Terminological Equivalence Research Articles

The term «neo-mythology» in the foreign humanities discourse of the XX-XXI centuries: the specifics of its existence

The article is devoted to the specifics of existence of the term «neo-mythology» in the foreign humanities discourse of the XX-XXI centuries. The foreign texts, which contain the term «neo-mythology» as a key word, have become the focus of research for this article. The genesis and semantics of the idea of «neo-mythology» in foreign research papers are the subject matter of the research. The origin matters of the term «neo-mythology» in the Italian cinema of the 1950s-1960s are overviewed in detail. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the main tendencies of the development of the notion «neo-mythology». Russian and foreign researches touching upon contemporary mythology differ both in the content and in the usage of the term «neo-mythology» crucially. The following research was inspired by the necessity to find the terminological equivalents in Russian and foreign scientific works on modern mythogenesis. The research is based on structural-semantic and semantic-cognitive methods. Traditional methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization are used. The results of the research enabled us to make conclusions on the peripheral role of the term «neo-mythology» in foreign scientists’ works and conclude that their preferences lie within the terms «contemporary/modern mythology». The term «neo-mythology» in the foreign discourse is mostly used in works, which are either devoted to the research of some aspects of mass culture or closely connected with Russian humanities. The usage of the term «neo-mythology» in foreign research of mass/pop culture reflects the background of theoretical analysis of modern mass consciousness turning to myths. The conclusions made in the research are supposed to help Russian scientists work with foreign studies of contemporary mythology more productively.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SELECTED SUFFIXES IN THE TERMS OF MATHEMATICS

The article deals with the analysis of mathematical terms, i.e. simple nouns. Complex terms are avoided in order to prepare a detailed lexico-grammatical analysis. The research examines the term formation within the word class of nouns. Origins of the English and Slovak terms are analysed, described and compared. Latin and Greek languages are languages of science for the English language. The original languages of terms in both languages. Furthemore, Slovak terminological equivalents are compared with the English ones in term preference the Latin/Greek term or the native term if exists. According to term formation processes, the following suffixes representing bound morphemes are analysed: -er, -or, -ion. The terms formed by affixation using the selected suffixes are compared with the Slovak counterparts in terminology of mathematics. Terms are analysed according to principles for term formation. The following principles should be followed in the formation of terms and appellations, as far as possible and as appropriate to the language: transparency; ⎯ consistency; ⎯ appropriateness, linguistic economy; ⎯ derivability and compoundability; ⎯ linguistic correctness; ⎯ preference for native language. Subject of analysis are terms taken from the Slovak National Corpus 10.0, i.e. English –Slovak Parallel Corpus 4.0 en, Slovak –English Parallel Corpus 4.0 sk and the British National Corpus. In the research, electronic corpora are applied. They use mathematical ad statistical methods to evaluate e.g. occurrence, frequency, collocability of words. The previous mentioned methods are taken into consideration and help to prepare the effective, precise and objective analysis of the planned analysis. The research is based on both languages and comparison of terms in both parts of the corpus. Specific trends and tendencies in the strategies of term formation are analysed. Descriptive method is used and the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are applied. Due to analysis of two languages, contrastive and comparative approaches are entailed. Terminology records of terms are examined from lexico-grammatical point of view and on the basis of term-formation tendencies in each analysed language. i.e. Slovak language and English language. Records include entry, identification number, reference to the term, synonyms, subject field, formula, abbreviation, context, reference to the context, definition, reference to the definition. 

Перехрестя науково-освітніх альтернатив: монополія на прийняття рішень чи культивування компетентності?

