Terminalia Bellirica Research Articles

Investigation of Anti Inflammatory Activity of Triphala Hydrogels in Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema Model

Inflammation is a reaction of a living vascularized tissue to an injury, conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases are inadequate, it sometimes has serious stroke effects. So, number of herbal medicines are recommended for the treatment of inflammation that has no side effects. Hence our study focused to investigate bioactive compounds for anti-inflammatory activity. Folk medicine and ethnopharmacological data can provide a broad range of plants with promising anti-inflammatory activity. Triphala, an ayurvedic formula composed of three different plants. Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellerica Roxb(Combretaceae) and Phyllanthus emblica L is widely used for various microbial infections. Triphala is now evaluated for its anti-inflammatory action. Triphala is formulated into a hydrogel of different concentrations and is evaluated for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by membrane stabilization method at 100, 250 and 500 mg/ml and in-vivo evaluation is done by Carrageenan -induced paw edema method. The results obtained are compared with standard NSAID diclofenac hydrogel. The prepared hydrogel of triphala showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory potential in in-vivo and in-vitro methods which provide scientific basis for anti-inflammatory activity of Triphala.

Management of COVID-19 Pandemic by Immunity-modulating Ayurvedic Interventions: A Bright Panacea

Abstract: COVID-19, or SARS-CoV-2 or novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019), first reported in Wuhan, China, has become a global pandemic due to human-to-human transmission with no specific treatment available. This review highlights the history of coronavirus, its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention by immunity-modulating Ayurvedic interventions to manage the disease during the early chaotic days of the COVID-19 outburst. Immunity modulation is a documented mode of action for many Ayurvedic drugs, including Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Andrographis paniculata, Glycerrhiza glabra, Boerhaevia diffusa, Ocimum sanctum, Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma longa, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, etc. Several studies have been performed, and many trials have been registered to evaluate the effects of these herbal drugs to combat infectious diseases like COVID-19. Studies have also shown that Ayurvedic drugs, healthy diet, good lifestyle, and psychological aspects all have been researched over the years and found to have a significant role in increasing immunity and decreasing the number of comorbidities; hence, they should be considered in designing a module for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection.

Species Composition and Diversity of Plants along Human-Induced Disturbances in Tropical Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats, India

Plant biodiversity data are prerequisites for the sustainable management of a forest. We used quantitative ecological tools to determine the species composition, diversity (richness and evenness), population structure, distribution patterns, and regeneration status of trees in a Tropical Moist Sal Forest of Eastern Ghats, India. For this purpose, a field inventory was conducted during 2020–2022 in sixteen 1.0 ha forest stands along a human-induced disturbance gradient. A total of 161 species (61 trees, 40 shrubs, 60 herbs) belonging to 77 families and 143 genera were recorded in the 16.0 ha of forest area. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the tree and shrub species density, basal area, species richness, and diversity along the gradient of disturbance. However, in the case of herbs, the Shannon–Weiner diversity index increased significantly (p < 0.01) with increasing disturbance levels. Irrespective of forest types and disturbance levels, the tree diameter class (10–30 cm) accounted for the highest stem density in the forest. A mixed trend was found in the case of the basal area; the >41 cm diameter class constituted the highest basal area in the Pure Sal Forest while the 10–30 cm class was in the Moist Deciduous Forest without Sal. Tree species richness was found higher in lower diameter classes. Disturbances impacted the distribution pattern of trees; in the Pure Sal Forest, the contagious distribution of trees were 61.54%, 40%, and 12.5% in undisturbed, low-disturbed, and moderately disturbed sites, respectively. The percent of trees showing random and regular distribution increased with the increased level of disturbance in all forest types. The number of tree species having good regeneration decreased with the increased disturbance intensity in all forest types. Frequent grazing, repeated forest fires, and poor soil seed banks at the Moderately Disturbed site were the main reasons for the poor/no regeneration of Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Terminalia bellerica, and some other economical species. Significant changes in structural attributes of the tree community revealed the impact of human-induced disturbances in the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats. The disturbance mosaics promoted the growth of many invasive weed species and lianas, depleting the number of valuable species in the forest. This study suggests the adaption of sustainable biodiversity conservation approaches through the active participation of the tribal so that the remnants the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats can be controlled to prevent further degradation.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Chewable Gels Containing Jatuphalathika Extract

