Tentative Outline Research Articles

The Ludington Papers: Overstating the Evidence

WHEN I FIRST ENCOUNTERED Russel Barsh in The Road: Indian Tribes and Political Liberty (1980), I was struck by two things: the apparent thoroughness of his examination of the legislative history of the Indian Reorganization Act and his ignorance of the existing historical literature on that topic. The current essay perplexes me even more. In this venture into archival documentation support thesis that the Indian bureaucracy in the twentieth century has consistently co-opted Congressional policy and delayed the assimilation of Indians, Barsh has stumbled badly. While the thesis may be correct, the evidence cited simply does not support it. The most evident error in this essay has do with chronology and the linkage of personalities. Barsh indicates that Ludington, the former personal assistant Woodrow Wilson at Princeton University, prepared reassessment of Indian policy in anticipation of Wilson's presidency. At the time, Barsh tells us, there was growing pressure from Congress to complete the Indians' assimilation and wind up the costly operations of the Indian Office (footnote 46). He implies that it was as result of this pressure from Congress that prepared A Tentative Outline of Indian Policy, (footnote 53) a definite plan, that forshadowed the next fifty years of federal Indian policy, including the Indian New Deal (footnote 60). The first problem with this analysis is that Arthur C. wrote his unpublished papers, which Barsh found in the National Archives, Record Group 75, Special Series A, Box 1, in April of 1912 (text following footnote 51). Woodrow Wilson was not elected president until the fall of 1912 and he did not take office until March 4, 1913. Soon thereafter (footnote 55) left the Indian Office. Ludington's relationship the Wilson campaign and any subsequent influences he might have had on the new administration, are at best tenuous. Nor is it likely that he was the consummate eminence grise (text following footnote 49) in the political reform circles of his day. Once the disparity between the date of Ludington's manuscripts and the beginning of Wilson's presidency is noted, questions arise about the sources of Barsh's claim that Wilson asked Ludington ... prepare re-assessment of Indian Policy. Those sources are cited in footnote 4 which, when examined, provides no evidence that

BUSNOYS AND THE EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY: A NOTE ON ‘L'ARDANT DESIR’ AND ‘FAICTES DE MOY’

THERE are several references to 'L'ardant desir' from around the time of the Mass that Rob Wegman argues must be by Busnoys. It appears among the list of seventeen chansons in Nicole de la Chesnaye's Condamnaczon de banquet: thirteen of these can be identified confidently with chansons circulating in the early 1470s. 1 It is named as a basse danse, along with je languis', in Martial d'Auvergne's Arrets d'amour, written in the early 1460s.2 And there are two related polyphonic elaborations headed 'L'ardant desier' in the Buxheim keyboard manuscript of the same date,3 both with a Tenor line that is plainly a somewhat confused version of the line Wegman has deduced to be the tenor of the Mass. Nevertheless, the chanson itself must be considerably earlier and opens up some intriguing possibilities about Busnoys's attitudes. It appeared in Strasbourg MS 222 C.22, according to the inventory made by Edmond de Coussemaker shortly before the source itself was lost in the fire of 1870.4 Coussemaker recorded only the text opening 'L'ardan desir', the information that it was in three voices, and the first eight notes of the Discantus line; but these notes match the opening of the two Buxheim arrangements closely enough to establish the identity beyond doubt. The chronology of the Strasbourg manuscript and its music remains inscrutable. But the broad outline seems to be that there are two main layers, albeit confusingly interspersed with one another: the later, in void notation, includes works by Dufay and Binchois likely to go as late as 1440; the earlier, in full-black notation, has music reaching back to the middle of the fourteenth century and may well have been finished by 1411 -the date entered on folio 142 of the manuscript. 'L'ardan desir' appears in the earlier full-black notation, albeit in a section of the manuscript mainly filled with pieces in the apparently later void notation. With the Strasbourg incipit, the two Buxheim arrangements and Wegman's deduced version of the original tenor, we can get closer to the music for 'L'ardant desir'. The Discantus reconstruction in Ex. 1 must be regarded as a tentative outline: the Buxheim intabulations tend to play fast and free with Discantus lines, and the smaller details are almost impossible to recover. Moreover, with a convincing

A Tentative Outline of American Values

A Tentative Outline of American Values

Sex inversion as a model for the study of sex determination in vertebrates.

