Terpene Resin Research Articles

Influence of the vinyl acetate content and the tackifier nature on the rheological, thermal, and adhesion properties of EVA adhesives

Three ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents (28-40 wt%) were mixed with rosin ester and polyterpene resin tackifiers in a 1 : 1 (weight/weight) ratio. The rheological and thermal properties of the tackifiers were determined and the use of rheological measurements as a precise way to measure the softening point of the tackifiers is proposed. The glass transition temperature of the tackifiers was obtained from the second heating run, after the thermal history of the tackifiers was removed. The addition of the rosin ester to EVA produced a compatible mixture, whereas for the terpene resin a less compatible mixture was obtained. The increase in the VAamount decreased the crystallinity of EVAand both the storage and the loss moduli also decreased, but the peel strength and the immediate adhesion were increased. The immediate adhesion of EVA/tackifier blends was affected by both the compatibility and the rheological properties of the blends. In fact, a relationship between the mechanical storage modulus (Et′) - obtained from DMTA experiments - of the adhesives and the immediate adhesion to thin rubber substrates was obtained. The adhesives containing the T tackifier showed higher moduli than those containing the G tackifier, and therefore higher peel strength values were obtained. An increase in the VA content increased the flexibility of the adhesives and thus a decrease in peel strength was obtained.

Access to new polymeric-hindered amine stabilisers from oligomeric terpene resins

This paper reports on the use of terpene resins as precursors for synthesis of oligomeric stabilisers by photochemical grafting of acrylate monomer with suitable substituents as sterically hindered amine. Poly α and poly β pinenes react with singlet oxygen to produce macromolecular hydroperoxides. Then, the reactivity of 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl acrylate (PMPA) is sufficient to afford grafting by photochemical decomposition of ROOH at λ>300 nm at 35°C. Hence, photo- and thermo-stability of the obtained polymeric hindered amine stabilisers are checked. Finaly, light and thermal stabilising efficiency of grafted terpenic resins are tested for different dienic polymers. From our results, all terpene additives prepared dramatically increase the lifetime (both in photo- and thermal-ageing) of parent polymers and dienic elastomers as polyisoprene and polyoctenamer which are well-known to be highly sensitive to oxidation.

Thermo-oxidation of polyterpenes: influence of the physical state

The thermo-oxidation of terpene resins has been investigated with the aim of systematically comparing their behaviours through photo-ageing. The examination of the chemical evolution of the poly(α-pinene) and poly(β-pinene) upon thermal-ageing shows that the observed processes are similar to those previously described for the photo-oxidation of these dienic polymers. But, in contrast to photo-ageing, the thermo-oxidative kinetics of the two selected polypinenes are quite different. Moreover, our experimental results give evidence that the kinetics of thermo-oxidative degradation drastically depends on the physical properties of the medium. Consequently, the difference between the experimental temperature and the glass transition temperature of the resin is a quite dominant factor when oxidation proceeds in the vicinity of the glass transition.

Direct analysis of oligomeric tackifying resins in rubber compounds by automatic thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Two analytical methods, automatic thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), were applied as direct methods for the analysis of oligomeric tackifying resins in a vulcanized rubber. The ATD-GC/MS method, based on discontinuous volatile extraction, was found to be an effective means for direct analysis of the oligomeric tackifying resins contained in a vulcanized rubber. The oligomeric tackifying resins, such as t-octylphenolformaldehyde (TOPF) resin, rosin-modified terpene resin, and cashew resin, could be directly analyzed in vulcanized rubber by ATD-GC/MS. Much simpler total ion chromatograms were obtained by ATD-GC/MS than by flash pyrolysis with a Curie-point pyrolyzer, permitting much easier interpretation. Ions at m/z 206, 135, and 107 were fingerprints in the characteristic mass spectra obtained by ATD-GC/MS for TOPF resin in the vulcanized rubber. 1H-Indene, styrene, and isolongifolene were observed as their characteristic mass spectra in the pyrolyzate of the rosin-modified terpene resin. From the cashew resin, phenol, 3-methylphenol, and 4-(1,1,3, 3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol were obtained as the characteristic pyrolyzates by discontinuous thermal extraction via ATD-GC/MS. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene/natural terpene resins blends

The influence of two natural terpene resins on the morphology, phase structure and isothermal crystallization process of iPP was investigated by optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that in dependence on temperature, composition and chemical nature of the resin, one, two or three phases can be present. The isothermal spherulite growth rate and overall crystallization rate of the blends are depressed compared to plain iPP. This depression was attributed to the increase of the energies relative to the transport of macromolecules in the melt and to the formation of nuclei of critical size, following the addition of resin. The presence of resin seems to lead to the formation of more regular folding surfaces.

