Terms Of Infrastructure Development Research Articles

Multiscale analysis of land use and land cover changes in Sri Lanka by remote sensing: the impacts of post-war infrastructure development in the last 20 Years (2002-2022)

On a worldwide scale, land use and land cover changes (LULCC) is a major driver of global change and biodiversity erosion. This study aims to monitor at the scale of Sri Lanka, LULCC and vegetation dynamics, to identify the main changes and their drivers. It places emphasis on multiscale geospatial monitoring with satellite data but also mobilises the interdisciplinary knowledge of a research programme. First, national scale data allows the identification of major changes with the MODIS NDVI dataset using Mann-Kendall tests and time profile analysis. A second local scale was mobilised with a systematic diachronic visual interpretation of high-resolution images on Google Earth. The third step, a macro-regional scale focus on the South and East coasts, used LANDSAT imagery (Stacked K-means) verified by field studies (botanical and vegetation analysis, and interviews). About 92.5% of the island of Sri Lanka is stable or presents no significant trends in the vegetation cover. 5% show a significant positive (greening) trend between 2000 and 2020 around the Puttalam lagoon, west of the Samanalawewa Reservoir, in the Udawalawe National Park, east and north of Ella, and the Nuwaragala Forest Reserve. Only about 2.5% (165,000 ha) of the Island shows a negative significant trend mainly in the periphery of Colombo and Trincomalee. The first driver is a set of national planning decisions in terms of infrastructure development (including urban growth, housing programmes and agricultural fields, and the management of protected areas). The second driver comes under rural dynamics with increasing tree density in rural landscapes over the Uva Province. Infrastructure development initiated by the state, creates both underlying conditions for other activities and negative impacts on coastal ecosystems, such as degradation of wetlands (including protected areas).

Population Structure and Size of Early Yekaterinburg (1723-1744)

The article is dedicated to the study of the social structure of the population of early Ekaterinburg. The main objective was to investigate individual social groups of the population, as well as the specifics of their formation in a situation of a rapidly growing and developing industrial and administrative center. The research was based on documentary sources of official record-keeping, the most significant of which were the data from local (factory) censuses of residents of the fortress factory in the 1720s — 1740s. Using quantitative analysis methods and social history approaches, the main social groups of the population were identified and characterized. Their numbers were determined, and the history of their formation and employment specifics in the mining industry were analyzed. The conclusions were drawn about the existence of a special social policy by the mining plant administration. It was found that it was aimed not only at maintaining optimal working capacity but also at progressively expanding the group of factory personnel by including representatives of new social groups such as soldiers, recruits, schoolchildren, exiles, and convicts in labor processes. It was shown that by the mid-18th century, Ekaterinburg, founded in 1723, was not inferior to both old and new urban centers in terms of infrastructure development, administrative, industrial, and social institutions, and population composition.

Legal Responsibilities of Taxpayers Intentionally Not Reporting SPT Correctly

The source of revenue in Indonesia was divided into two: domestic revenue and foreign revenue. In this regard, tax was one of the sources of domestic revenue. The tax was also one of the largest revenue sources for Indonesia. The tax collected by the state on its citizen included income tax, value added tax, sales tax on luxury goods, revenue stamp, and certain land and building tax. Likewise one of the cases that would be analyzed by the recent research was how was the legal sanction given to the taxpayers who intentionally not reporting tax return properly. Thus, it could reduce state income and hamper public welfare. Such problem was really unfortunate and unexpected since this problem could lead state losses in terms of infrastructure development or national or international economy. The research design used in arranging this recent research was normative research. Article 39th of Tax Law has regulated that whoever deliberately failed to submit his tax return, or submit the tax return, but the information and content was false and incomplete, which might harm state revenue, would be subject to criminal sanction. The fulfillment in tax payment was really required, but when this thing was not fulfilled by those taxpayers, they would be subject to legal sanction, since they did not fulfill what they were supposed to do. The sanction would be in form of administrative sanction and also criminal sanction. Those legal sanctions were more prioritized for the taxpayers who deliberately failed to submit their tax return properly, which might subject them to legal sanction.

