Territorial Negotiations Research Articles

헝가리의 실지회복(영토수정주의)에 대한 독일의 입장과 중재: 1920-1941

During World War II, Germany understood in Hungary's territorial revisionism. The decisive reason why Germany supported Hungary in territorial negotiations between Hungary and Romania was that Hitler wanted stability in the Balkans in order to lead World War II to victory. This is because Germany absolutely needed a stable supply of oil produced in Romania's oil fields. Germany was aware of the situation in which Hungary was ready to go to war with Romania if Hungary's claim to the Transylvanian territorial issue was not accepted, so it subdued Romania and interceded for Romania to comply with Hungary's demands. Of course, the territorial recovery supported by Germany resulted in Hungary being subordinated to Germany's wartime policy, and as Germany was defeated in World War II, Hungary faced the fate of standing in the position of a defeated country along with Germany.

A Dissertation in Preparation – Structure, Methodology, Approach and Content. The Peace Treaty of Szőny (1627) and Its Subsequent Territorial Negotiations (1628–1629) in Light of Péter Koháry’s Correspondence

"The goal of this paper is to provide an outline of the author’s dissertation in progress in terms of its structure, methodology, approach, and content. This article aims to present the author’s work on this topic so far, so it focuses on the Peace Treaty of Szőny with an emphasis on its subsequent territorial negotiations in light of Péter Koháry’s correspondence. The paper also contains an overview of Habsburg–Ottoman peace treaties, besides a summary of the afore-mentioned peace process. In this article, one can find a survey of the already collected sources (both published and unpublished). The data from these sources was entered into a database which allowed for the quantitative analysis of these exchanges of letters. The aim of the second part is to present a guide for the documents in Hungarian supplemented with examples. The examples are designed to demonstrate how the sources could be published in accordance with the rules of the guide. Keywords: Péter Koháry; Peace Treaty of Szőny (1627); territorial negotiations at Szécsény and Buda (1628–1629); Habsburg–Ottoman diplomatic affairs; quantitative analysis of a collection of an exchange of letters; guideline for publishing sources in Hungarian"

Analyzing entangled territorialities and Indigenous use of maps: Atikamekw Nehirowisiwok (Quebec, Canada) dynamics of territorial negotiations, frictions, and creativity

This paper highlights the relevance of analyzing entangled territorialities and Indigenous use of maps in order to better understand what Lévy describes in terms of “spatial capital”—the socio‐economic dynamics and power relationships maintained and negotiated between the stakeholders interacting within the Indigenous forestland. More specifically, it discusses the entanglement dynamics of land tenures coexisting today within Nitaskinan, the ancestral territory claimed by the Atikamekw Nehirowisiwok. Within Nitaskinan, members of the First Nation negotiate the continuity of their practices, occupation, and use of ancestral hunting territories with state institutions, logging companies, and non‐Indigenous members of civil society who have interests in the land resources. All these stakeholders implement different territorial regimes that interact and sometimes conflict. Based on concrete ethnographic examples, the analysis presented here focuses on the compromises, frictions, resistance, and creativity that are part of territorial coexistence between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous people.

아베시대 일·러 영토교섭 -1956년 일소공동선언을 중심으로-

On September 2018 at the Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok, Russia President Vladimir Putin proposed to sign a peace treaty with Japan “no preconditions by the end of the year.” Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appreciated Putin’s remarks as an indication of his willingness to conclude a peace treaty. Finally, at the November 2018 summit meeting between Japan and Russia, Abe agreed to accelerate negotiations on the conclusion of a peace treaty based on the Japanese-Soviet Joint Declaration in 1956. This means changing the negotiation policy by returning two islands. As a result, the territorial disputes between the two countries seemed to move realistically.BR However, despite the positive resumption of negotiations between Japan and Russia, the two countries have confirmed only the differences in their positions over the two islands. Russia argues that the return of the two islands is not detailed in the 1956 Japanese-Soviet Joint Declaration, and that it is necessary to discuss how to lead the two islands. In particular, the issue of sovereignty is considered as a subject of discussion, but Japan sees that sovereignty will be restored by two islands.BR In addition, after returning under the Japan-US Security Treaty, Russia warned that US military bases were set up on these islands, and held the position that it would be difficult to hand over the sovereignty of the two islands to Japan. In this way, in the process of territorial negotiations between Japan and Russia, negotiations on the conclusion of the peace treaty have not made any progress since November 2018 due to differences in views on historical perceptions and security issues between the two countries. In addition, public opinion showing a strong position on the two islands lead also has a negative impact.BR Eventually, Prime Minister Abe set the initial goal related to the conclusion of the Japan-Russia peace treaty by the Osaka G20 Summit in June 2019, and led the general agreement at this meeting, but the goal was not achieved. Abe’s the strategy of drawing out a certain degree of concession to return two islands from Russia should be reviewed.BR This paper will discuss several things. First, this paper will analyze the position of the two countries that decided to accelerate negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty based on a joint declaration between the two countries in November 2018. Second, this paper will examine the differences between the two countries in relation to the territorial issue showing the negotiation process through the remarks of government officials. Third, this paper will try to find out why the peace treaty negotiations are delayed and how the territorial negotiations issue should be solved.