Physical characterization of poly(1-Butene), hydrogenated terpenic resin, and their mixtures

The physical and thermal characterizations of films of poly(1-butene) (PB-1) with an oligomer terpenic-based resin (Clearon P125), glassy at room temperature, were examined by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The Theological behavior of the molten mixtures was also examined. The results indicate that the Clearon P125 and PB-1 results in a one-phase system in the melt.

Blends of isotactic polypropylene and natural terpene resins. I. Phase structure, thermal, and dynamic‐mechanical properties

This article discusses the influence of two natural terpene resins (NTR), poly(α-pinene) (PαP A115) and poly(d-limonene) (PL C115), on morphology, miscibility, thermal, and dynamic-mechanical properties of their blends with isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The NTR have interesting physical and chemical properties, and they are approved for food contact application. From the results of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis it was deduced that both the resins were completely miscible with the amorphous iPP up to the composition investigated here (70/30 wt %). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis instead showed that the 70/30 iPP/PαP A115 blend and 80/20 and 70/30 iPP/PL C115 blends contained very small domains homogeneously distributed into the matrix. It is hypothesized that the domains are likely formed by the terpene-rich phase, and the matrix by the iPP-rich phase (besides the crystallized iPP phase). The iPP-rich phase and the NTR-rich phase would have the glass transition temperatures so close that they cannot be resolved by DSC and DMTA. Finally, for the iPP/PαP A115 system an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) is proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 867–878, 1999

Blends of isotactic polypropylene and natural terpene resins. I. Phase structure, thermal, and dynamic-mechanical properties

This article discusses the influence of two natural terpene resins (NTR), poly(α-pinene) (PαP A115) and poly(d-limonene) (PL C115), on morphology, miscibility, thermal, and dynamic-mechanical properties of their blends with isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The NTR have interesting physical and chemical properties, and they are approved for food contact application. From the results of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis it was deduced that both the resins were completely miscible with the amorphous iPP up to the composition investigated here (70/30 wt %). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis instead showed that the 70/30 iPP/PαP A115 blend and 80/20 and 70/30 iPP/PL C115 blends contained very small domains homogeneously distributed into the matrix. It is hypothesized that the domains are likely formed by the terpene-rich phase, and the matrix by the iPP-rich phase (besides the crystallized iPP phase). The iPP-rich phase and the NTR-rich phase would have the glass transition temperatures so close that they cannot be resolved by DSC and DMTA. Finally, for the iPP/PαP A115 system an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) is proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 867–878, 1999

Thermal depolymerization and pyrolysis of cis-1,4-polyisoprene: preparation of liquid polyisoprene and terpene resin

The difference between controlled thermal depolymerization of natural and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene as well as natural rubber unfilled reclaim and their pyrolysis is detailed in this study. The pyrolysis of 3,4-polyisoprene is also investigated. Controlled thermal depolymerization at 300–380°C produces a liquid polyisoprene having a considerably lower molecular weight in comparison to the starting cis-1,4-polymer and also having a microstructure enriched in trans-1,4- and 3,4-units together with vinlydene units. The known mechanism of depolymerization has been updated based on electronic spectroscopy and FT-IR data which show that the end groups of liquid polyisoprene have dienes, trienes and tetraenes moieties as well as aldehydic groups conjugated with dienes and trienes. The possible low cost source of raw materials and the use of depolymerized liquid rubber is outlined. The pyrolysis of natural and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene produces mainly dipentene ( d l-limonene) with small amounts of isoprene and other products. 3,4-Polyisoprene-rich polymer yields mainly dipentene because of the pyrolysis of its 1,4-units. The residual of pyrolysis consists of 3,4-polyisoprene with these groups not cyclicized to a ladder polymer. The crude dipentene obtained from cis-1,4-polyisoprene pyrolysis can be conveniently converted into a valuable terpene resin usable in adhesive formulations and as thermoplastic rubber tackifier.