Despite a fairly homogeneous way of functioning, our modernity is marked by different conceptual identities: some consider it as an epoch of simulation, others insist on the expediency of terminological equivalents such as risk society, butterfly and black swan effect, and some argue that a short period, criterion uncertainty and functional turbulence. Such a priori problems are dangerously supplemented by a decrease in the level of scientific thinking and the culture of managerial decision-making, as a result of which the horizon of seeing problem challenges and effective answers to them narrows. Even ambitious international institutions, projects and initiatives are increasingly playing the role of selfish interests of individuals and lobby groups through political marketing, populist, demagogic and manipulative tools. After all, the most threatening problem is the inability to determine the hierarchy of problems, dangers and challenges, resulting in the inability to build a symmetrical hierarchy of means to overcome existing problems. Such intellectual and managerial shortcomings are mostly tried to be eliminated by increasing the level of formalization, substituting quality criteria with purely quantitative criteria and giving priority to secondary factors. The consequence of such an incorrect perception of reality and paying hypertrophied attention to marginal tendencies is the exacerbation of real and priority problems, which more and more often become chronic, questioning the full functioning not only of science and education in Ukraine but also society and the state as a whole. In such circumstances, the prospects for cultivating competence and responsibility at all levels of management decision-making, and above all, mainly at the highest political level, become crucial.

Suomalaisten ja venäläisten lakitermien osittaisen vastaavuuden oikeudelliset ja kielelliset ulottuvuudet

Currently, there is a large demand for community interpreting and authorised translation in the language pair Finnish–Russian. One of the prerequisites for effective and responsible cross-cultural communication in the legal and administrative domains is precise and clear terminology. However, the legal systems in Finland and Russia are very different, just like the Finnish and Russian languages. As a result, finding adequate equivalents of legal terms is a challenging task. In this article, we examine various aspects of partial equivalence between Finnish and Russian legal termsfrom both legal and linguistic points of view. We use LATTER, a Finnish-Russian term bank of legal terms, developed by our team at Tampere University, as the primary data source for our research. One of our observations is that a strictly concept-oriented approach prevailing in normative terminology work is insufficient in the legal domain. On the one hand, partial equivalents may in certain contexts function as adequate equivalents. On the other hand, some terms which refer to the same logical concept, can not be used as equivalents because they differ in other aspects, such as additional components of the meaning, connotations, register, or paradigmatic characteristics. On the basis of our analysis, we propose a number of changes to the classification of terminological equivalents and terminographic conventions and practices.

LA METAPHORE TERMINOLOGIQUE ET SA TRADUCTION. LE CAS DE LA TERMINOLOGIE ASTRONOMIQUE FRANÇAISE ET TCHEQUE

In specialized language, the reader encounters metaphors that cover an actualisation and explanatory role. They help to clarify some complex concepts and make them accessible for the reader. Metaphor is also a powerful source of terms and terms of metaphorical origin are abundant in specialized language. Finally, it is possible to examine the translation of metaphors in the specialized language, particularly in relation to the formation of new terms in various fields. The article analyses the translation of metaphors based on a comparison of French and Czech terms, particularly from the field of astronomy, also taking into account terms from other disciplines. Attention is mainly focused on the translation strategies used in the formation of new terms and on the comparison of their use in both languages. Calques and loanwords seem to be the most frequent translation strategies when forming French and Czech terminological equivalents of metaphorical terms in the field of astronomy. The calque is a universal and transparent solution allowing to create parallel metaphorical series in different languages. As for loanwords, the presence of anglicisms in French astronomy terminology is not really massive, probably as a result of the role of French standardizing authorities in the formation of terminological neologisms.

Dmitry Gerasimov and his Followers on the Pronoun

The author of this article examines the pronoun section of a text that goes back to the Ars grammatica of Aelius Donatus (Ars minor: De pronomine, 4th century) and is attributed to Dmitry Gerasimov and unknown 17th century copyists. An attempt is made to identify the methods of work of Gerasimov and his successors with the text of Donatus, to show substantive, semantic, and lexical parallels between the Latin original and the text under consideration. On the one hand, it is demonstrated that in the section on pronouns Gerasimov managed to render the original text fairly accurately. This is reflected in both his adoption of a question-and-answer form of presentation and rendition of content, as well as the selection of appropriate terminological equivalents and examples from his mother tongue. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that both Gerasimov and his successors had to follow the Western European tradition of adapting the available Latin grammatical texts (“textbooks”) and their tools to the educational needs of their age and language due to existing linguistic differences.

