liver. For an arbitrary partition, the generalized absorbed dose is derived from the classical partition model. This enables to consider normal liver partitions for each arterial perfusion supply area and one partition for each tumor for activity and dose calculation. The proposed method excludes a margin of 11 mm emitting range around tumor volumes from normal liver to investigate the impact on activity calculation. Activity and dose calculation was performed for five patients using the body-surface-area (BSA) method, the classical and territorial partition model.ResultsThe territorial model reaches smaller normal liver doses and significant higher tumor doses compared to the classical partition model. The exclusion of a small region around tumors has a significant impact on mean liver dose. Determined tumor activities for the proposed method are higher in all patients when limited by normal liver dose. Activity calculation based on BSA achieves in all cases the lowest amount.ConclusionsThe territorial model provides a more local and patient-individual dose distribution in normal liver taking into account arterial supply areas. This proposed arterial liver territory-based partition model may be used for SPECT-independent activity calculation and dose prediction under the condition of an artery-based simulation for particle distribution.

The feudal partitions of Mallorca and their immediate consequences (1230-1245)

The feudal conquest of Mallorca was a technically complex and economically costly undertaking. It was the outcome of joint actions among the monarchy, the nobility and the Catalan bourgeoisie and knights and infantrymen from Aragon and other regions in the western Mediterranean. Once the island had been conquered, the participants received a part of the spoils and properties directly proportional to their contribution to the forces, which resulted in three territorial partitions. Almost all the major participants divided the lands they had received in allodium between knights and peasants in fief and in emphyteusis, respectively. The Catalans were predominant among of the first settlers of Mallorca.

Neither Two States nor One: The Palestine Question in the Age of Trump

In the opening weeks of his administration, President Donald Trump overturned a longstanding U.S. commitment to territorial partition and a two-state model for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu seized the opportunity to demand “overriding security control over the entire area west of the Jordan River” while exploring regional approaches that bypass the Palestinians. At the same time, a host of Israeli politicians are reviving older models such as limited autonomy without political sovereignty and partial territorial annexation, or advocating for other forms of separation with Israel’s continued control. The resulting middle ground—neither two states nor one—poses a great risk to Palestinian self-determination. By situating recent developments in a broader historical context going back to the autonomy plan of Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, this essay provides an overview of a shifting political discourse and examines the consequences for the fate of the Palestinians today.

Los periódicos como fuentes para conocer los intentos de división de La Matanza desde una perspectiva histórica

The present work will deal with all the attempts that through time and with different success, have been sought to reduce the geographical space occupied by La Matanza, which is today the most populated county in Buenos Aires.  Centuries ago it was an extensive area located between the homonymous River and the Shells River, current Reconquista River. Existing files have been consulted in the Province of Buenos Aires Historical Archive , where the petition of the neighbors in that sense is read, but above all it has been used the local newspapers that have been recording the avatars around  various attempts to split this territory throughout its history.  In addition to being able to observe in these testimonies the protagonists and promoters of these attempts and the reasons that are adduced to generate the territorial partition, generally, a political intentionality is noticed that is made clear by the commentaries of the different journalists that have addressed the issue. La Matanza has suffered many territorial losses and resisted other attacks in the same way and this is a journey along that long road, materialized from the testimonies found that preserve that memory and speak for us, as the “Annales” professors would say.

The Scale of Global Modernisms: Imperial, National, Regional, Local

One of the Principal Challenges Facing the Study of Global Modernisms, as of Any Transnational Cultural Phenomenon, is the question of scale. In declaring the contemporary world to be “one, andunequal,” several recent theorizations of world literature rest on the foundational assumption of a unified—albeit uneven—planetary scale (Moretti, “Conjectures” 56; see also Casanova 62-74; WREC 6-12). As such they model the dynamic of literary circulation across world regions according to the geographic distances, as well as the disproportionate access to socioeconomic and cultural resources, that separate and distinguish the world's centers from their peripheries. These distances, and the inequalities they generate, are perceived as the necessary by-products of two spatial logics, that of the expanding world market and that of the modern Westphalian system of sovereign and competing nation-states. To posit the modern world as a singular system has the undoubted merit of acknowledging the structural connectedness of its operative inequalities, arising from the territorial partition of the globe by the imperial powers during the final decades of the nineteenth century and from its simultaneous unification in the wake of accelerating trade and new infrastructures of transport and communication. Nevertheless, the premise of a singular modernity (Jameson 142) has been repeatedly challenged (Chakrabarty 6-16; Mitchell; Scott 113-15; Orsini). It has been faulted for its developmentalist logic, involving an implied or explicit adherence to the related assumptions of linear or stadial historicism and spatial diffusionism, which together reduce the negotiated impact of modernity on the world's far-flung regions to a process of top-down modernization originating in and imposed by the West. The force of this critique is blunted once the world system (Wallerstein; Hopkins et al.) is grasped as a profoundly uneven totality, allowing us to view the multiply differentiated space-times that coexist in the global present as produced by the imbalances constituting the world system as such (in literary scholarship, see Anderson, “Modernity”; Moretti,Modern Epic50-52; Wollaeger 13-14; Lazarus 232-41, WREC 1-95; for corresponding debates in historiography and the social sciences, see Harootunian 62-63; Cooper 113-49; Chibber).