Miscibility between natural rubber and tackifiers. I. Phase diagrams of the blends of natural rubber with rosin and terpene resins

Natural rubber (NR) was blended in various ratios with 17 kinds of tackifiers, which were prepared from rosin and terpenes. The blends were heated to various temperatures (20–120°C) in order to investigate their miscibility. The blends were visually observed for transparency or opacity at each temperature and further observed under an optical microscope for any existence of phase-separated structure. Miscibility of the blends is illustrated as phase diagrams in this article. Phase diagrams of all blends investigated in this study were classified into four types: completely miscible, lower critical solution temperature, upper critical solution temperature, and completely immiscible. The miscible range of a blend system tends to become smaller as the molecular weight of a tackifier increases. The data also indicate that the esters of hydrogenated rosin and of disproportionated rosin show comparatively good miscibility with NR whereas polymerized rosin and its esters have poor compatibility with NR in most cases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2191–2197, 1997

Miscibility between natural rubber and tackifiers. I. Phase diagrams of the blends of natural rubber with rosin and terpene resins

Natural rubber (NR) was blended in various ratios with 17 kinds of tackifiers, which were prepared from rosin and terpenes. The blends were heated to various temperatures (20–120°C) in order to investigate their miscibility. The blends were visually observed for transparency or opacity at each temperature and further observed under an optical microscope for any existence of phase-separated structure. Miscibility of the blends is illustrated as phase diagrams in this article. Phase diagrams of all blends investigated in this study were classified into four types: completely miscible, lower critical solution temperature, upper critical solution temperature, and completely immiscible. The miscible range of a blend system tends to become smaller as the molecular weight of a tackifier increases. The data also indicate that the esters of hydrogenated rosin and of disproportionated rosin show comparatively good miscibility with NR whereas polymerized rosin and its esters have poor compatibility with NR in most cases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2191–2197, 1997

Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Properties and Miscibility in Blends of Poly(vinyl ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene) with Hydrogenated Terpene Resin

Abstract The pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) properties of two samples of poly(vinyl ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene) (V-BR) (vinyl content: 47.4 and 60 wt%) blended with hydrogenated terpene resin (CLEARON P125) were measured on blend compositions having CLEARON P125 contents (by weight) of 10%, 30% and 50%. The maximum values of 180° peel adhesion, rolling ball tack and probe tack were observed with a V-BR/CLEARON P125 70/30 blend, whereas the maximum values of holding power were obtained with a 50/50 V-BR/CLEARON P125 blend. In these blends, the miscibility between V-BR and CLEARON P125 was confirmed by means of SEM, DSC and light scattering. The influences of surface tension and dynamic mechanical properties on PSA properties were investigated. The surface tension values were essentially the same in all the V-BR/CLEARON P125 blends. Minimum values of storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ at room temperature in V-BR/CLEARON P125 blends were obtained with a 70/30 blend. Thus, it is believed that in V-BR/CLEARON P125 blends, 180° peel adhesion and tack are related to the dynamic mechanical properties.

Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase behaviour and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties in blends of poly(vinyl ) with hydrogenated terpene resin

Abstract Pressure-sensitive adhesive ( PSA ) properties of blends of poly-vinyl ethylene -co-1,4- butdiene ), V-BR , with hydrogenated terpene resin were examined using blend films prepared at 70 and 140°C. Since the blend has an upper critical solution temperature of ∼133°C, significant differences between PSA properties of miscible and immiscible blends were indicated. These differences were explained in terms of the dynamic mechanical behaviour. Cohesive failure of the adhesive layer was also discussed with reference to the surface tensions of the V-BR and the hydrogenated terpene resin, these parameters being estimated according to the Flory equation of state theory.