Jatuphalathika (JP) is composed of the fruits of four herbal plants, Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., and Phyllanthus emblica L. JP formula is traditionally used for fever, as a carminative, for detoxification, and as an anti-hyperlipidaemic. However, consumption of JP is restricted due to its unpleasant flavours, which include sour, bitter, and astringent notes. The purpose of the current study was to formulate chewable gels with JP extract and evaluate their stability. Different types and concentrations of gelling agents and flavouring agents were used in the formulation. The finished products without or with a package (foil-wrapped or vacuum-sealed) were stored at room temperature (30 ± 2°C), in a refrigerator (2–8 °C) for 1 month, and under thermal cycling between 2–8 °C for 48 h and 45 °C for 48 h for 4 cycles. Stability testing of the chewable gels was carried out. Among six formulations, JP chewable gel containing gelatin, stevioside syrup, sorbitol solution, and paraben concentrate without (F5) or with menthol (F6) gave the best results. Both formulations maintained the same texture when stored in vacuum-sealed packaging: F5 at room temperature or in the refrigerator, and F6 at room temperature. Under these storage conditions, they were physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable with acceptable taste and scent. It may be concluded that chewable gels F5 and F6 are easy-to-use formulations which could improve patient or customer compliance when using JP. Keywords: Gallic acid, Gelatin, Obesity, Phytoconstituents, Stability, Stevia

Encapsulation, characterisation and incorporation of chebulagic acid from beleric (Terminalia Bellirica) fruits in orange juice

SummaryChebulagic acid (CA), found in beleric (Terminalia bellirica) fruit powder, has various biological activities. This study aims to encapsulate CA to overcome its solubility, astringency and bitter taste issues and determine its properties. The encapsulated chebulagic acid (ECA) was incorporated into orange juice (OR), and a storage stability study at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and sensory analysis using a 9‐point hedonic scale were conducted. The highest encapsulation efficiency (89.24% ± 0.08%), antioxidant activity (96.82% ± 0.03%) and considerable powder yield (~59.3% ± 1.07%) with better water absorption index (0.64 ± 0.008 g/g), water solubility index (98.04 ± 0.016/100 g) and swelling capacity (0.055 ± 0.002 g/g) were achieved at 140 °C spray drying temperature with 60% maltodextrin and 40% gum Arabic. At the ambient storage conditions (25 ± 2 °C), the storage stability of ECA was 640 days (54.19% ± 0.02%), CA was 130 days (52.46% ± 0.14%) and the addition of ECA increased the OR's storage stability to 200 days (50.13% ± 0.59%) with respect to the antioxidant activity. From the sensory evaluation, the OR and OR added with 0.2 g/100 mL ECA samples were preferred by the 100 panellists and liked immensely. Overall, the encapsulation of CA successfully masked the astringency and bitterness, improving the CA's stability and increasing the orange juice's storage stability with more consumer acceptability.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF KATUPILADI OINTMENT (ANUBHUTA YOGA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POST-OPERATIVE FISTULOTOMY WOUND- A CASE STUDY

