Ternary Materials Research Articles

PP/wollastonite/bamboo flour ternary composite materials with improved thermal and mechanical properties

PP/wollastonite/bamboo flour ternary composite materials with improved thermal and mechanical properties

Barium-nickel-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanocomposite for enhanced detection of 4-nitrophenol

The release of harmful organic pollutants, including nitrophenols, from industrial waste poses significant environmental and health hazardous. This study describes the design, development and characterization of a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the detection of 4-nitrophenol. The sensor’s working electrode is based on a novel ternary composite material consisting of barium, nickel, and aluminum, which was comprehensively characterized using a multi-technique approach, including electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrochemical evaluations revealed the sensor’s excellent electrocatalytic performance, with a sensitivity of 0.90 μM/12.64 μM cm−2, a detection limit of 7.81 μM, and a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.39 μM, making it a desirable option for the sensitive and precise detection of 4-nitrophenol. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated high stability, durability, and precision, rendering it a reliable analytical tool for detecting nitroaromatic compounds in environmental matrices. This research provides a novel framework for the development of highly sensitive and accurate sensors for environmental monitoring applications.

Ternary nanostructured materials: Properties and their applications as oxygen reduction catalysts in fuel cells

Ternary nanostructured materials: Properties and their applications as oxygen reduction catalysts in fuel cells

Sustainable recovery of spent ternary cathode materials via wasted asphalt pyrolysis in closed-loop recycling

Sustainable recovery of spent ternary cathode materials via wasted asphalt pyrolysis in closed-loop recycling

A facile and efficient recovery method of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via simultaneous leaching and separation strategy.

A facile and efficient recovery method of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via simultaneous leaching and separation strategy.

Effect of belite-rich cement on the micro/macro properties and sustainability of slag–oyster powder–cement-based ternary materials

Effect of belite-rich cement on the micro/macro properties and sustainability of slag–oyster powder–cement-based ternary materials

The theory guides the doping of rare earth elements in the bulk phase of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 to reach the theoretical limit of energy density

The theory guides the doping of rare earth elements in the bulk phase of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 to reach the theoretical limit of energy density

Ternary micro-electrolysis filter media for efficient PFOA removal in water: synthesis, characterization, and performance study.

This study reports the preparation of granular ternary micro-electrolysis materials and their effectiveness in removing the emerging contaminant PFOA. Al/nZVI/C@F granules were synthesized using a liquid-phase reduction method combined with high-temperature calcination. By comparing the removal of methylene blue dye by granules, the optimum preparation conditions were determined as follows: Fe:C = 5:1, fly ash = 50%, calcination temperature = 800 °C, and holding time = 1 h. Static batch experiments revealed that under optimal conditions (PFOA concentration = 25 mg/L, solid-liquid ratio = 30 g/L, pH = 3, reaction temperature = 15 °C), Al/nZVI/C@F achieved a PFOA removal rate of 97.83%. The removal efficiency of Al/nZVI/C@F (93.90%) was significantly higher than that of commercial iron-carbon (12.75%). After 45 days of dynamic column experiments, the removal efficiency of nZVI/C@F and Al/nZVI/C@F for PFOA (50 mg/L) remained above 60%, demonstrating strong practical application potential. Further adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that nZVI/C@F and Al/nZVI/C@F primarily removed 50 mg/L PFOA through adsorption. For a lower PFOA concentration of 0.5 mg/L, the defluorination rates were 53.2% for nZVI/C@F and 68.9% for Al/nZVI/C@F. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the intermediates formed during PFOA removal, leading to a proposed degradation pathway.

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Steel Slag–Slag–Desulfurization Gypsum Ternary Solid Waste Cementitious Material Based on Principal Component Analysis

Leveraging industrial solid waste for the production of cementitious materials holds the potential to curtail the consumption of traditional cement. Orthogonal tests were conducted to investigate the effects of five factors, namely, steel slag–slag mass ratio, desulfurization gypsum content, water glass modulus, alkali content, and water–binder ratio, on the working performance, mechanical properties, and durability of alkali-activated ternary solid waste cementitious materials. Grey correlation degree (GCD) analysis was employed to investigate the impact of different factors on performance, while the micro-reaction mechanism was elucidated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to conduct dimensionality reduction on the fluidity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and 28-day drying shrinkage of the cementitious materials for assessing the comprehensive performance of the ternary solid waste cementitious material. The highest score was achieved with a steel slag mass ratio of 1:2, a desulfurization gypsum content of 10%, a water glass modulus of 1.0, an alkali content of 3%, and a water–binder ratio of 0.4 due to the excellent properties of the resulting materials, which made them suitable for a wide range of engineering applications. A comprehensive performance evaluation model of ternary solid waste cementitious materials was developed via the principal component regression (PCR) method. Ettringite and CaSO4·2H2O generated after adding desulfurization gypsum can significantly improve the specimens’ early strength, with the desulfurization gypsum content being the key influencing factor. The dry shrinkage of this ternary solid waste cementitious material was affected by various factors and showed no significant correlation with the mass loss rate.