UCST phase behavior and the miscibility valley in blends of poly(vinyl ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene) and hydrogenated terpene resin

The phase behavior of blends of hydrogenated terpene resin and polybutadiene with various 1,2-unit contents was investigated by customary cloud point measurements. UCST type phase diagrams were drawn for the seven polybutadienes for which 1,2-unit content was varied. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, χ ij , were determined by fitting the cloud points with binodal curves. By means of the mean field approximation, the locus of the UCSTs was simulated against copolymer composition, using the determined χ ij parameters. The new miscible concave curve, namely the miscibility valley, against copolymer composition at the critical blend composition was found in the present study

Estimation of Critical Surface Tension and Interfacial Interaction of Poly(vinyl ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene)/Terpene Resin Blends by Contact Angle

The contact angles of various organic liquids, such as dispersion liquids, polar liquids and hydrogen bonding liquids, on the films of blends of poly(vinyl ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene) and terpene resin were examined. According to the contact angles, the critical surface tension and interfacial interaction between the blends and the liquids were evaluated by using cosθ versus γL plot, 1+cosθ versus γL−1/2 plot, and ln(1+cosθ) versus ln(γL) plot. It was found that the plots of 1+cosθ versus γL−1/2 and ln(1+cosθ) versus ln(γL) could be applied to miscible blends of rubber with tackifier resin, where γL is the liquid surface tension. As a result of estimation of interfacial interaction, ΦG, between various organic liquids and the blends, ΦG depended on the polarizability of liquids.

Miscibility and pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of poly(vinylethylene- co-1,4-butadiene)/terpene resin blends

The pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of miscible blends of poly(vinylethylene- co-1,4-butadiene) (V-BR) with terpene resins were investigated on varying both the random copolymer composition (vinyl content) and the blend composition. The V-BR with 47.4 wt% vinyl content was found to be a remarkable rubber for use as a base polymer for a blend adhesive. In V-BR(47.4)/terpene resin blends, excellent pressure-sensitive adhesive properties were revealed for 50 50 blends. The good results for the adhesive properties were interpreted in terms of the dynamic mechanical behaviour of the blends.

Biosynthesis of Resin Terpenes in Leaves and Glandular Hairs ofNewcastelia viscida

Label from 14CO2 and [2-14C]mevalonic acid was incorporated into resin components of Newcastelia viscida. About 25% of the label from [2-14C]MVA was incorporated into resin components after 4 h. Approximately 80% of the label in the resin was in a TLC band coinciding with the major terpenoid components, with 60% associated with the major tricyclic diterpene, a pimaradiene which contributes 15% to the leaf resin dry weight. Experiments with detached trichomes showed about 0·01% incorporation of label from [2-14C]MVA into pimaradiene, with most of the [abel being associated with β-sitosterol. It is proposed that the glandular hairs are the sites of terpene resin synthesis, as well as secretion, in this species.

How to save 19% on your cost of terpene resins (and stop worrying about where your next shipment is coming from)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTHow to save 19% on your cost of terpene resins (and stop worrying about where your next shipment is coming from)Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1971, 49, 52, 1Publication Date (Print):December 20, 1971Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 20 December 1971https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v049n052.p001Copyright © 1971 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (317 KB) SUBJECTS:Hydrocarbons,Organic polymers Get e-Alerts

ANNOUNCING! A cheap imitation of your favorite terpene resin!

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTANNOUNCING! A cheap imitation of your favorite terpene resin!Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1970, 48, 23, 25Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1970Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 1 June 1970https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v048n023.p025Copyright © 1970 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (282 KB) SUBJECTS:Hydrocarbons,Organic polymers Get e-Alerts

The Piccolyte Resins as Microscopic Mounting Media

A new series of synthetic resins, the “Piccolytes” (β-pinene polymers), is recommended for permanent mounting media in histological work. These resins, which are available with various melting points, are of correct refractive indices, very low acid numbers, are pale, non-yellowing, have good adhesion to glass, and are freely soluble in xylene. Of a considerable variety of newer synthetic resins which were tried (stimulated by the recent scarcity of Canada balsam), only these terpene resins were found entirely satisfactory. Being of controlled manufacture, they are uniform in characteristics as well as readily available and very cheap.A partial review of the literature of synthetic resin mountants is included.