A fistulotomy is a surgical procedure for treating the fistula1 and leaves the patient with secondary healing of post-surgical wounds. Treating these wounds has been a challenging task, as these wounds are very much prone to secondary infection by the contamination of faces. Due to contamination, delayed wound healing may persist. For that, these wounds are classified under the contaminated wound category.2 Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell. is known as Katupila in Sri Lanka, Humari in India, and Spinous fluggea in English.3 It is a climatic de-sert plant which used topically as a Kalka form for managing acute, chronic, and non-healing wounds.4 This drug is wildly prescribed and easily available in Sri Lanka. Chemical constituents (Pharmacognostical study) of Katupila have crystals of calcium oxalate, tannins, and oil globules.5 These constituents are responsible for wound healing.6 In an Ayurvedic prospective, Acharya Sushruta has described Shashti Upakramas for managing the Vrana (wound).7 It shows the necessity of different forms of drugs as local applications. Acharya Sushruta also described Amruta or Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers] as Ropana8 and Triphala [Amalaki- Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Haritaki- Terminalia chebula Retz., Bibhitaki- Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.] as Sodhana (Cleaning) and Ropana (Healing) dravya.9 Hence, this case study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Katupiladi ointment in post-operative fistulotomy wound management. For the study, the drug was pre-pared in the ayurvedic pharmacy with the standard trituration method, and after that, it was stored in a sterilized glass container.

Terminalia bellirica Fruit Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Mediators, and Cytokines.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease significantly impacting patients' lives. This study aimed to elucidate the alleviating effect of ethyl acetate extract (TBEA) from Terminalia bellirica fruit on UC and to explore its mechanism. TBEA was the fraction with the best anti-inflammatory activity screened using in vitro anti-inflammatory assays, and HPLC initially characterized its composition. The mice model of ulcerative colitis was established after free drinking of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium for six days, and the experimental group was treated with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg TBEA for seven days. We found that TBEA significantly alleviated symptoms in UC mice, including a physiologically significant reduction in disease activity index and pathological damage to colonic tissue. TBEA dramatically slowed down oxidative stress and inflammatory process in UC mice, as evidenced by decreasing myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde activities and increasing glutathione and catalase levels by reducing the concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO in UC mice, as well as by regulating key proteins in the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Meanwhile, TBEA maintained intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal flora structure. Our study provides new ideas for developing TBEA into a new drug to treat UC.

The In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Fruit Extract on Testosterone-Induced Hair Loss.

Due to the continuous increase in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety, the demand for hair loss treatment and effective hair growth materials has increased. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TBE) reportedly exerts anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects, among others, but its effects on testosterone (TS)-inhibited hair growth remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TBE on TS-induced hair growth regression in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of TBE increased TS-induced hair growth retardation. Interestingly, effects were greater when compared with finasteride, a commercial hair loss treatment product. Histological analyses revealed that oral TBE administration increased hair follicles in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, western blotting and immunofluorescence showed that oral TBE administration recovered the TS-induced inhibition of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki67 expression in vivo. Using in vitro proliferation assays, TBE promoted HFDPC growth, which was suppressed by TS treatment. Thus, TBE may be a promising nutraceutical for hair health as it promoted hair growth in AGA-like in vitro and in vivo models.

Comparative evaluation of the potential anti-spasmodic activity of Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale in experimental animals

BackgroundSpasm of muscle is one of the frequent complaints seen by most of the population worldwide. The present study evaluated the efficacy of some of the commonly used herbal extracts against known spasmogens, such as histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Material and methodsThe study was conducted on isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus preparations using histamine and 5-HT, respectively. Five herbal extracts such as Piper longum (P.L), Piper nigrum (P.N), Terminalia bellerica (T.B), Terminalia chebula (T.C), and Zingiber officinale (Z.O) were tested. Herbal extracts at doses 50, 150, 500, 1500, and 5000 mcg/ml were pretreated to the isolated tissue preparation, and the contractile response of histamine and 5-HT was recorded. The efficacy and the inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ResultsThe study indicated that all five herbal extracts produced a concentration-dependent suppression of histamine and 5-HT-induced responses. A significant (p < 0.05) non-competitive antagonism was observed against the known spasmogen induced smooth muscle contraction for P.L, P.N, T.B, and Z.O in both guinea pigs and rat uterus preparation. Moreover, P.L and P.N completely abolished (100%) the contractile response induced by histamine and 5-HT. Although, T.C produced a concentration-dependent reduction in known spasmogen-induced contraction but the response was found to be statistically non-significant (p greater than 0.05). ConclusionThe finding suggested that P.L. and P.N. have better activity in terms of reducing the spasmogenic contractions compared to other extracts. Additionally, T.B. and Z.O. can lessen the uterine and intestinal contractions brought on by spasmogens. Although P.L and P.N demonstrated better efficacy against the spasmogenic activity of histamine and 5-HT, more research, particularly on isolated phytochemicals of the extracts and involving different experimental models, is required before establishing the precise safety and efficacy against spasmogenic-induced disorders.