A contrastive look at the synonymic relationship of French and Slovak terms in the field of geriatrics

This paper aims to discuss the synonymic relationship between equivalent French and Slovak specialised terms in the field of geriatrics, and the implications it may have when translating specialised (geriatric) texts. In the theoretical framework, medical terminology and, in particular, geriatric terminology, is defined with a specific focus on key characteristics of medical terms, drawing primarily on the works of Horecký (1956), Masár (1991), Pavlovič et al. (2011), Karwacka (2015) and others. The controversial role that synonymy may have in determining terminological equivalents is also discussed. Based on the classification by Karwacka (2015), synonymic pairs of geriatric terms identified during the phase of compilation of a terminological glossary in the field of geriatrics in French and Slovak are categorised into groups based on the nature of the synonymous term and illustrated with examples. Overall, five types of synonyms were identified (eponym – non-eponymous term; international – domestic term; term – colloquial name; English term – domestic term; term – acronym), which may pose challenges for medical translators.

Comparative Conceptual Analysis in a Legal Translation Classroom: Where Do the Pitfalls Lie

AbstractIt is a well-acknowledged fact in legal translation studies that when searching for terminological equivalents, translators should make use of comparative conceptual analysis (e.g. Sandrini 1996; Chromá 2014; Engberg 2015). Thus, legal translation trainees should be equipped with the necessary tools to carry out such analysis, but the question remains: are they? This paper is a follow-up to a study published in 2017 (Klabal, Knap-Dlouhá and Kubánek 2017), where modified think aloud protocols were used to explore the following research question: to what degree are university students doing a course in legal and economic translation able to apply the methods of comparative conceptual analysis to translation of terms not accounted for sufficiently in legal dictionaries or terms with no straightforward equivalents. The results showed that major issues involve non-linearity of the analysis carried out and insufficient use of the resources available. The present study involves a different group of 29 BA students of the same course two years later, who were assigned the same task. As the retrospective protocols fail to simulate real-life conditions, this study uses screen recording and keystroke logging to track the processes leading to the identification of the conceptual equivalent in a more detailed and less subject-dependent manner. The results suggest that the steps most challenging for students include identification of relevant (essential) features defining the source and target language concepts, comparison of these features and selection, or creation, of an equivalent term reflecting the results of the analysis. Students also frequently show Google-driven searching, which influences the order of the steps performed in their analyses and the sources used. To address these challenges, translation training should include a range of tailor-made exercises focusing on the critical steps of the analysis as well as on improving web searching skills.

Restaurant Reviews in Brazil and the USA: A Feast of Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Translation

This article shares the findings from a study aimed to create a bilingual English-Portuguese glossary of terms and collocations characteristic of restaurant reviews, especially concerning the search for transla­tion equivalents. Relying on the assumptions of corpus linguistics, we conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses to investigate a comparable corpus of texts published in the United States and Bra­zil. The manual investigation of simple and compound keywords retrieved with Sketch Engine showed that the functional translation of texts pertaining to the genre restaurant review in that pair of languages goes far beyond terminological equivalence, since it should also consider the specificities of the genre in both languages and cultures. We observed that not only are American texts much longer than their Brazilian Portuguese counterparts, but the former are also significantly more technical than the latter. Moreover, restaurant reviews unveil a number of cultural differences when written in different languag­es for a distinct target audience. To produce texts that work properly for the target reader, the translator should be aware of the conventions of this domain in both languages and cultures before deciding what aspects should be maintained, adapted, or omitted. In addition, elements that do not recur in both lists also reveal cultural differences between texts of a similar genre. We concluded that corpora may not only help translators to interpret source language texts, but also assist them in finding solutions for the translation process.

An integrated approach to the higher education terminology in Spanish-Russian university texts

The commitment of European and non-European countries for the convergence of educational standards happened decades ago. In the beginning, in 1999 (Bologna Declaration) Spain became an integral part of the Bologna Process. Meanwhile the Russian Federation required four more years to respond to this initiative and sign in 2003 the Berlin Communique. Many issues were raised by the alignment of different education systems and their adaptation to common quality standards. However, few solutions were offered to tackle terminology issues in university domain. In this study, we will focus on how we can overcome higher education terminology differences. We will analyse Spanish-Russian university texts, exploit a mixed monolingual and bilingual corpus as well as investigate the system for terminological equivalence of terms. Finally, we will elaborate a bilingual glossary of terms, synonyms and abbreviations conceivably to meet the needs of intercultural mediators, translators or education experts.

