Economic Terms Research Articles

Insular Perspectives of the State: Territorial Policy and Management as Seen From Guaitecas

State intervention in island areas often focuses on their shortcomings and limitations, defining them in terms of backwardness. This approach legitimises top-down territorial integration initiatives that disregard the expectations and knowledge of local residents. One consequence of this approach is centre-periphery dynamics increasing gaps in island contexts, reducing its relevance in political, economic, and social terms. The prevalence of state interventions decided from the continent reinforces a sense of distance and difference. In this paper, we propose a definition of islandness based on three interrelated arguments: identity, political, and territorial. From there, we highlight their impact on the political sentiments that develop in these contexts, which are often marked by a sense of territorial identity, dissatisfaction with experiences involving the state, and a struggle to control the local agenda. In a case study of the Guaitecas Archipelago in southern Chile, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 39 local people between September 2021 and October 2022. Respondents shared their characterisations of the state, their expectations in terms of its role, the relationship between the public sector and local politics, and the informal practices that emerge through adaptation of standardised mechanisms devised on the mainland.

Quantifying Benefits of Universal Design in Public Transport.

Universal design (UD) relates to many aspects of public transport (PT), comprising the vehicles/wagons, stops/stations, and access/egress to/from stops. While some UD elements are decisive for relatively few, others enhance the overall PT quality and subsequently improve the well-being of many users. If the service quality is improved, some users will be willing to pay more, either in terms of ticket price or travel time. Improved UD elements in PT therefore increase social benefits for public transport users, in economic terms, even if ticket costs are maintained unchanged. PT users in Norway have been asked to choose between journey alternatives with varying levels of UD elements between the alternatives. These UD elements comprised: a) on-board facilities and driver quality; b) stop/station qualities: shelter, seating, safety, lighting, information; and c) the qualities of the area surrounding stops/stations: road surface quality / icing, lighting, facilities/amenities, information. In total, 25 UD qualities were assessed, in addition to travel time. Fare was one of the varying elements in the journey alternatives, enabling estimation of willingness to pay (WTP) for UD quality improvements. The WTP yields benefit estimates of improvements that can be assessed against the costs of upgrading, maintaining, and running these UD-related elements in PT. More than 2000 respondents participated in our web-based survey. Almost one in five reported special needs when travelling by PT. Comparing those reporting special needs against those not reporting needs/difficulties, we find that their WTP is similar for most UD qualities, but WTP differs on some particular UD elements. Those reporting needs/difficulties show higher WTP for improved cleaning and air quality on board, and for benches and highly visible real-time departure info at stops/stations. All PT users have high WTP for improved access, without detours, to stops/stations, that have shelter and de-iced road surface. Overall, our findings provide a case for increased focus on UD in economic assessments of PT.

Trends in the development of border regions in the face of global challenges

Subject. This article discusses the importance of border regions in the economic development of the country in the context of international sanctions. Objectives. The article aims to identify trends and areas of development of border regions in the context of global challenges. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific research methods. Results. Based on the analysis of the economic indicators of the regions of the Russian-Kazakh border-zone, the article offers the author-developed recommendations for the development of the structure of export-import flows in the regions under study. Conclusions. The border regions of the Russian Federation are experiencing strong sanctions pressure. This has a negative impact on the weakest regions in economic terms, while more developed and economically stable regions adapt more effectively to negative trends.

From coffee waste to nutritional gold: bioreactor cultivation of single‐cell protein from Candida sorboxylosa

AbstractBACKGROUNDIndustrial effluents are continuously discharged into the environment. These wastewaters contain valuable compounds that can be reused for biotechnological applications. Coffee wastewater (CWW) is a powerful effluent that can be used for single‐cell protein (SCP) production reaching important content (up to 80%). Several yeast species can be used for SCP production, but Candida species are commonly applied for this purpose (17 species reported including the novel C. sorboxylosa). In addition, SCP can be produced in bioreactors under controlled conditions under three operation modes. Thus, batch mode is frequently used but continuous mode presents interesting advantages in economic terms, although it has been poorly applied in SCP production.RESULTSThe initial evaluation under batch operation mode showed that volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa of 101 h−1) improved biomass production (1.39 g L−1) and SCP yield (59.9%) in C. sorboxylosa. Thus, continuous mode was established at selected kLa and feeding with optimized medium composed of 87.5% (v/v) CWW, 1.38 g L−1 yeast extract, and 7.24 g L−1 (NH4)2SO4, in order to provided necessary nutrients. In this sense, the process presented higher values in dry cell weight and SCP productivity (0.57 and 0.29 g L−1·h, respectively), achieving a 3.35‐ and 2.90‐fold increase in biomass and protein productivity, respectively, compared to batch mode. The SCP from C. sorboxylosa exhibited an interesting essential amino acid profile under continuous mode (33.704%).CONCLUSIONThe bioprocess highlights several advantages during bioreactor cultivation, including: (i) reduced energy consumption for temperature control; (ii) successful establishment of an initial continuous operation mode with promising performance; and (iii) SCP from C. sorboxylosa exhibited a notable composition of essential amino acids, which could be beneficial for potential use in animal feed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