As a consequence of genetic sex determination, the indifferent gonadal blastema normally becomes either a testis or an ovary. This applies to mammals and to the majority of non-mammalian vertebrates. With the exception of placental mammals, however, partial or complete sex inversion can be induced in one sex by sexual steroid hormones of the opposite sex during a sensitive period of gonadogenesis. There is evidence that also during normal gonadogenesis in these species, in the XY/XX mechanism of sex determination testicular differentiation is induced by androgens, and in the ZZ/ZW mechanism, ovarian differentiation by oestrogens. In either case, the hormones may act via serological H-Y antigen as a morphogenetic factor. In contrast, in placental mammals including man, primary gonadal differentiation is independent of sexual steroid hormones, and factors directing differential gonadal development have not yet been conclusively identified. However, various mutations at the chromosome or gene level, resulting respectively in sex inversion or intersexuality, have provided clues as to some genes involved and their possible nature. In this context also, serological H-Y antigen is discussed as a possible factor acting on primordial gonadal cells and inducing differential growth or morphogenesis or both. The data available at present allow a tentative outline of the genetics of sex determination in placental mammals.

A braided strike-slip model for the northern continuation of the Dead Sea Fault and its implications for Levantine tectonics

The assumption that the 100–110 km sinistral displacement on the Dead Sea Fault is transmitted northwards along a single structure, the Yammouneh Fault, which runs NE-SW across Lebanon is here reviewed. A number of valid objections to this concept exist. A more attractive model, supported by the limited data available from the area, is that the motion is transmitted along a number of faults. On this basis the temporary rightward flexure of the Levant Fracture through Lebanon has given rise to a braided strike-slip fault complex, the Yammouneh-Serrhaya Fault System. This model overcomes the objections against the older concept and allows the explanation of the Mt. Lebanon-Bekaa Valley-Anti-Lebanon complex in terms of transpressive and transtensive blocks. A tentative outline of the Cenozoic structural evolution of the area in terms of two or more phases of motion along the Levant Fracture is presented.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of maltoporin from electron microscopy and image processing.

Two dimensional crystals of maltoporin (or phage lambda receptor) were obtained by reconstitution of purified maltoporin trimers and Escherichia coli phospholipids by detergent dialysis. Two different trimer packing forms were observed. One was hexagonal (a = 7.8 nm) and one rectangular (a = 7.8 nm, b = 13.6 nm). In this paper we describe the three-dimensional structure of maltoporin, deduced from the study of the rectangular form by electron microscopy and image processing. At a resolution of approximately 2.5 nm, maltoporin trimers form aqueous channel triplets which appear to merge into a single outlet at the periplasmic surface of the outer membrane. The pore defined by maltoporin has a similar structure to that outlined by the matrix protein. From the results of functional studies by conductance measurement, it is concluded that the three channels defined by maltoporin act, contrary to those formed by the porin (OmpF protein), as a single conducting unit. A tentative outline of the maltoporin promoter is given. Maltoporin appears to be constituted by three different domains: a major rod-like domain spanning the membrane, a minor domain located near the periplasmic surface of the membrane and finally a central domain responsible for the splitting of the channel.

Training for development management: Reflections on social know‐how as a scientific and technological system

AbstractThis paper explores the linkages between development, “appropriate” administrative technology and the training of development managers. In so doing, it traces the intimate relationships between development administration, conceptual paradigms and administrative know‐how as a scientific and technological system. Orthodoxy, neo‐orthodoxy and critical paradigms are discussed and a number of elements to reformulate a development administration paradigm are considered. Based upon this discussion the paper concludes with a tentative outline identifying training needs for development managers and a number of observations about such training: its “appropriatness”, professionalisation and the issue of international cooperation.

Role of theesc+gene product in ensuring the selective expression of segment-specific homeotic genes inDrosophila

The product of the extra sex combs+ (esc+) gene is required during embryogenesis for the correct determination of segments in Drosophila. If this product is absent, most segments develop like the normal eighth abdominal segment. Here, I extend previous results (Struhl, 1981a) showing that this phenotype results in large part from indiscriminate expression of the bithorax-complex genes which are normally active only in particular segments of the thorax and abdomen. In addition, I test whether the esc+ gene product is required for the correct expression of other homeotic genes. First, I have examined two genes of the Antennapedia-complex (Sex combs reduced+ and Antennapedia+): I find that both genes are normally required in only some of the body segments, but that in the absence of the esc+ gene product, both appear to function adventitiously in other segments. Second, comparing esc+ and esc- embryos lacking both these genes as well as the bithorax-complex, I find that additional homeotic genes (possibly those normally involved in specifying head segments) appear to be expressed indiscriminately when the esc+ gene product is absent. Finally, I present evidence that the products of the esc+ gene and the Polycomb+ gene (a second gene required for the correct regulation of the bithorax-complex) act independently. On the basis of these results, I propose a tentative outline of the roles and realms of action of all of these genes.