Antibacterial activity of stem bark extract of traditionally used Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) Roxb.

Medicinal Plants have been practised for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” than prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. In this study, the plant Terminalia bellirica was taken for study due to the mesmerizing medicinal properties of the plant. The antibacterial activities of acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene and methanol extracts of Terminalia bellirica stem bark were tested for four pathogenic bacterial strains by agar disc diffusion method. Among the various extract, acetone extracts showed good antibacterial activity and maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for Staphylococus aureus (zone size 8mm) followed by Pseudomonas aurogenosa (10mm). The results are given in Table-1. Methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against E. coli (zone size 8mm). On the other hand ethyl acetate and benzene extract was found to be totally unaffected against these bacterial strains.

Development of novel tasar cultivation zones and conservation of vanya silkworms in ecologically-restored sites within degraded mined-out areas of Purnapani, Odisha

Aim: The aim was to develop tasar cultivation zones by introducing diverse tasar host plant species at mined out sites undergoing ecological restoration for generating sustainable livelihood option for local tribals. Methodology: The site selected for vanya sericulture was an integral part of ecologically restored 250 -acres limestone/dolomite mined out area of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).Tasar cultivation zones were developed by planting saplings of host plant species viz, Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) ex DC., Terminalia arjuna Wright &amp; Arn., Terminalia belerica (Gaertn) Roxb, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Terminalia chebula Retz. and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. These cultivation zones are currently scattered among nine forest communities that were developed by growing saplings of more than 260 native species of trees and shrubs, besides ground vegetation, using ecosystem approach. Women self-help groups were formed and trained in rearing of tasar silkworms as well as making tasar-based products to ensure continuous practice of tasar silkworm culture at these novel cultivation zones. Results: During early ecological stages of ecosystem redevelopment through restoration of the habitat, it was observed that wild tasar moths laid eggs and silkworms spun cocoons, albeit in very small quantity, indicating suitability of foliage as food for larvae. In the year 2019-2020 alone, an estimated one lakh cocoons were produced from DFLs procured from CTRTI, Ranchi,and sent to the market/stored as seed cocoon. The average income per member of self-help group from sale of tasar cocoons was Rs 7, 855 (INR) annually. Interpretation: The restored ecosystems in the limestone/dolomite mined-out areas of SAIL at Purnapani serve as an excellent model for conservation of Tasar gene pools and sustainable livelihood development that can be replicated elsewhere. Hence, this practise can serve as an excellent model for replication elsewhere. Key words: Biodiversity, Ecological restoration, Livelihood, Mined out areas, Self-help group, Tasar silkworm

Field emission scanning electron microscopic, X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis of Terminalia bellerica based silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, catalytic and antibacterial activity

In recent years, scientists have come up with ways to make nanoparticles that are inexpensive and good for the environment. Terminalia bellerica-based silver nanoparticles (TBAgNPs) were made in this study using methanol extract from T. bellerica fruits. This method was quick, economical, and good for the environment. The biosynthesized TBAgNPs were used as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, and anti-catalytic agents. Analytical techniques like XRD, FESEM, and UV–Vis were used to find out more about the spherical TBAgNPs that were made. Also, Cefotaxime-resistant bacteria found in hospitals were used to test how well the TBAgNPs killed bacteria. With the Bauer-agar Kirby's gel diffusion and Mueller-Hinton broth methods, the ability of the synthesized TBAgNPs to stop bacterial growth was tested. After the TBAgNPs were studied, it was found that the average size of their crystals was between 10 and 25 nm. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reducing tests showed that these AgNPs could act as antioxidants, and TBAgNPs (%inhibition = 20.90% to 94.94%) were better antioxidant than ascorbic acid (%inhibition = 13.80% to 86.10%) and extract (%inhibition = 16.90% to 80.50%). The reduction of methylene blue (MB) to leucomethylene blue (LMB) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was used as a model to test the catalytic potential of TBAgNPs. On UV spectroscopic analysis at room temperature, TBAgNPs at different concentrations were able to reduce methylene blue effectively. For Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for TBAgNPs was 0.625 μg/mL and 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. Based on these results, silver nanoparticles made with Terminalia bellerica extract may have much biological importance and could be used in making useful therapeutic applications.