(De)politicizing water: justice in times of water crisis

In times of climate change, water resources are shrinking at an alarming speed worldwide, making water a focal point of social and political contestation. Essential for environmental and human wellbeing, and economic prosperity, competing demands on water’s finite resources amidst the global water crisis raise critical justice questions regarding allocation, accessibility, legitimate recipients, or prioritized uses. Access to water is deeply intertwined with political decisions, as it heavily depends on infrastructure and governance. Depoliticization, however, renders water issues to technical or economic terms, aligning with neoliberal practices that commodify and privatize water resources. This approach often neglects the inherent political and social dimensions of water, privileging corporate interests while restricting access for the poor and powerless. This article examines how (de)politicization shapes such water realities by applying theoretical perspectives on (de)politicization and environmental justice. Through a systematic literature review and interpretative content analysis, we explore how (de)politicization is conceptualized in scholarly discussions, identifying common themes in the water context, the scales and regions addressed, and the roles of various actors and actions involved. Our research reveals a persistent tension between depoliticization and repoliticization. While depoliticization, though conceptually rather imprecise, obscures accountability and perpetuates neoliberal practices leading to exclusion, repoliticization, driven by activism, addresses policy deficiencies and amplifies marginalized voices. By illuminating these dynamics, this study enhances the understanding of (de)politicization in the water realm and its implications for justice.

IMPACTO AMBIENTAL POR USO DE PLAGUICIDAS Y SUSTENTABILIDAD DEL SISTEMA PRODUCTIVO DEL MAÍZ AMARILLO DURO EN HUAURA, PERÚ

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Hard yellow maize (MAD) is one of the main crops in economic, social and environmental terms worldwide, however, it is managed through conventional agriculture which entails a high dependence on agrochemical inputs, which cause a negative impact on the agroecosystem and through this study it will be possible to identify the critical points and establish solutions for them. <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the coefficient of environmental impact of pesticides in the field and find the general sustainability index of the MAD production units. <strong>Objective:</strong> Determine the coefficient of environmental impact of pesticides in the field and find the general sustainability index of the MAD production units. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The environmental impact (EI ha<sup>-1</sup>) of pesticides in the field was evaluated by calculating the environmental impact coefficient (EIQ), concentration of the active ingredient, dose and number of applications. In addition, sustainability was determined through multicriteria analysis by applying 85 questionnaires with structured questions to farmers whose main activity is MAD, with economic, social and environmental indicators standardized on a scale of 1 to 5. <strong>Results:</strong> The study showed that the EI ha<sup>-1</sup> of MAD was 105.11 rated as high, which generates a negative impact on the environment and a high risk for farmers who apply these pesticides. It was also found that the sustainability index of the social and economic dimensions was 3.56 and 3.18 respectively, while the environmental index (2.64) obtained a value below the minimum sustainable threshold, therefore the MAD production system in Huaura is not sustainable. The analysis found the critical points: levels and types of fertilization (2.74), incorporation of organic matter (2.33), crop residue management (1.51), living barriers (1.36), pest control method (2.49), frequency of pesticide applications (2.53), irrigation system (2.54), level of education (2.96), quality of technical assistance and training (2.8), income from other activities (2.9) and marketing channel (1.82). <strong>Implications:</strong> Timely intervention on critical points allows establishing solution options and improving pesticide management.<strong> Conclusion: </strong>The study showed that the IE ha<sup>-1</sup> of MAD was high, indicating that the pesticides used for chemical pest and disease control generate a negative impact on the environment and a high risk for farmers who apply these pesticides. Likewise, it was found that the MAD production system is not sustainable. Therefore, the identification of the critical points allows the establishment of strategies to strengthen the MAD agroecosystem in Huaura, Peru.</p>

МАРКЕТИНГОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЦІНОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА ПОВЕДІНКУ СПОЖИВАЧІВ

Abstract Introduction. Economic terms "marketing pricing policy" are considered in the article, "behavior of consumers", interpretation different foreign and home scientists, it is given their description. The role of marketing pricing policy is investigational for companies and consumers of products or services. It is considered types of consumer behavior and their reaction on a price. The purpose of the article. Research of approaches in relation to determination of concept "marketing pricing policy" their value and terms of pricing, consideration of term "behavior of consumers", research of types of behavior of consumers and their reaction on a price. Methods. During research the methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, theoretical, historical and logical generalization are used. The dialectical method of research became methodological basis. Results. It is exposed essence of economic term "marketing pricing policy" and "behavior of consumers". The conducted research showed that a competent price policy is an important component of the company's marketing strategy, because the price is one of the key factors taken into account by consumers when making purchase decisions. The study of consumer behavior is a priority area in the activity of any company, because consumers, after purchasing goods, bring profit to it. Therefore, for the successful operation of the company, customers must be in the center of attention. By studying consumers, their motives, wishes, price categories, and purchase processes, companies try to offer buyers exactly what they need. Conclusiоns. A study of theoretical and practical aspects of the marketing policy of pricing and consumer behavior was conducted, the types of consumer behavior and their reaction to the price were investigated. It was determined that the influence of marketing price policy on consumers is a key factor in making a purchase decision. Price politics determines the cost of commodities and services, that influences on perception of general utility of product consumers. The question of the factors that influence the behavior of consumers that most encourage the purchase of goods or services requires further research. Defining the role and place of price in making a purchase.

The economic and environmental impact of fire preventive strategies in the Mediterranean region

Fire behaviour in the Mediterranean region has been altered by climate change. In the last decade, not only has the occurrence of fires increased but also their virulence. This is primarily due to higher temperatures and the decrease in the rainfall, which have made forest ecosystems less able to withstand fires. It has also been observed that most wildfires are related directly or indirectly with human actions, and they usually occur in wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas. The current research focuses on the economic quantification of the benefits that fire preventive strategies could generate, demonstrating that it is worth it to invest in this kind of measures for both the environment and the society. This study shows the results of a pioneering project, called GUARDIAN, which is applied in a WUI area located at the east of Spain, with the aim of preventing and combating wildfires that could put at risk the life of 15,000 inhabitants while preserving the Natural Park of Túria and La Vallesa (Valencia-Spain). GUARDIAN is a multifaceted project that integrates recycled water, advanced technology, and ecological enhancements to create a more fire-resilient environment while educating and preparing the local community for fire-related challenges. The results of the current research intend to give a value to those benefits of the project that usually have not a market value and are difficult to measure, and due to that fact, they are not usually considered in the cost-benefit analysis. The methodology applied allows to compare in economic terms the environmental benefits of fire preventive measures implemented in the GUARDIAN project with the costs incurred by the measures developed. The environmental area protected by the project results in a value that ranges between €338,035,481 to €485,384,281. Accordingly, the methodology and results of this study are of great interest to public administrations, encouraging the implementation of fire preventive strategies.

Effect of Incorporating Hibiscus sabdariffa Seed Flour (Red Variety) on Zootechnical Performance of Broilers Chickens Cobb500 Strain

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of incorporating red Hibiscus sabdariffa seed meal into the feed ration on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and economic margins of broiler chickens in Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this, 237 broiler chicks of the Cobb500 strain, two (2) weeks old, were divided into three (3) lots of 79 birds each. lot 1 was fed with ration that did not contain Hibiscus sabdariffa red variety (HSR0) seed meal. Lots 2 and 3 were fed respectively by ration HSR 2% and HSR 4% by which contain 2 % and 4 % of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed meal respectively. The results showed that the inclusion of Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds significantly reduced food consumption in subjects fed HSR 2 and HSR 4 compared with ration HSR 0 (control). It varied from 38.71 ± 1.26 g/d to 161 ± 5.08 g/d for lot 2 and from 37.85 ± 1.16 g/d to 148 ± 6.08 g/d for lot 3 compared with 39.8±1.3 g/dr to 172 ± 7.2 g/d for lot 1. On other hand, the subjects in lot 2 achieved better growth performance than the other lots. They recorded an average weight of 2,334±208.6 g compared with 2,213 ± 170.78 g and 1,958 ± 182.57 g for lots 1 and 3 respectively. Over the 4-week period, the highest mortality rate was observed in lot 1, at 10.13 %. No negative effect was observed on the carcass yield of chickens fed Hibiscus sabdariffa meal. In economic terms, incorporation reduced the production cost of broilers. In conclusion Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds can therefore be incorporated up to 2% into chicken rations without causing any significant loss in chicken weight. Studies need to be carried out to improve the organoleptic quality of Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds.