Regulating Na/Mn Antisite Defects and Reactivating Anomalous Jahn-Teller Behavior for Na4Fe1.5Mn1.5(PO4)2(P2O7) Cathode Material with Superior Performance.

Na4Fe3-xMnx(PO4)2(P2O7) is considered a promising candidate for commercial-scale applications due to its significantly improved energy density compared to Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7). However, challenges such as intractable impurities, voltage hysteresis/decay, and sluggish Na+ kinetics hinder their practical application. In this study, failure mechanisms of Na4Fe1.5Mn1.5(PO4)2(P2O7) are intensively investigated and demystified. It is found that the issues of this material are mainly caused by surface element segregation, Na/Mn antisite defects, and the closure of Na+ channels. To address these problems, a nonhomogeneous Mg doping engineering strategy is proposed, which effectively eliminates inert impurity phases, decreases the concentration of Na/Mn antisite defects, reactivates the anomalous Jahn-Teller behavior, and inhibits Mn dissolution. The synthesized ternary polyanionic cathode material, Na4Fe1.5Mn1.35Mg0.15(PO4)2(P2O7)@C-N, demonstrates significant improvements, featuring an average operating voltage of approximately 3.5 V, an energy density of 430 Wh kg-1 at 0.2C, and an ultralong cycle life (>12,000 cycles). This work highlights the nonhomogeneous Mg doping engineering strategy and provides a promising approach for developing cathode materials with high energy density for commercial-scale sodium-ion batteries.

Exploring Structural Evolution and Lattice Oxygen Bonding Variation in Li-Rich NCM Cathode Materials

Abstract Ternary lithium-ion cathode materials, notably Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM), hold immense promise as key components for high-capacity and high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, their long‐term cyclability is hindered by several challenges, primarily attributed to interlayer migration of transition metals (TM), alterations in lattice oxygen bonding, and structural instability during extensive charge-discharge cycles. To address these limitations and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, we developed a deep potential model. This model, trained on comprehensive data from first-principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, enables highly accurate predictions of energies and forces across various structures. Leveraging this advanced tool, we conducted a rigorous investigation into the structural evolution and stability of lithium-rich NCM cathode materials. Our findings underscore the exceptional ability of Li1.188Ni0.250Co0.125Mn0.437O2 to significantly mitigate interlayer migration of TM ions, outperforming other compositions in this regard. Furthermore, we have elucidated the mechanisms governing TM ion migration and oxygen vacancy formation, highlighting how their interplay with lattice oxygen bonding leads to voltage hysteresis. These insights provide crucial guidance for designing and optimizing high-performance, structurally stable NCM cathode materials, with significant implications for next-generation electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

Formation and Variation of the Superstructure of Cation Ordering in Layered Cathode Materials.

This study employs aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy to provide definitive evidence of cation ordering within the superstructure of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523), a prominent Ni-rich ternary cathode material, characterized by wave vector q = 1/3(2a* - b*). We show that this ordering can be enhanced through controlled heating. Comparative analysis of LiNixCoyMnzO2 samples with different compositions revealed that Mn ions are crucial for superstructure formation. The battery performance test shows that the superstructure has no obvious effect on the voltage platform during the charge-discharge cycle, but has a negative effect on the cycle performance and structural stability. This study elucidates the origin and detrimental effects of superstructures, advancing the understanding of their impact on battery performance, which is vital for the future development of ternary cathode materials.

Physical, Compressive Strength, and Microstructural Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Engineered Composites Incorporating MgO, MWCNTs, and rGO

Thirty-two ambient cured alkali-activated engineered composites (AAECs) were developed by incorporating MgO, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber with a one-part dry mix technique using powder-based activators/reagents. The effects of material variables, namely binary or ternary combination source materials (fly ash C or F and ground granulated blast furnace slag ‘GGBFS’), two types of reagents with varying chemical ratios and dosages of additives (from 0 to 5% MgO and from 0 to 6% MWCNT/rGO), on the physical (slump flow, flow time, flow velocity, and density), hardness (compressive strength from 0 to 180 days and 28-day ultrasonic pulse velocity ‘UPV’), and micro-structural (SEM/EDS, XRD and FTIR) properties were evaluated. All these variables, individually or combined, influenced the properties and microstructural aspects of AAECs. Problems associated with the dispersion and agglomeration of nanomaterials, which could disrupt the microstructure and weaken its mechanical/physical properties, were avoided through the use of defined ultra-sonication with a high-shear mixing protocol. All AAECs achieved a 28-day compressive strength ranging from 26.0 MPa to 48.5 MPa and a slump flow > 800 mm, satisfying the criteria for flowable structural concrete. The addition of 5% MgO and up to 0.3% MWCNT/rGO increased the compressive strength/UPV of AAECs with MgO-MWCNT or rGO combination provided an improved strength at a higher dosage of 0.6%. A linear correlation between compressive strength and UPV was derived. As per SEM/EDS and XRD analyses, besides common C-A-S-H/N-C-A-S-H or C-A-S-H/C-S-H gels, the addition of MgO led to the formation of magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite (Ht) and M-S-H (demonstrating self-healing potential), while the incorporation of rGO produced zeolites which densified the matrix and increased the compressive strength/UPV of the AAECs. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis also suggested the formation of an aluminosilicate network in the AAECs, indicating a more stable structure. The increased UPV of MWCNT/rGO-incorporated AAECs indicated their better conductivity and ability of self-sensing. The developed AAECs, incorporating carbon-nano materials and MgO additive, have satisfactory properties with self-healing/-sensing potentials.