Screening of Antimicrobial activity of Siddhar Agathiyar’s Polyherbal preparation

Introduction: Siddha system of medicine is one of the ancient traditional system of medicines, which was originated by Siddhars.Siddha practitioners successfully handle thirty-two internal as well as external form of medicines. Chooranam is one of the internal medicines in powder form. Kabasura Chooranam is a Siddha poly herbal formulation, taken from Agasthiyar Vaidhya Deva Ragasiyam - 4th part, which has been indicated for respiratory ailments. It contains equal proportions of herbal drugs such as Thippili (Pipper longum), Kadukkai (Terminalia chebula), Nelli Vatral (Phyllanthus emblicus) and Thandrikkai (Terminalia bellerica). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Kabasura Chooranam against various microorganisms such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Psuedomonus, Escherichia coli and Proteus. Methods: The medicine was tested for antimicrobial activity using Muller Hinton agar (MHA) media by disc diffusion method. Result: The study revealed that the test drug has significant inhibiting activity against Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli. The individual ingredients of Kabasura chooranam contains the following active principles like piperine, myrobalan, chebuinic acid, chebulagic acid, gallic acid, phenolic compounds, saponins, ascorpic acid, antraquinone glycoside, arjungenin and many other compounds which are responsible for its antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: The pharmacological activity of these plants could be a possible scientific source to obtain effective herbal medicines with antimicrobial potential to treat various infectious diseases.

Nanoporous Carbon Materials from Terminalia bellirica Seed for Iodine and Methylene Blue Adsorption and High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract Here we report the methylene blue adsorption and energy storage supercapacitance performances of the nanoporous activated carbons obtained by the zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation of biowaste, Terminalia bellirica (Barro) seed stone. The activation was performed at lower temperatures (400–700 °C) under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere. The total specific surface area and pore volume range from 1077 to 1303 m2 g−1 and 0.752 to 0.873 cm3 g−1, depending on the carbonization temperature. Due to the well-developed porosity, the sample with optimal surface area showed excellent iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties with a maximum iodine number and methylene blue value of 909.8 mg g−1 and 357.2 mg g−1, respectively. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the optimum methylene blue adsorption is favorable in an alkaline medium, with a contact time of 270 min and an adsorbent dose of 8 g L−1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model could best explain the equilibrium adsorption with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg g−1. The electrochemical measurements performed in a three-electrode system revealed a high specific capacitance of 319 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrode retained 46% capacitance at 50 A g−1 with an excellent cycle life of 98.5% after 10,000 consecutive charging/discharging cycles. These results imply that a biowaste Terminalia bellirica seed has a considerable potential to produce high surface area porous carbons materials desired in adsorption technology and high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Protective effects of the Terminalia bellirica tannin-induced Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in rats with high-altitude pulmonary hypertension

BackgroundOxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction induced by high-altitude hypoxia have important roles in the pathological process of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH). Tannins present in Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TTR) have pharmacological activities that produce oxidation resistance and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Whether TTR exerts a protective effect on HAPH remains unknown.MethodsA rat model of HAPH was established. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of the animals was measured, the serum levels of SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px were measured using ELISA, and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins in the lung tissue of each group of rats was measured using Western blotting. Pathological changes in the lung tissue were also observed. A model of damage to H2O2-induced pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) was generated, and cell proliferation was measured using CCK-8 assays. Flow cytometry was used to measure ROS levels in PAECs. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins in PAECs.ResultsThe hemodynamic and pathologic findings showed that the mPAP of HAPH rats increased markedly, and the vascular wall thickness increased (P < 0.05). TTR reduced mPAP, alleviated or slowed pulmonary arterial remodeling, increased GSH-Px and SOD activity, lowered the level of MDA (P < 0.05), and downregulated the expression of Bax in the lung tissues of HAPH rats, while the expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 was upregulated (P < 0.05). The results of the cell experiments showed that TTR inhibited H2O2-induced PAEC apoptosis and ROS production (P < 0.05), downregulated the expression of Bax in PAECs, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results suggest that TTR reduces pulmonary arterial pressure, decreases oxidative stress during HAPH, and exerts protective effects in rats with HAPH and that its mechanism of action is related to regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Anticancer effect of Triphala extract on the hepatocellular carcinoma cells in mice

Context: Triphala is a traditional herbal formulation consisting of dried fruits from three plants namely, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula and Phyllanthus emblica. Its traditional used to treat many ailments, including various types of cancers, health promotion, and longevity. Aims: To evaluate the ability of an aqueous extract Triphala (TPL) to inhibit the growth of Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and in mice. Methods: The anticancer activity of TPL and its composite extracts was assessed in vitro by MTT assay with HepG2 cells. The mice were inoculated with HepG2 cells and then divided randomly into six groups (6 mice/group): control group, positive control group (intraperitoneal with 3 mg/kg body weight doxorubicin), and TPL treatment groups (oral administrated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight TPL, respectively). Anticancer activity based on body weight, tumor growth volumes, survival time, relative organ weight, and hematological parameters was determined after administrating the TPL for 14 consecutive days. Results: The results demonstrated that the TPL extract exhibited antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells in a time-dependent manner of treatment. The selectivity index (SI) showed that TPL is highly selective (SI&gt;3) against the HepG2 cell line and has no activity against non-tumor cells. Oral administration with TPL extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight inhibited tumor growth volume and increase the survival time. No abnormality of hematological parameters, relative organ weight, body weight, and morphology of organs were observed. Conclusions: The TPL extract at the test doses was a non-toxic drug. Our finding reveals the anticancer efficacy of TPL extract.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Exploration of the traditional medicine Ipomoea carnea Jacq.

Background: Ipomoea carnea Jacq is an ethnopharmacological drug and its leaves, roots and latex are used for various indications by traditional healers. But seeds are not used in the treatment as they are more toxic. As the herbal medicines are becoming endangered, ethnopharmacological drug can be used efficiently as they are available abundantly. But the toxicity should be reduced for safer use in the treatment. Aim: Seeds of Ipomoea carnea Jacq are studied in the present study to observe the macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical changes in seeds after detoxification in different media. Methods and Materials: Detoxification method described in Ayurveda was used. Ipomoea carnea seeds were subjected to boiling for three hours with Cow’s milk. The same procedure was followed for another sample separately with Cow urine, sour gruel, Triphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) decoction and Distilled water as media. One raw sample was kept for comparison. The transverse section of the raw seed was studied. Microscopy of powder, physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of all the six samples was conducted and the observations were compared among all the samples. Results: The toxic principle Swainsonine was estimated as 3% in all the samples at retention time 3 minutes. The numbers of peaks were reduced in all the treated samples except DWSIC in comparison with raw sample and 2-4 peaks are observed at retention time 1-3 minutes in all treated samples. A new phytoamine having concentration 12% was detected at retention time 17 minutes in all (crude and purified) samples. Conclusion: The morpho-anatomical characteristics of the seed remain same even after being treated with different liquid media. The changes observed in HPLC may be due to antagonist and antidotal action of media used for detoxification.