Industrial Production Networks and Small Towns: A Case Study from Algeria

This paper investigates the conditions and consequences of integrating small towns into industrial production networks. It is based on empirical research conducted in Algeria, a hydrocarbon-dependent rentier economy characterized by significant regional inequalities and the political aims of economic diversification and spatial rebalancing. Elaborating the case study of a state-owned cement factory in the small town of Sigus, the research provides insights into the multiple roles of the state in shaping production network integration and the characteristics of small towns as economic locations. The methodology combines secondary data and information with primary research based on semi-structured interviews. It reveals the importance of a multi-scalar regional framework in production network integration, whereby national factors played a key role due to the centralized Algerian state, the state-owned character of the investing company, and the shortcomings of the small town’s local environment. It emphasizes the contradictory impacts of production network integration in economic, social, and environmental terms, primarily on a local level. These contradictions underscore the necessity for critical evaluations to maximize the benefits of production network integration while mitigating its adverse effects. They also call for the more consistent involvement of the local community in similar economic development decisions. Notably, this research contributes significantly to the existing body of literature by addressing the underexplored topic of integrating small towns into production networks within the Algerian context. Doing so offers a more nuanced understanding of the particular economic, social, and environmental dynamics at play in these locations, thereby enriching the discourse on economic development strategies for small towns in rentier economies like Algeria.

Enhanced thermal modeling of power transformers: A comparison of bond graph and IEEE methods considering external environmental factors

The optimal and secure operation of electrical power system is largely affected by the reliability of power transformers in operational and economic terms. The continuous monitoring of power transformer is crucial for ensuring the quality of electrical power supply. Hence, the thermal modeling of power transformer is very essential to prevent their failure. This paper aims to design thermal models of operating power transformer by considering the two external influencing parameters of solar irradiation and wind flow. This paper presents a Bond Graph (BG) method-based design of thermal models for power transformer under operating condition by comparison with the results obtained from IEEE Std. based thermal models and also with the practical readings. The models have been implemented on a 5MVA, 33/11 kV power transformer running at 33 kV Substation, Sardarpura, Jodhpur, by initially considering the input hourly dataset of load and ambient temperature. The designed thermal models were subsequently updated by integrating the impact of solar radiation and wind incident on the surface of power transformer. Comparative study of all the designed thermal models has been done that indicates improved accuracy of the model if the impact of solar radiation and wind flow are included. Also, the effectiveness of the BG based thermal models in accurately predicting the system behaviour validates their applicability for real world engineering applications.

Analysis of the pharyngeal structure of the genus Oreochromis for species identification through geometric morphometrics in the Aguamilpa reservoir, Nayarit, Mexico

Tilapia is an important fishing resource in economic terms for continental ecosystems such as dam reservoirs and lagoons. In Nayarit, the Aguamilpa Dam reservoir contributes around 50 % of the tilapia production in the state. However, despite the social and economic importance of the resource, there are few studies on it in this reservoir, and it is still unknown with certainty which species are found in the reservoir. This work is the first report for the Aguamilpa reservoir, where geometric morphometrics was used as a tool for the identification of tilapia species. The pharyngeal plate of 230 organisms was used for the geometric morphometrics analysis. According to this study, the existence of three species of the genus Oreochromis (O. aureus, O. niloticus and Oreochromis mossambicus) is confirmed; according to the analysis of canonical variables, the three species were correctly discriminated. This allows us to conclude that the use of geometric morphometrics in the pharyngeal plate is a useful structure for the identification of species in the reservoir.