Architectural designers' values and the evaluation of their designs

Arising from a review of several design judgement studies, a tentative outline of the design process, using the framework of decision-making and value theory, is set out. This paper reports an experimental programme based upon that outline. The experiments entailed designers planning a school and, in conjunction with the design process, performing a judgement-analysis exercise to elicit their values. The plans are also evaluated subjectively with respect to the designers' values. Generally, the findings provide support for the tentative theory, and have several implications for design teaching, research and practice.

An empirical correlation of bedload transport rates in flumes and natural rivers

A simple, purely empirical expression has been found which closely correlates the existing laboratory data on the measured rates of unsuspended, bedload transport of sediment in flumes with recently published data on the like transport rates in a wide variety of natural rivers. Let ω be the stream power r̄ū per unit bed area, and let ω 0 be the threshold value of ω at which sediment begins to be moved. Then if the flow depth is Y and the peak size, or mode, of the sediment is D , the transport rate i b , by immersed weight, varies empirically as i b ∝ (ω - ω 0 ) 3/2 Y -2/3 D -1/2 This is dimensionally incomplete for it omits, for instance, the excess density of the solids, which happens to be virtually constant for all the data examined. The relation can however be made dimensionless by writing i b /(i b ) * = [ω - ω 0 /(ω - ω 0 ) * ] 3/2 ( Y / Y * ) -2/3 ( D / D * ) -1/2 , where the starred symbols refer to any standard set of values chosen from a reliable experimental plot. The above expression has so far been found to predict the average actual values within the limits of measuremental error over 10 3 -fold ranges of flow depth Y and mode size D , and over a 10 4 -fold range of stream power ω. When the bed material of a natural river is bimodal, the measured transport rates are found to occur, seemingly at random, between the two limiting values computed respectively for the larger and the smaller values of mode size D . A physical explanation of such an apparently general correlation poses an intriguing problem in fluid mechanics. Some qualitative clues are discussed and a tentative outline explanation is given of the general tendency of streams that flow over mobile material towards a quasi-rhythmic fluctuation of channel cross-section.

The geological development of southeastern Norrbotten, based on the Precambrian stratigraphy of the Luleå area

Abstract Domes of presumed basement (> 2500 Ma) appear near Lulea, southeastern Norrbotten, northern Sweden. The stratigraphy of this area is briefly described and a tentative outline of the general geology around the Gulf of Bothnia is given, stressing the importance of block faulting for the present distribution of geological units.

Aspects of Zuni Prehistory: Preliminary Report on Excavations and Survey in the El Morro Valley of New Mexico

Abstract Preliminary assessment of survey and excavation data suggest that major shifts occurred regionally in settlement patterns within El Morro Valley during the last half of the 13th century A.C. Clusters of small masonry pueblos on ridge tops are replaced by a few, large, defensible pueblos; then the valley is abandoned early in the 14th century. Intensification of intercommunity warfare is postulated in attempting to explain these shifts, and our results are compared with those of earlier workers (especially Leslie Spier and Richard Woodbury) to arrive at a tentative cultural-historical outline culminating in Zuni settlement of the Cities of Cibola.

The Serayu Valley Project, Central Java, Indonesia (1973?1980)

The Serayu Valley Project is a joint Indonesian/Dutch research and training project for river basin development. The cooperation between the Faculty of Geography of the Gadjah Mada university of Yogyakarta and several Dutch university earth sciences groups is sponsored by the Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Cooperation (NUFFIC). Part I deals with the objectives, funding, structure and educational and research organization of the project. Part II contains a very brief description of the Serayu River Basin (± 3,700 km2) selected as area of study for the project. Part III presents the approach for planning and development in a tentative outline of a masterplan for the basin.

Feminism and critical theory

Synopsis This is a taped transcript of a talk given from notes. I have edited lightly. I wanted to preserve the informality and the bravado. The detail of my present research concerns itself with what I propose here in tentative and broad outline.