Walking in on people in parks: Demonstrating the orderliness of interactional discomfort in urban territorial negotiations

This article makes the case for the situated orderliness of social discomfort as a cultural resource for social actors in mundane public interaction. It does this by describing instances in which Urban Park Rangers ‘walk in on’ incumbent interlopers partaking in expectedly private activities in public park space. While social discomfort is often conceptualised as internal, personal, and ‘belonging’ to individuals, in attending to its orderly features in interaction, it is produced and realised as a public phenomenon available to be seen, managed, navigated, and contested in an orderly (and ordinary) way. The balance of discomfort in interaction becomes a situated resource for the management of urban territories, and the ability to ‘walk in on’ people in public park space speaks to the interactional accomplishment of privacy in such spaces. The unequal right to public space is shown to be contingent on categorisations of people and practice, complicated by the seeing of incongruity and the use of subtle interactional tactics to realise the balance of territorial power in situ. Territory is seen to be made and remade, and discursively ‘won’ and ‘lost’ in these brief encounters.

Destruction of a conspecific nest by a female Superb Lyrebird: evidence for reproductive suppression in a bird with female-only parental care

Abstract Reproductive suppression, whereby individuals decrease the reproductive output of conspecific rivals, is well-studied in mammals, but while it is suspected to be widespread in birds, evidence of this phenomenon remains rare in this class. Here we provide compelling evidence of reproductive suppression in the Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandie), with the first audio-visual documentation of the destruction of one female’s nest by another. We propose that nest destruction may be a strategy that females use in protracted territorial negotiations spanning multiple breeding seasons, and discuss how reproductive suppression could explain puzzling nesting behaviours in this species, such as the construction of multiple unfinished nests in each breeding season. More broadly, these results reveal high intra-sexual competition among female lyrebirds, and thus may provide an explanation for their elaborate vocal displays.

The pragmatic dragon: China's grand strategy and boundary settlements

China shares borders and asserts vast maritime claims with over a dozen countries, and it has had boundary disputes with nearly all of them. Yet in the 1960s, while China was embroiled in a growing confrontation with the Soviet Union, India and the United States, Beijing moved to peacefully settle ongoing boundary disputes with its neighbours. In this wide-ranging study of China's boundary disputes and settlements, Eric Hyer finds the PRC's territorial negotiations were pragmatic and strategic, with China demonstrating willingness to compromise. The Pragmatic Dragon analyses each dispute and the strategy behind it, providing important insights into the foreign policy of a nation whose presence on the world stage continues to grow.

Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic by David Head

Reviewed by: Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republicby David Head Mariana L. R. Dantas Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. By David Head. Early American Places. (Athens, Ga., and London: University of Georgia Press, 2015. Pp. xviii, 201. Paper, $24.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-4864-3; cloth, $64.95, ISBN 978-0-8203-4400-3.) Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republicreveals the fascinating commercial, ideological, [End Page 917]political, and personal links between various North American, Caribbean, South American, and European historical actors along the waters and ports of the nineteenth-century Atlantic world. Working with nearly 350 federal court cases—as well as shipping news, diplomatic correspondence, and other sources—David Head skillfully weaves together the adventures and misadventures of these seamen, merchants, investors, and statesmen to uncover the complex geopolitical backdrop against which U.S. privateering for the Spanish Americas occurred. Head is mostly concerned with explaining how privateering worked, how the United States government responded to it, and what broader historical context facilitated or discouraged privateering. His answers to these questions emerge from the stories of men like James Chaytor, a Baltimore-based brig captain who renounced his American citizenship and was naturalized in Buenos Aires in order to legally accept a commission to attack Spanish vessels and capture Spanish goods. In the process of serving the greater goal of Spanish American independence, Chaytor also hoped to recover the investment he had made in the commodities he had taken to but failed to sell in Buenos Aires. Head introduces us as well to brothers Pierre and Jean Laffite, French nationals who ran an impressive smuggling scheme in Louisiana, in and around New Orleans. Mediating transactions between privateers eager to sell captured prizes and merchant-buyers eager to profit from the local trade in smuggled goods and slaves, the Laffites built an influential clientele who protected them from legal prosecution and ensured the longevity of their activities. We also learn about Thomas Taylor, a Delaware native turned citizen of Buenos Aires, who recruited privateers in Baltimore to cross the Atlantic and attack Spanish vessels on behalf of his adopted government. Along with other like-minded agents, he mobilized some wealthy and prominent Baltimore investors who helped make privateering for Spanish America an everyday business in that city. Finally, we meet men like Louis-Michel Aury, a French privateer, and Gregor MacGregor, a Scotsman who had served in the Venezuelan army. Both Aury and MacGregor ambitiously attempted to create independently governed havens for privateers in Galveston and on Amelia Island, respectively, vesting themselves with the political authority to issue their own privateering commissions. Through these individual stories, Head teases out the historical context that made privateering attractive and somewhat tolerated: the wars of independence in the Spanish American colonies; U.S. commitment to neutrality during territorial negotiations with Spain after the Louisiana Purchase; and the United States’ cautious sympathy for Spanish American independence at a time when some American citizens expressed enthusiastic support for it. Privateers of the Americasoffers a rich account of how the imperial and national struggle for sovereignty and territorial control intersected with individual pursuits of glory, wealth, and freedom of action to shape the early-nineteenth-century Atlantic world. Moreover, Head effectively challenges a scholarship that has interpreted American diplomatic and political history of the early nineteenth century as the onset of the age of manifest destiny. Instead, he situates events of this period firmly within an Atlantic world context, demonstrating that the comings and goings of the men who transited the Atlantic space during the early republic—and not plans of westward [End Page 918]expansion—were foremost in the minds of American statesmen negotiating U.S. international relationships. Head, therefore, reminds us that the Atlantic world, as a framework through which to interpret human action and political developments in the past, can be as relevant to writing the history of the young nations of the Americas as it has proved to be to the scholarship on early modern European empires. Mariana L...

Undesired Outcomes: China's Approach to Border Disputes during the Early Cold War

This article will explore the evolution of China's border policy through the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on newly available archival sources and recent secondary literature, it will argue that during the early Cold War, the PRC leadership lacked a clear sense of the concept of national sovereignty, and often attempted to use territorial negotiations with China's neighbours to bargain for broader foreign policy objectives. The article will also examine the historical and political assumptions underlying Mao Zedong's approach to border questions, suggesting that Mao combined longstanding imperial assumptions about universal emperorship with the modern, Marxist idea of a world revolution.

Abu Dhabi-Saudi Territorial Negotiations (1970-71): And the End of Britain’s Dominance in the Gulf

The subject matter of this paper is the examination of the UAE-Saudi territorial negotiations from 1970-1971. This study discusses Britain’s mediation role in the Abu Dhabi-Saudi negotiations. Of particular note is Britain’s role, which focused on managing the dispute instead of settling the Abu Dhabi-Saudi border disputes. This serves as an example of Britain’s wish to avoid damaging its economic interests and political relations with either the UAE or Saudi Arabia. In line with this, the paper will examine King Faisal’s proposal of 1970, Shaikh Zayid’s position towards it and Saudi Arabia’s and Abu Dhabi’s negotiation strategies and tactics in settling the disputed areas. The paper offers a full explication of the major factors that hindered the dispute’s resolution before Britain officially withdrew from the Gulf.