Gastric cancer in Spain: evaluating productivity loss and economic impact

Introduction In 2018, gastric cancer (GC) was estimated to account for over 1.03 million new cases globally, making it one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies. In Spain, about 6,913 new cases were diagnosed in 2022. GC is an aggressive cancer originating in the stomach and ranks fifth in cancer incidence and third in cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite treatment, only 25% of patients survive more than 5 years after diagnosis. Methods To estimate the economic impact of premature mortality due to GC, the human capital method was employed. This approach involved collecting data on mortality rates, average salaries, and unemployment rates. The study spanned a 10-year period, from 2013 to 2022, to integrate the latest and most pertinent data for analysis. The goal was to quantify the economic consequences GC-related deaths, providing valuable information for policy makers and healthcare professionals. Results GC caused 51,814 deaths over the study period with a slight annual decline, predominantly affecting men. Approximately 23% of deaths occurred among people of working age, amounting to a total of 122,632 YPLL. In economic terms, GC deaths accounted for costs of €1,239.34 million in 2013, rising to €1,242.04 million by 2021, for a total of €11,469.07 million over the study period. Conclusions The incidence of gastrointestinal cancers has decline in some types, but they remain a substantial public health challenge. These findings underline the significant health and economic challenges posed by GC, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on both individuals and healthcare systems.

Performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-vapor compression system serving a refrigerated van

The refrigerated transportation industry's growth necessitates addressing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This study estimates a photovoltaic system's energy and environmental benefits to power a vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) system serving a light-duty commercial refrigerated van. A comprehensive energy model encompassing thermal, electrical, and battery sub-models simulating the system's dynamic behaviour is calibrated with real-world data referring to an urban single-delivery mission. The potential benefits are estimated for a long-distance single-delivery mission starting from the University of Salerno (Italy) and ending at the Jaume I University in Castellon de la Plana (Spain). The results have shown that the system can reduce fuel consumption for refrigeration by more than 88 % during summer months and allows neutral refrigeration during winter months, leading to on-wheel emission savings between 4 and 8 gCO2,e/km. When considering total emissions, including electrical energy from the power grid and the increased weight due to the PV system, a 33–47 % reduction is obtained, corresponding to 1–5 gCO2,e/km. In detail, PV panels can cover up to 19 % of the total energy requirements. In economic terms, the system allows a cost-saving between 0.1 and 0.3 c€/km. The low complexity and promising results suggest the hybrid PV solution is a viable path towards decarbonising refrigerated transport.

Features of Definitions of Modern Terminology of Ecological and Economic Processes

The article considers approaches to definitions of terms used to analyze the impact of production and human activity on the environment. Understanding the essence of the term allows you to correctly assess and build actions to manage processes affecting environmental violations. The purpose of the article is to define a category reflecting the integration of economic and environmental goals of human activity. Definitions of the most common ecological and economic terms are considered. The author's approach to the definition of the term environmental friendliness of production is proposed and its significance is substantiated.

Does entrepreneurship really reduce income inequality?

This paper examines whether entrepreneurial activities reduce social inequality. Using data from 62 countries, we find that countries with higher levels of entrepreneurship have lower income inequality. We also find that various cultural factors including gender wage gap and diversity indicators influence country-level entrepreneurship. When we use gender wage gap as an instrument to account for potential endogeneity in the decision to become an entrepreneur, the entrepreneurship-inequality relation becomes stronger. In economic terms, one standard deviation in entrepreneurship reduces income inequality by 6–11 %, relative to the mean. Together, these findings suggest that entrepreneurial activities can be an effective strategy for mitigating income disparities and promoting economic inclusivity.

Substitution effect of Asian economies on China’s industrial and supply chains: from the perspective of global production network

This paper views China Production Network (CPN) as an integral component of the Global Production Network (GPN) and constructs null model (GIVCBN-I model) and the counterfactual model (GIVCBN-II or GIVCBN-III model) to identify and measure the potential industrial relocation risk exposure of CPN based on the Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) table. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, Altasia will induce more of China’s industrial and supply chains to break compared with ASEAN, which also means that strong industrial complementarity exists between Japan, South Korea, India, Bangladesh and the ASEAN member countries, enabling Altasia to have a more significant substitution effect on China. Secondly, the counterfactual models’ network-level characteristic indicators are worse than those of the null model in economic terms, suggesting that removing trade barriers for intermediate goods within Altasia could lead to the decoupling of industrial sectors in the CPN, thereby accelerating the trend of China’s industrial and supply chains relocating offshore. Thirdly, according to the comparison results of node-level characteristic indicators, Altasia has weakened China’s influence scope, profitability, and robustness of risk within the global industrial and supply chains, but mainly concentrating on its resource-intensive and labor-intensive sectors rather than capital-intensive and technology-intensive sectors, which indicates that some China’s industrial sectors still maintain substantial competitive advantages in the GPN. In sum, this paper provides theoretical guidance for identifying and analyzing the trends of industrial relocation in the Asia-Pacific region and helps industrial policymakers deepen the understanding of regional economic integration and its impact.