Enhanced comprehensive thermal performance of ternary composite phase change materials with graphite powder hybridizing expanded graphite/erythritol

ABSTRACT Sugar alcohols are considered highly promising medium-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) due to their superior overall performance. In this study, erythritol (Ery) was used as the base PCM, with expanded graphite (EG) and graphite powder (G) as additives. Ternary composite PCMs were prepared using a melt blending method, and their thermal storage properties were systematically characterized. The results showed that the two ternary composite PCMs, 1.5 wt% G/1.5 wt% EG/Ery and 4.5 wt% G/1.5 wt% EG/Ery, exhibited the best overall thermal performance, with excellent heat storage and crystallization heat release characteristics. While maintaining the same melting point, these two composite PCMs retained high melting enthalpies, specifically 325.8 kJ/kg and 316.1 kJ/kg, respectively. Their thermal conductivities reached 2.11 W/(m·K) and 2.48 W/(m·K), representing an increase of 2.0 and 2.5 times compared to Ery, with thermal effusivities improved by 45.8% and 57.0%, respectively. The crystallization enthalpy increased to 233.6 kJ/kg and 230.8 kJ/kg, with heat release ratios improved by approximately 10%. Additionally, thermal stability was significantly enhanced, with decomposition temperatures increased by 21.6°C and 15.1°C, respectively. Both PCMs maintained good cycling stability over 40 consecutive heating-cooling cycles and were more economical compared to other composite PCMs of Ery.

Sn-loaded carbon microspheres‑carbon nanofibers ternary composite materials as the negative electrode for vanadium redox flow battery

Sn-loaded carbon microspheres‑carbon nanofibers ternary composite materials as the negative electrode for vanadium redox flow battery

Preparation of organic ternary phase change materials for fruit and vegetable cold chain logistics

Preparation of organic ternary phase change materials for fruit and vegetable cold chain logistics

Improved electrical conductivity of ternary doped 8YSZ electrolyte material in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Improved electrical conductivity of ternary doped 8YSZ electrolyte material in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

An Energy-Efficient Sintering Temperature Multimode Control and Optimization for High-Quality Ternary Cathode Materials

An Energy-Efficient Sintering Temperature Multimode Control and Optimization for High-Quality Ternary Cathode Materials

Rare‐Earth Doping Induced Pinning Effect with Enhanced Chemo‐Mechanical Stability in Ni‐Rich Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Comprehensive SummaryThe nickel‐rich layered ternary cathode material (NCM) has been extensively studied due to its high specific capacity and low cost. Nevertheless, with the increase of Ni content, the unstable structure of NCM material has gradually become prominent. Residual alkali on the surface and Li+/Ni2+ mixing before cycling, phase change, transition metal ions dissolution, microcracking, and other issues during the cycle, are the primary causes for the fast capacity fading of Ni‐rich materials. In this study, Sc3+ is doped into the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material, which has been demonstrated to impede the Li+/Ni2+ mixing, while simultaneously increasing the layer spacing. This results in the stabilization of the material structure and an enhancement of both the cycling stability and the rate performance. Notably, single‐particle force testing and high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) imaging further demonstrate reduced stress accumulation and mitigated chemo‐mechanical failure. This study underscores the efficacy of a minor addition of multifunctional rare‐earth doping in enhancing the chemo‐mechanical stability of Ni‐rich cathodes, offering a straightforward and comprehensive solution to optimize the design and performance of energy storage cathodes.

Synergistic Enhancement Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene and WSe2 on the Tribological Performance of Polyetherimide Composites

To address the issue of high wear of polymer composites during friction, WSe2 nanofillers were incorporated into the polymer matrix as a reinforcing phase to enhance heat transfer and improve the composites’ wear resistance. Tannic acid (TA) was grafted onto the surface of WSe2 through high-energy ball milling, which facilitated the exfoliation of the nanofillers and improved their interfacial compatibility with the matrix material. Tribological experiments revealed that adding 5 wt% TA-WSe2 reduced the friction coefficient and volumetric wear rate to 0.0065 and 8.7 × 10−4 μm3/N·m, respectively, representing reductions of 98% and 94% compared to pure PEI. The TA-WSe2 not only served as a reinforcing phase to enhance heat transfer but also facilitated the timely dissipation of heat generated during friction. Additionally, it formed strong interfacial bonds with both PEI and PTFE, allowing the applied load to be efficiently distributed throughout the composite material. This study offers a practical approach for the functionalization of WSe2 and the development of ternary composite materials for tribological applications.