Upgrading water supply and wastewater collection systems in rural areas as a way to improve quality of life of the population of Russia

This article pinpoints the problem of no modern water supply and sewage systems in homes of ca. 22-24 million people in the Russian Federation residing in the countryside nowadays. As a statistical database, the authors use the results of the Rosstat surveys entitled "The Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population" that were conducted in 2011 and 2020. We analyze the data on cold and hot water supply systems, sewage systems and toilets in homes of households across the country in general, in rural areas and in individual houses (the private sector). The article reveals that there are no modern types of sewage systems in homes of almost two-thirds of households, whereas modern toilet is not installed in one-third, hot water supply — in 26 per cent, and cold water supply system — in homes of 11 per cent of households in rural areas. When considering individual houses in rural settlements the situation is even worse, and the numbers reach 81 per cent, 42 per cent, 30 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. Six groups of regions of the Russian Federation are distinguished by the share of households that do not have access to any water supply system in their homes. Subsequently, we define four reasons why rural areas have been consistently lagging behind cities and towns in terms of infrastructural development, including the decline of local Soviet-era agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and sovkhozes) in the beginning of the 1990s and the development of rural territories as a generally low priority topic for the Federal executive bodies. The other two reasons are the virtual disconnection of rural territories from the state policies in the area of housing construction and utilities and the insufficient compatibility of the current model of providing state and municipal services to the population living mostly in individual houses on private land under the conditions of shortage of financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of measures aimed at boosting resolution of the ongoing problems with universal access to modern water supply and sewage systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation.

The implication of ‘Smart Village’ in Nepal: Sustainable rural development perspective

The main objective of the study is to discuss the importance of ‘smart villages’ in Nepal considering it would enhance rural and local development. The analytical review literature of both theoretical and empirical data and documents and observation as methods are adopted for the study. The majority of the population in Nepal resides in rural areas. Similarly, rural-urban migration is common. There is a wide gap between rural and urban in terms of infrastructure development and poverty. The rural population stands for 27 % of poverty, which is higher than the urban (15%). Many parts of the local levels face a lack of infrastructure, poor public services, and technologies. The exodus of youth from villages has resulted in decreasing agriculture production. Considering topography, population, limitation of land, and migration trends; the concept of smart villages is rational and it will have evident implications for rural development. The concept of smart villages will sustainably enhance the rural economy, minimizing the rural-urban economies gap.

China and Africa: The new era

Africa–China relations have attracted significant scholarships in the last 20 years, and Daniel Large has immensely contributed to this expanding body of knowledge. In his latest book, China and Africa: The new era, he offers readers an in-depth discussion of what he conceptualizes as the ‘new era’ in Africa–China relations, essentially manifested in the emergence, policies, and politics of Xi Jinping towards Africa, and the global context within which it all these happen. Apart from its introduction and conclusion, the book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 is a historical, political, and institutional overview of the changing Africa–China relations. While the second chapter locates Africa–China relations within a broader international political economy, Chapter 3 discusses Chinese trade, aid, and investment in Africa while also highlighting the so-called ‘structural transformation’ in terms of infrastructure development, manufacturing, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the emerging debt issue in Africa–China relations. Chapter 4 interrogates the extent to which the China model is gaining ground in Africa and how African actors have responded. Chapter 5 discusses the ordinary exchanges between Africans and Chinese living in Africa and China. The final chapter articulates the security pillar of the new era as located in themes like ‘peace through development, investment protection, non-interference, China’s approach to and role in intervention in African countries, and African activism and adaptation’ (p. 192).

The Impact of Earthmoving Equipment Specifically Backhoe Loaders on Farm Productivity in Vidarbha

Vidarbha is been lagging in terms of infrastructure development. In the region of Vidarbha, inadequate irrigation facilities are becoming a hurdle for the overall development of the region. Lack of irrigation has also deprived the farmers of this region in availing the consequential benefits like subsidies on fertilizers, pump sets, etc. Hence newer and advanced machineries are used to improve the overall productivity. Backhoe loaders are used for multipurpose applications like digging, dozing, canal work and land development etc. The research paper aims to understand the impact of earthmoving equipment specifically backhoe loaders on farm productivity in Vidarbha.