Growth and development of Taonius megalops (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), and some phases of its life cycle

Taonius megalops is a neutrally buoyant oceanic squid, very different in form when young and old. The young, has a round, sac‐like mantle and relatively long tentacles, while the adult has an elongated cone‐like mantle and relatively short tentacles. The transition in shape and form is gradual and has been followed in animals of between 3 and 180 mm dorsal mantle length. Statistical tests on various parameters investigated, both external and internal, revealed good correlation with the dorsal mantle length and confirmed the descriptions of the development of the chromatophores and subocular light organs with growth. It was concluded that these animals, captured in the Atlantic Ocean, all belonged to the species T. megalops Prosch 1849. This study has permitted us to suggest a tentative outline of the life cycle, although no adults were present in the material available.

Programs, Materials, and Techniques

Depending upon our individual perspectives, we are either delighted or depressed at the growing number of “cookbooks” available to the learning disabilities practitioner. It is assumed that cookbooks are somehow outside the realm of serious review or criticism. Sometimes this is because the more experienced and sophisticated practitioner believes that education cookbooks are not worthy of professional attention. On the other hand, a modest, homemade effort may believe itself to be immune from professional critique. Neither assumption is appropriate. If a product is created, distributed, advocated, and used, it requires serious professional attention and is subject to professional review. The column this month examines the entire role of cookbooks in learning disabilities by analyzing in some detail the original kitchen-related aspects of the term, by relating the results of this analysis to the classroom counterpart, and by suggesting a tentative brief outline to consider in evaluating cookbooks. A review of a recently submitted cookbook also is presented to show application of the considerations suggested.

The Desiderative Constitution. A Tentative Outline of a Theory

"Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America" analyses legal and constitutional developments in all states or regions outside of Europe as well as their regional and international integration. Founded in 1968 and inspired by decolonization and the idea of a cooperative new beginning, the Journal also promotes a special interest in contributions on 'Law and development'. The journal aims to provide a forum for a variety of perspectives on these fields of interest, be they focused on one country or comparative, theoretical or methodological in nature.

The use of representational prompts in aphasia therapy

The uses of representational prompts, which have received little specific attention in the literature of aphasia therapy, are discussed in this paper. A representational prompt is one that represents the concept pinpointed in the naming or matching response the prompt is intended to help elicit. It may fall into either of two major categories: symbolic, as in the form of a written word or realistic, as in the form of an object or picture. A number of examples are described that were clinically utilized by the authors within the framework of operant behavior principles, and a tentative outline is presented suggestive of the variety of such prompts that can be adapted to the precise and varying needs of the patient.

Semantic Shifts: An Approach to Difficult Vocabulary

Since even in two closely related languages lexical units often fail to correspond in meaning, students and teachers of Russian are familiar with difficulties caused by the noncorrespondence of meaning. These difficulties seem to grow in number with the growth of the student's vocabulary. Facing these difficulties necessitates comparing the semantic structure of Russian with that of English, and this in turn forces us to reflect on what words signify in our native language. At this point we often shrink from the task for fear of into semantics, semantics remaining an area of linguistic research which has been inadequately studied to date and therefore best not ventured into in a classroom context. To be sure, semantics is poorly studied. But while linguistic research is getting around to addressing itself to problems of meaning in language, language teachers must do something to help students cope with practical language-learning problems-including those which are primarily semantic in nature. Even in the absence of definitive answers to basic questions of semantics-a distant goal in any eventwe can supply our students with a few basic notions and provide a tentative outline which will help them bring some degree of order to the semantic data of Russian. Part of what I shall propose under the heading of comparative semantic analysis is already part of the classroom practice of experienced teachers and reflected in the better textbooks. In fact it could already be part of the learning strategy of our more resourceful students. Let me start with a clear example. In introducing our students to verb pairs like idti/xodit' and exat'/ezdit' we often find ourselves using the label going verbs.I We would do better to speak of them as verbs and to point out that whereas Eng. go denotes motion away from the speaker Russ. idti/xodit' denotes motion without regard to the position of the speaker; thus we get not only Idite tuda but also Idite sjuda. Russ. Mit' and Eng. live are quite close in meaning, but the sentence, B naRoft rocTHEzRe OH 3EHBeT? if the period of residence is brief calls for the English verb stay, not live. Perceptive teachers always call students' attention to instances where

Some observations on the biology of the millipedeGeoglomeris jurassicaVerhoeff, 1915

Summary The known distribution of the apparently rare millipede Geoglomeris jurassica Verhoeff is reviewed and several new records are listed. The evidence on vertical distribution of Geoglomeris in the soil is discussed and a tentative outline of the life-history of the animal is presented.