Management of neuromyelitis optica through Ayurveda- A case report

Abstract Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that usually affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Optic neuritis and myelitis can occur simultaneously or consecutively. This paper is the retrospective observation study of this condition of one patient who received Ayurvedic treatment in the Balroga outpatient department (OPD) (pediatric unit). A 16-year-old adolescent girl, pre-diagnosed as a case of NMO, was presented to Balroga OPD by her parents. Despite the use of methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, intravenous immune globulins, immunosuppressive agents, etc., complete remission was not found. Based on history, symptoms, and clinical examination, the condition was diagnosed as Kapha Avrita Vyana Vayu (a clinical condition in which normal functions of Vyana Vayu [a subtype of Vata Dosha] are hampered by vitiated Kapha Dosha). The case was managed with the initial use of Dipana (digestion and metabolism-enhancing), Pachana (digestion enhancing) and Koshtha Shuddhi (purgation). For this Shunthi Churna and Chitrakadi Vati were given before meals with lukewarm water thrice daily for 3 days along with Triphala Churna [powder made up of equal quantity of dried fruit pericarp of Aamalaki (Phyllanthus emblica Linn), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) and Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.)] with lukewarm water at bed time for Koshtha Shuddhi. This was followed by administration of Ashwagandha Churna, Godanti Bhasma, Rasa Raj Rasa, M-Brahmi Rasayana, and Dashamularistha for one month. This case was managed on the line of treatment of Avarna Janya Vatavyadhi and good improvement was observed in all motor function. The treatment was continued with some modifications for three months, which resulted in remission with complete recovery of all motor functions. The improvement observed with Ayurvedic treatment is a hope for the management of neuromyelitis optica ailment and new-fangled research area.

In-Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Triphala Kwatha (Decoction) And its Alcoholic Extract On Wound Microbes

Triphala is the sanskrit term used in the traditional Indian system of medicine consisting of a combination of three herbal fruits namely Hareethaki (Terminalia chebula), Vibithaki (Terminalia bellerica), and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis). Triphala kwatha( Decoction) is a unique combination which has been used in Ayurveda for wound management since time immemorial. The study aimed to explore the possibilities of Triphala kwatha (decoction) and its alcoholic extract as an antimicrobial agent against wound microbes. In-vitro studies using Amox and Gentamycin as standards were done against four microorganisms i.e Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, and Proteus species. These microorganisms were isolated from patient wound samples and identified by gram staining and biochemical reactions. The Agar well diffusion method or hole plate method and Agar disc diffusion method were used for In Vitro study. The in-vitro results found that Triphala kwatha(decoction) had more antimicrobial activity against microbes than the alcoholic extract of Triphala kwatha choorna. Also, it was evident that the activity of Triphala kwatha(decoction) was more against gram +ve organisms like Staphylococcus aureus.

Development and In-vitro Effectiveness of Tooth-gel containing Herbal Extracts

The aim of the current research was to formulate and evaluate herbal extracts tooth gel of of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Trachycpermum ammi, Embelia ribes and Syzygium aromaticum, which are used for oral hygiene, plaque control, gingivitis, anti-bacterial, astringent and prevent tooth decay. Powders were extracted separately and further evaluated for phytochemical screening which showed presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates. A 23 factorial design was used to optimize tooth gel using independent variables: concentration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (X1) (2 and 3 %); concentration of Gantrex (X2) (0 and 1%) and concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (X3) (1.5 and 2.5 %) and dependent variables foaming capacity (Y1) and zone of inhibition (Y2). Tooth gel was evaluated for color, odor, taste and pH. Gel exhibited good viscosity, extrudability, spreadability and antimicrobial activity. Formulation F5 showed highest foamability (48.2±0.4ml) and zone of inhibition (4.4±0.2cm) with the desirability value 1 (most desirable response) at design space X1 = 2%, X2 = 0%, X3 = 2.5 % and was therefore considered optimize formulation. Formulation was found stable after 3 months of stability studies. Thus, formulated toothgel had better results when compared with marketed formulation. In conclusion, formulated toothgel was considered as helpful to take care of oral hygiene of human being.