A quantitative analysis of translation strategies used in the translation of the International Classification for Nursing Practice into Polish

This article discusses the standardisation and translation of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP). The material used in the analysis is the ICNP in translation into Polish. The terms are grouped into the following categories: cross-cultural equivalent, terminological equivalent, descriptive equivalent, calques and borrowings, neologism. The results indicate which is the most frequent strategy involved using cross-cultural equivalents (1987 terms, 49.96 %). Calques and borrowings are present in 1025 terms (25.77 %), 904 (22.73 %) terms are terminological equivalents. There were only 61 (1.53 %) descriptive equivalents. No neologisms were found in the Classification.

Legal and Illegal Approach in Determining Terminological Equivalents in the Process of Translation on the Example of Selected Law Acts

Abstract Authors of translations of legal codes do not usually inform about their approach to solving translational problems. One of the reasons is the firm belief in the need for a faithful and thus literal translation of the output text. This unlawful approach creates a field for unfounded creation of so-called Equivalent terminology. Consequently, translations contain expressions whose meanings in the target language are incomprehensible or cannot be determined by reference to the doctrine or case-law. A legal approach based on subject knowledge and a precise methodology for determining interlingua equivalents eliminates the problems arising from a non-lawful approach. In the analytical part of the article there is presented a methodology of the legal approach to solving translational problems and the method of its practical application.

A Disarray Around the Theme of Lesson Planning: Definition and Characterization of its Constituent Elements

This paper aims to investigate the different meanings that the constituent elements of lesson planning have assumed in the works of Science Education and proposes, from a critical approach, the delimitation of its essential constituent elements, as well as their definitions. To this end, a systematic literature review was performed, involving the analysis of 403 papers from: Science Education journals in strata A1 and A2; Proceedings of Teaching and Education meetings; and theses and dissertations from the CAPES catalog. Studies were selected from 2012 to 2016. An absence of terminological equivalence was found for the terms strategy, methodology, method, technique, and resource. In addition, most of the papers use these terms unlinked from their definitions and any theoretical frameworks. Subsequently, theoretically grounded definitions were proposed for each of the terms in the context of lesson planning. It is argued that the methodological approach guides the teaching and learning process and consists of an essential element of lesson planning, which involves explaining the background conceptions about teaching and learning, the nature of science, and the social role of school education. Therefore, planning a lesson needs to be an explicit and conscious act of the teacher, in which he becomes aware of the methodological approach to be adopted. This approach will guide the requirement for the delimitation of learning objectives, the selection and arrangement of instructional and assessment strategies, as well as the teaching resources and instructional materials.

Anglicisma gender tulkošana un adaptācija kā kritiskās domāšanas impulss literatūras un kultūras studijās

Nowadays, gender and sexuality have become the object of global interdisciplinary research, and, searching the common grounds for the description of the issue, a brand-new theoretical category of “gender” is being developed in the frames of the Anglophone feminist theoretical discussion. The category acquires its meaning in the frames of the “sex – gender” opposition and is meant as the distinction between a human’s biological self (sex) and the socially constructed conceptions about social roles and functions. Introducing the theoretical concept of “gender” into the international communication outside the Anglophone linguistic space, new theoretical, methodological, translation and adaptation problems have been revealed, especially in the languages, where the category of the grammatical gender is strongly related to the lexical and grammar field and the creation of the “sex – gender” opposition seems to be controversial. “Gender” in the nowadays English language functions as a poly-semantic category – the notions of “sex” and “gender” are used interchangeably or as partial synonyms. Various terminological solutions are being found for the recreation of the category in other languages, taking into consideration the field and contextual meaning. Translating European gender equality political documents into Latvian, the notion “dzimums” is mostly used. Various terms – “dzimums”, “dzimte”, “dzimumsocialitāte”, “dženders” – are used interpreting the works of feminism theoreticians. The mass media do not often translate the term, using the variants “dženders” or “genders”, often in the pejorative meaning, connecting it to some type of genderism ideology, foreign to the Latvian mentality and traditional culture. The aim of the article is to offer an insight into the theoretical discussions about the search for “gender” terminological equivalence outside the Anglophone linguistic space that flourished in the Western academic feminism in the 1980s and 1990s. The article is devoted to the most characteristic problematic cases related to the adaptation of the notion into the vocabulary of the Latvian humanities and social sciences and mass media.