Application of Vegetation Index to Assess the Sustainability of Coal Mines in India

India’s per capita electricity consumption is less than one-third of the global average. Coal is the only energy source that India possesses in abundance to meet the 24×7 electricity requirements of its people in a cost-effective manner. While mining operations have positive economic impacts on the local area in terms of infrastructure development and provision of employment and business opportunities for the local population, they also create adverse impacts on the environment. These impacts are particularly significant in the case of opencast coal mines which produce more than 94% of the coal produced in India. The coal sector must incorporate social and ecological sensitivities into the mining process from the planning stage up to mine closure to meet India’s Sustainable Development Goals. In this study, the authors present the results of a study on the vegetation and air environment around four opencast coal mines in the State of Telangana. The Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) is useful to assess the environmental impacts of mining operations, such as the air quality and vegetation around coal mines, and also monitor the progress of post-closure activities. The findings of this study are relevant for other coal mines.

Современные аспекты развития инфраструктуры городов с использованием государственно-частного партнерства

The purpose of the article is to study modern aspects of the development of the infrastructure of Russian cities by means of public and private partnership. The paper identifies and systematizes the advantages and risks for the state, business and the population connected with the use of public and private partnership in urban infrastructure. This research made it possible to develop measures aimed at the reduction of the exposure of public and private partnerships to these risks (improvement of risks distribution and obligations, creation of an effective motivation system, reference forecasting use, and so on). The analysis and assessment of the current state of public and private partnership in the urban infrastructure of Russia are made and then measures are suggested to overcome obstacles in achievement of high ranks of cities in terms of infrastructure development. It is concluded that public and private partnership in urban infrastructure contributes to a successful creation of a number of risks connected with modern challenges (adverse climate change; environmental, energy and pandemic crises) and, as a result, lays the foundations for the creation of infrastructure with high economic, social, environmental and institutional sustainability. Modern challenges in conditions of extremely high instability make it necessary to improve state approaches to planning and regulation of public and private partnership projects in urban infrastructure, in particular, by improving the quality of legal support and institutional environment, as well as the effectiveness of the process of creation and adaptation of targeted qualitative and quantitative public and private partnership facilities in urban infrastructure, and so on. At the same time, it is important that these projects have such characteristics as inclusiveness, focus on sustainable (including green) development, viability, flexibility. The methodological basis of the research presented in the article consists of general scientific methods of cognition of economic and financial phenomena and processes. The methods of analysis, synthesis, observation and others are used in the paper. The practical applicability of the materials presented in the article lies in the possibility of their use in decision-making to ensure sustainable infrastructural development of Russian cities using public and private partnership.

Economic impact of unemployment and inflation on output growth in Bihar during 1990–2019

The effects of unemployment and inflation on output growth based on time series data of Bihar (India) over the period 1990–2019 has been examined in this paper. The physical capital expansion in terms of infrastructure development along with skill development to provide employment opportunities to the youth appears to be the major determinant of boosting the potential productivity of physical and human capital and affecting positively the economic growth. The results indicated that there are significant and certain benefits from the increased supply and improvement in the quality of physical capital which increases labor productivity as well as investment in human capital. Thus, it is recommended that Bihar makes large-scale investments in infrastructure and skill development and carry-on renewal at opportune moments to keep steady the positive trend of economic growth over the years. The investments may be in terms of mechanized technologies, supporting infrastructure and appropriating the knowledge relating to their management; and adopting new technologies and practices involving better innovation in agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, and relevant skill development to sustain the growth of value-added.

Prospects for China’s BRI and Strategic Influence in the Post-COVID-19 Central Asia