Impact of regional investment on the sustainable development goals: A group analysis of economic and territorial development

AbstractThe European Green Deal aims at increasing the sustainability of European economic sectors to mitigate the effects of climate change. Complementing this initiative, the Next Generation EU (NGEU) program, whose budget will exceed 800 billion € by 2026, is not merely a recovery plan but also a catalyst for green technologies and sustainable activities. Within this framework, Italy stands as the largest beneficiary of funds. The present study explored the distribution to date of 194.4 billion € NGEU funds across Italian regions and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that have received the most significant attention as a result of this funding. Leveraging multiple comprehensive datasets, including one encompassing more than 306,706 measures and sub‐measures, the analysis revealed that 55.5 billion € was directed towards Italy's “Green Revolution and Ecological Transition,” with a further 104.1 billion € allocated towards (predominantly) SDGs 7 and 9. Moreover, 70.3 billion € was directed towards southern Italy (including the islands), while 81.0 billion € was allocated to the north. Although the population in the north is approximately one‐third larger than that of the south, on a per capita basis, the north received 2930 € while the south received a significantly greater sum of 3470 €. Thus, the NGEU has not significantly reduced the north–south divide in economic terms. Furthermore, some southern regions have shown satisfactory sustainability performance, despite receiving a relatively lower allocation of NGEU funds. The “Made in Italy” initiative may represent a strategic approach to increasing competitiveness in the global and digital markets and fostering fraternity among Italian regions. The present research offers valuable insights into the regional distribution of funds and their impact on sustainable development, suggesting that territorial gaps may be mitigated through a pragmatic, community‐based approach.

ҚАРЖЫ-САУДА ЛЕКСИКАНЫҢ СЕМАНТИКАЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: ҚОР, ҚҰН ЖӘНЕ ТАУАР СӨЗДЕРІ

The richness of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language can be traced in the abundance and diversity of the vocabulary. Especially the large number of words related to finance and economics in the Kazakh language indicates that the Kazakh people have long been well versed in economics and finance. Among the Turkic peoples and languages, the Kazakh language is distinguished by the rich variety of skins and wool, a variety of names for clothing, food, ores, minerals, expensive fabrics, materials, jewelry and the preservation of words of indigenous Turkic origin. The article analyzes the terms and individual names of the financial and economic sphere used in the active vocabulary of the Kazakh language. The very first meaning and etymology of some financial, economic and trade terms in the Kazakh language is given on the basis of data from modern Turkic languages, starting from ancient and medieval Turkic written monuments. Materials from unrelated languages were also used for semantic connections between words and for additional evidence. In this research paper, among the Kazakh financial and economic vocabulary, native words are presented, mainly common to the Turkic languages. In particular, the history of semantic change of active words such as “kor”, “kun” and “tauar” is considered, conclusions about their origin are made.

Tourism Impacts on Local Residents Emotional Solidarity with Tourists: The Case of Mersin

Tourism affects the living conditions of local residents in the destinations where it develops in environmental, economic and sociocultural terms. In particular, the rise in the quality of life due to economic contributions of the sector to the region also affects the perceptions of local individuals towards tourism impacts and the way and level of communication with tourists. Emotional solidarity (ES), which examines the relationship between local residents and tourists in detail, is essential in terms of increasing the contribution to tourism development, the tendency of tourists to visit again, and the income of the region from tourism. Accordingly, the objective of the study was to detect the effects of the positive and adverse impacts of tourism on the ES of local residents with tourists. Regression analysis, correlation analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to analyze the research data. The research data were collected both face-to-face and online from individuals residing in Mersin province. The positive impacts of tourism were determined to have positive and significant effects on the 3 dimensions of ES, namely welcoming tourists (WT), emotional closeness (EC), and sympathetic understanding (SU). Besides, it was detected that the adverse impacts had an adverse and significant effect only on WT.