A Celeuma em Torno da Temática do Planejamento Didático-Pedagógico: Definição e Caracterização de seus Elementos Constituintes

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os diferentes sentidos que os elementos do planejamento didático-pedagógico têm assumido nos trabalhos da área de Ensino de Ciências e propor, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, a delimitação de seus elementos constituintes essenciais, bem como suas definições. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura que envolveu a análise de 403 trabalhos oriundos: de periódicos da área de Ensino nos estratos A1 e A2; de anais de eventos da área de Ensino e Educação; e do catálogo de teses e dissertações da CAPES. Foram selecionados trabalhos relativos aos anos de 2012 a 2016. Constatou-se a ausência de equivalência terminológica para os termos estratégia, metodologia, método, técnica e recurso. Além disso, a maioria absoluta dos trabalhos utiliza esses termos desvinculados de definições e referenciais teóricos. Posteriormente, propôs-se definições, teoricamente fundamentadas, para cada um dos termos no contexto do planejamento. Defende-se que a abordagem metodológica orienta o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e consiste em um elemento essencial do planejamento, que envolve a explicitação de concepções de fundo sobre o ensino e a aprendizagem, a natureza da ciência e o papel social da educação escolar. Por isso, o planejamento necessita ser um ato consciente do professor, em que ele explicita e se conscientiza sobre a abordagem metodológica a ser adotada. Essa abordagem orientará a delimitação dos objetivos de aprendizagem, a seleção e a estruturação das estratégias didáticas e de avaliação, bem como os recursos didáticos e materiais de aprendizagem demandados.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЙНА ПАРАДИГМА КОРПУСУ ТЕКСТІВ ЗА ОСОБЛИВОСТЯМИ ЙОГО ДИЗАЙНУ, СТРУКТУРИ ТА СПОСОБАМИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ, А ТАКОЖ СПОСОБОМ ФІКСАЦІЇ ТА ІНДЕКСАЦІЇ ТЕКСТОВИХ ДАНИХ

The article attempts to analyze the typological characteristics of text corpora. The author proposes to classify corpora with consideration of different aspects of this modern linguistic notion, namely the design and structural features of the corpus (balanced / representative corpus, opportunistic corpus, complete corpus, full-text corpus, fragmentary corpus, parallel corpus and comparable corpus, static / sample corpus, dynamic / monitor corpus), the method of fixing and indexing text data in the corpus (printed corpus, electronic text corpus, transcribed speech corpus, audio/video corpus, multimodal corpus, plain corpus, annotated corpus), as well as the way of how the corpus can be used. According to the aim of the corpus use one can distinguish between a linguistic and illustrative corpus. Due to the access possibilities, there can be identified an open-access corpus, closed-access corpus and the commercial one. Examples of these types of text corpora are also presented. The article presents terminological equivalents of corpus names by the type of text data in Ukrainian and English.

Rendering of Charles Peirce’s metalanguage in Ukrainian translation of his article “On a New List of Categories”

The article substantiates the choice of Ukrainian equivalents for rendering “terminological jargon” of an outstanding American philosopher and semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce. The analysis is conducted on the basis of the Ukrainian translation of his paper “On a New List of Categories” (1867) made by the author of the article. Peirce’s theory of signs greatly depends on his doctrine of categories, since it informs or inspires virtually all of his classifications of signs (e.g., that of iconical, indexical, and symbolic signs). Thus, an adequate understanding of Peirce’s semiotic or (as he most often spelled it) semeiotic is impossible apart from at least a working knowledge of the Peircean categories discussed in “On a New List of Categories”. This paper has not been translated into Ukrainian before and as it is Peirce’s earliest significant attempt at an account of signs it may be of special interest for Ukrainian semioticians. The article is aimed at suggesting methodology for overcoming difficulties that the translation of Peirce’s metalanguage poses for a Ukrainian translator because of the absence of generally accepted Ukrainian terminology in the field. Specific concerns involved in the translation of Peirce’s terminology are discussed and terminological equivalents are suggested. The author claims that to capture the desired equivalence the translator has to identify the meaning of concepts that shape the knowledge domain and are verbalized by means of “technical dictionary” of this particular domain. Using different dictionaries and conducting additional research of the definitions suggested by different scholars the author substantiates the choice of equivalents in the target language. If several equivalents can be discovered in the Ukrainian scholarly discourse in the relevant field, the author provides arguments to support her choice though emphasizes that her suggestions are open and actually need further discussion by scholarly community. The key principle advocated by the author is that the translator should comply with the laws of terminology formation in the target language which means avoiding the use of borrowed forms and offering a native equivalent. For example, подоба for icon or вказівник for index. The terms are analyzed in order of their occurrence in the article.