PHP86 - Impact Of The Pan Canadian Pricing Alliance On Time To Listing In Canada

In addition to Canadian Drug Review (CDR), an independent, province-driven mechanism is now in place known as Pan Canadian Pricing Alliance (pCPA). The purpose of this virtual committee is to conduct joint provincial / territorial negotiations for brand name drug products when appropriate. Since this initiative was announced by Premiers in August 2010, the implication of this initiative has yet to be measured. This paper quantifies the impact of pCPA by comparing the ‘days to listing’ and longitudinally assessing data between 2008 and 2013. Using publically accessible CDR data, IMS Brogan applied selection criteria to identify drugs for analysis including: Tracked all drugs post CDR recommendation (made through 2008 – 2012) for a duration of 18 months, and the Used Ontario Public Drug Plan (OPDP), except Quebec, the leading province of listing new products in the Formulary, as a representative to measure time from CDR recommendation to formulary listing. Selection criteria were rigorous to ensure credible results; the resulting sample size was n=103. If a drug was reviewed for multiple indications, it was given an additional weight based of the number of indications. Findings revealed that, although pCPA is an added layer to the public listing in the Canadian health care system, time to listing has continued to decrease. The average time to listing for drugs reviewed in 2012 was185 days, a 33% decrease compared to 2008. Further analysis assessed median and minimum days to listing, which further supported this trend. The recent trends show time to listing of new products on the OPDP Formulary has been decreasing; pCPA does not delay the listing process. Future trends could not be ascertained due to data horizon length.

Russo-Japanese Territorial Dispute from the Border Region Perspective

Due to the territorial dispute created at the end of World War II, Japan and the Soviet Union/Russia have been in opposition and have yet to conclude a peace treaty. The territorial negotiations between Japan and Russia which resumed with the conclusion of the Cold War have continued for more than twenty years. However, there is no resolution in sight. Japan has been demanding the return of the Northern Territories (Southern Kuril Islands, according to their Russian definition), which are under Russian administration. Why is it that Japan and Russia cannot compromise over the issue of the ownership of these small islands? The purpose of this article is to demonstrate where the difficulties are in resolving this problem from a border region perspective. First, the article will trace the origins of, and shifts in, the territorial dispute, and next, examine the standpoints of the indigenous peoples and Japanese who formerly inhabited the Kurile Islands, as well as the Russians who presently reside there. Also, it will investigate the situation in Nemuro, Hokkaido, which practically lies in the Russo- Japanese border region. As the resolution of the territorial dispute is drawn out, a “territorial myth” is established in which both sides, Japanese and Russian, state that the Northern Territories (Southern Kurile Islands) is rightfully their territory, making resolution all the more difficult.

Kıbrıs’ta Gali Plânı’na Göre Toprak Meselesi

In this research, the essentials concerning the territorial negotiations in Cyprus have been addressed according to the Ghali Plan. Based on this, the main purpose of this research is to display the technical dimension of the above-mentioned negotiations, the political approaches of the parties, the economic features, and the possible effects of the negotiations according to the new system wanted to be established in Cyprus. Actually, the works conducted regarding territorial adjustments in Cyprus could be understood by correctly examining the reasons of events and the factors affecting these, because considering the territorial negotiations developed between the sides simply as ‘expansionism’ or ‘territorial fetishism’ is a great mistake. Therefore, making territorial adjustments between the sides draws attention as one of the most important parts of the solution considered. Moreover, the issue of territory stands out as one of the main criteria in the meetings held over Cyprus, because breaking off the connection of the issue with other factors or displaying it as if ‘this is the only issue’ during the adjustments to be made is not a correct approach. If an opposite situation develops, it will not be possible to meet the parties’ legal requirements, expectations and worries. Therefore, in order for both sides to achieve a permanent solution, making mutual and balanced concessions to each other seems as the most realistic approach. Based on this, the research consists of two main sections. The first section deals with the essentials of the territorial negotiations according to the Ghali Plan, while the second and final section examines the negotiations conducted on the territorial adjustments.

Ingérence «locale» dans les négociations frontalières sino-russes : Le cas des cosaques du Primorié

“ Local” interference in Sino-Russian border negotiations : the Case of the Primoria Cossacks. This article addresses the influence of the local communities in Primoria on the territorial negotiations in the Russian Far East. The analysis focuses on the post-Soviet transition period from 1993 to 2001 when the region of Primoria experienced diverse movements that were hostile to the transfer of land to China. Based on an analysis of the press and witness accounts of stakeholders who were directly involved in these mobilisations, the author attempts to determine the nature of the interactions of these mobilised groups with the regional authorities. This examination leads us to consider the central role of the institutional stakeholders in the organisation and management of the Cossack movements at this period, with the aim of legitimising their position in relation to the Federal centre.