COVID-19 brings a momentous decline for global economic activities but its consequences for China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) remains imminent. Despite the economic shocks of the Pandemic, BRI remains a top priority for China which allows Beijing to improve regional connectivity and expand its economic outreach far off to Europe and the American shores. On the other hand, the Central Asian economies are hard hit by the pandemic with a reduced regional trade, decline in oil prices and its commodities, deep slump in remittances, and the slackening manufacturing ability. The revival of BRI and its immediate success is desirable to the COVID-19 hit Central Asian economies. This is because BRI has bound the region together in terms of infrastructural development where China, under the rubric of BRI, is spearheading major developmental projects, pouring investment in energy sector, offering debt, and improving bilateral trade with regional economies. For this reason, the Central Asian countries desire immediate revival of close economic cooperation which could links the economic fortunes of regional countries to Beijing and brings the BRI to the fore in regional priorities. The paper highlight the impact of COVID-19 over Central Asian economies, the significance BRI for the region; its geopolitical importance for China; and the growing Chinese influence in the post-Pandemic Central Asia using Bourdieu’s Theory of Symbolic Power. Finally, using qualitative content analysis, the paper argues that the economic impact of COVID-19 are short-term and of limited nature and it will only increase prospects for BRI in the post-Pandemic Central Asia with vital strategic utilities for China’s geopolitical profile in the region.

Perkembangan Infrastruktur Solok Selatan Pasca Pemekaran 2005-2020

This research aims to find out the development of infrastructure in Solok Selatan Regency after experiencing creation of new regency from 2005 to 2020. This reseacrh is important to know how the development of Solok Selatan is seen in terms of infrastructure development whether there is progress or nothing at all. The method used in this research is a historical method that include four stages, namely heuristic, source critism, interpretation, and historiography.
 The result showed that from 2005 to 2020 there were several infrastructure developments, one of which was in the field of road infrastructure, bridges, irrigation, education infrastructure, health infrastructure, and others. Infrastructure as one of the main supporting factors in economic growth directly or indirectly affect the lives of the people of Solok Selatan Regency, especially in the sosial and economic fields both affecting positive or negative changes. Despite these impact, the development of this infrastructure is needed in order to go to more advanced and developed Solok Selatan Regency.

Sports Facilities and Local Government Policy: A Case Study in West Java, Indonesia

The completion of the sports facilities available in each region is not evenly distributed, apart from the 4th largest population in the world, the various sports activities carried out by the community must be supported by means of transport. Support, the availability of sports facilities is affected by the policies of each regional government. SPOrT (Integrated Sports Development Center) Jabar Arcamanik is a sports complex owned by the West Java Regional Government. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the emergence of local government policies in the provision of sports facilities. The case study method used in this study is the semi-structured interview and observation as a data collection tool, as well as the participants involved, namely the head of the relevant department and the management of the sports facilities. The presence of sports facilities is the implementation of local government policies through the transformation of national and regional development plans, in order to bridge the gap between regions in terms of infrastructure development. Infrastructures for sports facilities bring cultural heritage and benefits to the community. Therefore, the construction of sports facilities can be achieved when policy makers have a desire and understanding of regional regeneration associated with regional development, the allocation of budgets related to the needs are determined and adjusted to current regulations so that the benefits from the availability of sports facilities can be felt by the community.

THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN ETHNO-CULTURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

The paper evaluates the anticipated benefits and the perceived host community support for ethno-cultural tourism resource development in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for this study. Six local governments’ areas were chosen purposively because they accommodate different ethnic and cultural diversity within the state, representing about 33% of the total number of 23 LGAs in the state and have an estimated population of 1,639,621. The selected LGAs are also heterogeneous in terms of ethnicity, culture and religion. Semi-structured interview were administered to 316 respondents selected in the study area. Survey data were obtained through focus group discussion (FGD) in each ethnic community. FGD”s were held with youths, elders and aged. The sampled communities are Ham, Fulani, Hausa, Kagoro, Adara and Gbagyi, field observations were also carried out for holistic resource inventory in the ethnic communities. Documentary data were obtained from desk review method; information on tourism resources available in each ethnic community. The study reveals that the anticipated benefits of ethno-cultural tourism expected by the host communities are basically in terms of infrastructural development (road, water, electricity and communication services) and essential amenities (accommodation, restaurant, Tourist Travel Services, banking and bureau de change). The study recommends that lack of financial capital is a great hindrance for local communities to invest in the tourism industry. A mechanism for financial assistance, including provision of soft loans, needs to be in place in order to encourage host communities to invest in the industry. In turn, this would