New Directions in Vulvar Cancer Pathology.

The aim of this article is to provide clinicians and pathologists with an understanding of the aetiopathology, pathogenesis and classification of vulval neoplasia and their molecular correlates. There is an increased understanding of subcellular changes in vulvar malignancies. These provide the direction for further research and aid personalised treatment for patients. The article explores concepts of the aetiology of vulvar cancer and updates the reader with the equivalence of terminology of preneoplastic vulval disease. The differential diagnosis of squamous neoplasia and their clinicopathological correlation is detailed. The salient findings from recent literature into the understanding of the disease of squamous cell neoplasia and rare vulvar malignancies are summarised.

ПАРАДИГМА ТИПОЛОГІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОРПУСУ ЗА ТИПОМ ТЕКСТОВИХ ДАНИХ

The article attempts to analyze the typological characteristics of text corpora. The author proposes to classify corpora with consideration of different aspects of this modern linguistic notion, namely the nature of the text data included in the corpus, the design and structural features of the corpus, the method of fixing and indexing text data in the corpus, as well as the way of how the corpus can be used. Particular attention in the article is paid to the classification of corpora considering what text data was taken into account while it was compiled, in particular by the degree of text data specialization, its formal nature, and the language parameter. It is revealed that the paradigm of the «degree of specialization of text data» is composed of general and specialized corpora. In its turn, inside the group of specialized corpora, the type of text data that defines the name of the corpus to which they belong and serve as a selection parameter can be determined by genre, stylistic, temporal, anthropocentric, professional, communicative, geographical or social nature of linguistic diversity. Examples of these types of text corpora are also presented. The article presents terminological equivalents of corpus names by the type of text data in Ukrainian and English.

THE CROSS-LINGUAL LEXICAL EQUIVALENTS AS REPRESENTATIVES OF SCIENTIFIC UNIVERSALS IN TERMINOLOGICAL SPACE OF SLAVIC TERMINOLOGY

The problem of finding out cross-lingual lexical equivalents seems to be topical in the aspect of its correlation with the problem of defining lingual and linguistic universals, conceptual / extra-linguistic categories, fundamental / basic concepts, universals of culture, scientific universals, universals of language of science, and therefore scientific universals in linguistics. The purpose of the study is to find out cross-lingual lexical equivalents which represent stepby-step logical-conceptual transformation of one of the scientific universals in Slavic languages. The object of the study is logical-conceptual transformation of the philosophical and scientific universal «structure and elements» according to two levels of its gradation. The subject of the study is terms-representatives of logical-philosophical transformation of the scientific universal «structure and elements» in various Slavonic languages. The results of the study indicate that such universals can be formulated in different way and accordingly they can be represented differently in certain terms at different organization levels and in different areas of application. Let us trace the transformation of logical-conceptual universal «structure and elements» into a general scientific universal «science and its fields», later in special scientific (linguistic) universal «science of language and its subdivisions» ↓ «science of term and its branches» and further at the level of cross-lingual lexical equivalents into proper linguistic universals represented by relevant terms in various Slavonic languages. Cross-lingual equivalents are categorized according to models due to correlation of national and international components. The practical significance of the study is determined by application of logical-conceptual analysis of scientific and, consequently, conceptual-terminological universals in practice of compiling multilingual terminological dictionaries. Conclusions. The logical-conceptual transformation of scientific universals at the linguistic level of representation raises the problems оf correlation of international — national — hybrid terms, internationalization — nationalization / de-nationalization of terminological units in the aspect of revealing their typological varieties in comparable languages, finding out terminological equivalence, synonymy, doubletness, variability, and, consequently, normalization of the linguistic form of expression and harmonization of their meaning.