Gaming and Territorial Negotiations in Family Life

This article examines territorial negotiations concerning gaming, drawing on video recordings of gaming practices in middle-class families. It explores how private vs public gaming space was co-construed by children and parents in front of the screen as well as through conversations about games. Game equipment was generally located in public places in the homes, which can be understood in terms of parents’ surveillance of their children, on the one hand, and actual parental involvement, on the other. Gaming space emerged in the interplay between game location, technology and practices, which blurred any fixed boundaries between public and private, place and space, as well as traditional age hierarchies.

Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants: The Biography of Harry Stallworthy, RCMP (review)

Reviewed by: Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants: The Biography of Harry Stallworthy, RCMP C.M. Sawchuk Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants: The Biography of Harry Stallworthy, RCMP. William Barr. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2004. Pp. 400, illus., b&w, $34.95 Although the annals of exemplary northern Canadians boast several members of the RCMP – F.J. Fitzgerald, Sam Steele, and J.D. Moodie come to mind – William Barr seeks now to add Harry Stallworthy's name to that list. A professor emeritus of geography at the University of Saskatchewan, Barr has, in his past publications, brought attention to northern explorers who have been undeservedly forgotten. In recent years, he has translated exploration accounts out of the French and German originals. Now a body of English sources forms the basis for this original narrative about Stallworthy's life. Stallworthy is an engaging subject both symbolically and personally. In the early twentieth century the federal government depended upon RCMP constables in the Northern Service to exemplify Canadian sovereignty in far-flung regions. Stallworthy occupied Bache Peninsula, on Ellesmere Island's eastern coast, at a crucial time in Canadian-Norwegian territorial negotiations. Because of the continuous presence of Stallworthy and other officers from 1922 onward, Norway withdrew its claim to those lands in 1930. William Morrison, in his introduction, makes a pertinent historical connection by noting that Canadian sovereignty in the North will be contested once more because of rising global temperatures. [End Page 158] The particulars of Stallworthy's career from 1913 to 1946 not only provide exciting reading, but also demonstrate the range of capabilities of a gifted RCMP officer. Undoubtedly Stallworthy's most important work occurred in the North. From 1930–2 he aided in the search for the German biologist Hans Krüger, who had disappeared west of Bache Peninsula in the spring of 1930. One of Stallworthy's sledge patrols comprised 65 days of winter travel over an estimated 2,250 kilometres – a staggering feat by any standard. Stallworthy also guided the Oxford University Ellesmere Land Expedition through the same territory in 1934–5. The leader of that expedition, Edward Shackleton (son of the famous Ernest), later admitted that 'had it not been for Sergeant Stallworthy, our difficulties would have been so increased that it is probable we should have had very little success' (270). Aside from Ellesmere, Stallworthy enjoyed postings at Dawson, Moncton, Ottawa, Stony Rapids, Fort Smith, and Thorold, among other places. His varied experiences are representative of the challenges that RCMP officers faced in adapting themselves to different regions, and illustrate the widely diverse nation these men served. The book achieves most in emphasizing Stallworthy's complex personality. Barr's access to Stallworthy's correspondence with his brother, Bill, and the diaries of his wife, Hilda, bestows a very human character upon a man who could have been portrayed as superhuman. Throughout, Barr sprinkles evidence of Stallworthy's roguishness – an 'illegal possession of alcohol' citation that dogged his career, attempts to work personal traplines against Force regulations and smuggle the furs south, and a fight with his Ellesmere co-worker that knocked out some of the latter's teeth. Nor does Barr hesitate to describe the physical ailments that plagued Stallworthy his whole life. Such information enhances, not detracts, from the virtues that such a man would be expected to display – his calm yet passionate nature, his affection for the Inughuit of Greenland and their lifestyle, and his love for Hilda despite their long separations. Barr is to be applauded for this well-balanced portrayal. Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants is one of Barr's most accessible books to date: It is a coherent narrative with quotations from primary sources interspersed. The author's smooth and polished prose contrasts with the staccato, jerky rhythm of Stallworthy's, and mutes the latter's voice somewhat. Yet Stallworthy is often quoted at great length, and certainly enough to establish his unique character. When Stallworthy's life intersects with important events, Barr gives adequate background information without detracting from his subject's primacy. This reviewer appreciated most that, when the primary sources failed to provide information, Barr [End Page 159] admitted it candidly. He...