MIKROTIK SOHO (Small Office Home Office) NETWORK WORKSHOP

Schools are generally used as places for formal community education, schools continue to evolve in terms of infrastructure development, human resources, especially teachers, and a curriculum system to keep up with the evolving times. Vocational High School prepares students who are ready to work, especially industries that need human resources who already have the required hard skills.Especially for the TKJ (computer network) concentration, students are given a workshop from the continuation of the socialization that had been previously held. The workshops are conducted online using video conferencing with the google meet application, applications such as power points and other application simulators are displayed by sharing the desktop view with workshop participants (students of SMK Xaverius 1 Palembang)Indicators for the assessment of workshop activities using a questionnaire and the results of several question points responded to by 22 students of SMK Xaverius Palembang. The highest percentage of questions "is the topic of activity interesting?" is at the 4th rate with a performance of 22.7%, the question "Material / material activity fading?" found at rate 5 with an achievement of 54.5%, the question "The delivery of the material / material is clear?" found at the 4th rate with a gain of 50%, the question "Is this activity generally interesting?" is at the 4th rate with a achievement of 54.5% and the question "Is this activity very useful?" there is the 5th rate with an achievement of 59.1%, with these results many of them have a positive attitude in this PkM activity.

Promotion of Electric Mobility in the European Union—Overview of Project PROMETEUS from the Perspective of Cohesion through Synergistic Cooperation on the Example of the Catching-Up Region

This project report presents the rationale and the first results as regards the ongoing learning process of the PROMETEUS (PROMotion of EmobiliTy in EU regionS) project, co-financed by the Interreg Europe program, in the context of EU policies and programs dedicated to the promotion of sustainable mobility, and electric mobility in particular. Electric mobility, and in general low-carbon mobility, is one of the main targets of the European Union’s policies dedicated to a green transition. Despite continuous efforts, the number of electric cars in circulation remains low and the objectives of expanding the market for such vehicles by 2030 are still far from being fulfilled. Up until 2018, the share of electric vehicles was in fact only 1.5% of total car sales in the EU. Specifically, it has been noted that an increase in the uptake of electric vehicles in Europe is hampered by the presence of three main barriers: affordability, infrastructure availability, and lack of investments. In this context, project PROMETEUS has aimed at tackling the lacunae in the availability of infrastructures for a transition towards electric mobility in the partnership’s regions, namely, Carinthia in Austria, Castilla y León in Spain, Lazio in Italy, Malta, and Prešov in Slovakia, and at countering low awareness in the public through the improvement of policy instruments linked to structural funds. In order to approach and clarify the process of improvement of those policy instruments, we have summarized and presented the reference results and outputs from the Action Plans across the partners. Moreover, the report discusses in detail the output of the regional Action Plan of the one of project partners—the Prešov region, as the form of a model example—as the initial situation in terms of infrastructure development in the region posing as the biggest challenge for the project. Managerial as well as research summaries can be helpful in the implementation of similar projects; in the continuous improvement of policy instruments; and, last but not least, in the formulation of new challenges to improve awareness of sustainable forms of transport.

A AKIBAT HUKUM PEMBATALAN PERJANJIAN BILATERAL TERKAIT PINJAMAN KEPADA CHINA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) project initiated by the Chinese Government has gripped countries in the international community. Especially to Southeast Asia, where Malaysia and Indonesia are borrowing countries to China. Replacement of government in Malaysia related to corruption cases 1 MDB, resulting in changes in government policy Malaysia. The cancellation basis, because all the raw materials or the materials used are from China following also engineers and unskilled laborers, thus causing a massive migration from China to Malaysia. In the case of this cancellation, of course, the legal consequences for Malaysia as a borrowing country and China as a lending country. Unlike Indonesia, which until now, it is known that the Indonesian Government has established bilateral relations with the Chinese Government in terms of infrastructure development, such as: toll road and airport in Indonesia. The main problem in this study, namely if this bilateral dispute is brought to the International Court of Justice, is the mechanism for executing an international court decision to be issued later.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ НА ПРИКЛАДІ ДНІПРОПЕТРОВСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ

A global imperative that is especially relevant for Ukraine in view of the social, environmental and economic challenges of sustainable development is to ensure sustainable development. Therefore, addressing the topic of prospects for the development of infrastructure in the country's regions, given the fact that Ukraine is currently moving towards the implementation of a wide range of reforms aimed at improving the welfare of the population is a very important topic. First, because the components of the infrastructure are the main principles of quality of life, which affect the level of satisfaction of citizens. Secondly, a highly developed infrastructure complex is able to bring the country to a whole new European level of development. In terms of infrastructure development, the following priority areas are: housing and communal services, transport and communications, medicine, education, recreation system, ecology, social security, culture, as the most important systems that ensure the gradual sustainable development of each region, and the country as a whole. Despite the sufficient attention of state and regional authorities to the development of infrastructure in many regions of the country, there are still problems of existing infrastructure facilities, such as - educational, cultural, sports, medical, preschool educational institutions and schools, hospitals, etc. The degree of wear of which sometimes reaches 60%. In addition, there are problems with the provision of urban and regional transport to meet the existing needs of residents of the city and its remote areas, which provokes significant time to travel, and so on. In general, the quality of most social infrastructure facilities leaves much to be desired, which determines the high degree of relevance of the topic of this article. The article analyzes the current state of educational institutions, health care and transport infrastructure of the Dnipropetrovsk region, identifies urgent problems. In addition, the problems of the development of transport infrastructure (insufficient number of transport units, its unsatisfactory technical condition, frequent breakdowns, high level of wear, etc.) are highlighted, which requires taking measures to increase the level of accessibility and comfort of transport in the region.

Impact of One Belt, One Road Initiatives on African Infrastructure Development

Background: China is one of the developing countries that have witnessed tremendous growth in all sectors of development. One of the strategies that China is using is the reintroduction of the 21st Century Silk Road Economic Belt Development Initiative which moves across the world creating trade partners all around the world. Some of the African countries are among the beneficiaries in this initiative especially in terms of infrastructure development which is ranked behind as compared to other developments. Aim of the Study: This review was aimed at funding out the impacts of OBRI on infrastructure development in African countries. Methods: The data were retrieved from the databases of Scopus, Google Scholars, Web of science with papers that were written in English in the month of September to November 2020. Results: The results of the study indicated that OBRI has positively impacted many participating countries in Africa. However, it is also argued that many African countries over depend on the loans provided through this strategy which acts as a burden. Conclusion: This study recommends that African countries should be underrating clearly the terms of the agreements during the time of signing of the loan agreements by even assessing their capacity to pay back. Besides, African countries should civically educate people on the ownership of these projects for sustainability.

MANAGEMENT OF ADAPTATION OF LOGISTICS CHAINS OF ENTERPRISES

Topicality. The relevance of using modern technologies for the formation of logistics chains in the sectors of the national economy is growing every year, especially in a pandemic that has changed the vision of stability and business forecasting. When making management decisions in logistics systems often use the method of minimizing costs, which often leads to disregard for certain effects in the future and the choice of not the optimal solution. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyze the management of logistics chains of the enterprise and study their changes in an unstable situation in Ukraine. Research results. The paper analyzes the infrastructure of Ukraine and concludes that in many respects Ukraine lags behind European countries in terms of infrastructure development, which reduces its economic potential, because most of the possible ways to improve the economic situation are complicated by problems of delivery of goods or services. funds, unavailability due to unsatisfactory operational condition of infrastructure sites, bureaucracy and other problems that are typical for Ukraine. Therefore, the logistics chain may increase, which creates additional risks of non-delivery of goods. The problem of construction of logistics chains of enterprises is considered in the article, the basic tools of management of logistics chains are investigated and the ability to adaptation of logistics chains of enterprises is analyzed. Conclusion. It is concluded that step-by-step adaptation of each link of the chain is required to increase the correctness of the system and increase efficiency in accordance with the main purpose of the activity. The ways of calculating the efficiency of the logistics chain are analyzed and the optimal one is revealed. The main stages of implementation of changes in logistics and possible ways of adaptation of the logistics chain to these changes are investigated, the tools influencing the time of implementation are analyzed. It is concluded that the increase in the logistics system leads to increased risks in the transportation of goods. Recommendations on step-by-step strategy in management decisions are given at the same time as direction coordination and optimization of the logistics system in order to adapt them to changes.