Tensile Strength Of Material Research Articles

Effect of Steel Fibers on Tensile Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: A Review.

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cement-based material with excellent mechanical properties and durability. However, with the improvement of UHPC's compressive properties, its insufficient tensile properties have gradually attracted attention. This paper reviews the tensile properties of steel fibers in UHPC. The purpose is to summarize the existing research and to provide guidance for future research. The relevant papers were retrieved through three commonly used experimental methods for UHPC tensile properties (the direct tensile test, flexural test, and splitting test), and classified according to the content, length, type, and combination of the steel fibers. The results show that the direct tensile test can better reflect the true tensile strength of UHPC materials. The tensile properties of UHPC are not only related to the content, shape, length, and hybrids of the steel fibers, but also to the composition of the UHPC matrix, the orientation of the fibers, and the geometric dimensions of the specimen. The improvement of the tensile properties of the steel fiber combinations depends on the effectiveness of the synergy between the fibers. Additionally, digital image correlation (DIC) technology is mainly used for crack propagation in UHPC. The analysis of the post-crack phase of UHPC is facilitated. Theoretical models and empirical formulas for tensile properties can further deepen the understanding of UHPC tensile properties and provide suggestions for future research.

Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al/SiC/ZrO2 hybrid composite by spark plasma sintering technique

The quantum of work with silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) in the aluminum hybrid composite material has increased due to the growing demand for lightweight materials for various industrial applications. The aluminum hybrid composite with the wt% of primary reinforcement particles of SiC was kept constant at 5%, and the secondary reinforcement particles of ZrO2 were taken by 5%, 10%, and 15%. The sintering parameters were used as the temperature at 600°C, holding time of 35 minutes, and pressure at 30MPa. In this work, the aluminum composite material reinforced with 5%wt of SiC particles compared the test results with aluminum hybrid composite reinforcement of SiC and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Adding ZrO2 reinforcements enhances the aluminum hybrid composite material's better microstructure, microhardness, tensile strength, compression, and yield strength.

An investigation on the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation on the tensile and flexural strength of polymer and plastic materials

In the present investigation, the influence of three-dimensional printing orientation (0 and 90 degrees) on the mechanical properties has been evaluated for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic and polylactic acid polymer specimens. Further, results found the significant influence of printing orientation on tensile strength, yield strength, and flexural strength for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid was between 17.80 (minimum) to 77.67% (maximum). The percentage difference between three-point bending finite element analysis and experimental results was 3.05% which exhibited the good prediction capability of the developed finite element analysis model.

Damage constitutive model of rock and application based on strength theory

Abstract Extending the one-dimensional damage constitutive model of rock materials to 3 dimensions using classical methods fails to capture the significant differences in tensile, compressive, and shear strengths exhibited by the rock materials. Consequently, it is necessary to revise the existing damage constitutive model to describe the damage evolution law and constitutive relationship of rock materials more accurately and provide a theoretical basis for the safety and stability analysis of underground engineering more scientifically, thus ensuring the sustainable development of underground engineering. By introducing the Weibull distribution function and building upon strength theory, a correction function was established. This correction function adjusted the equivalent strain, enabling the development of a 3-dimensional damage constitutive model that accounted for the varying tensile, compressive, and shear strengths of rock materials. The impact of various parameters on the model's fitting effectiveness was evaluated, and a comparative analysis was conducted against pertinent experimental results. Using the theory of neutral axis deviation, the relationship between bending moment and damage variables in a purely bending rock beam was derived. The study revealed that all parameters of the damage constitutive model could be derived from the uniaxial stress-strain curve, and its theoretical findings exhibited strong agreement with experimental results obtained from rock and rock-like materials under uniaxial tension, compression and triaxial compression. Based on the examined cases, it was concluded that, when considering both tensile and compressive damage, the ultimate bending moment of a rock beam was approximately one-third of its elastic limit bending moment in an undamaged state. The results have verified the feasibility of the damage constitutive model.

Assessing the mechanical properties of a cemented sand focusing on experimental and theoretical studies

The incorporation of cement to improve soil properties and attract the re-use of locally available materials has become a part of current geotechnical engineering projects. Its applicability varies from construction of pavement base layers, slope protection for earth dams, to support layer for shallow foundations. Unconfined behaviour might be used to evaluate the basic mechanical properties and efficiency of the cemented soils. The proposed relationship between porosity () and volumetric cement content (Civ), presented as porosity cement index (/Civ), was shown to play an important role in the initial shear stiffness (G0), tensile (qt) and compressive (qu) strength of cemented materials. This research aims to assess these parameters through experimental investigation and modelling predictions. Bender elements testing were carried out to assess the maximum initial shear stiffness (G0) prior to specimens testing, and assessing G0 evolution during cement hydration, focusing on the anisotropic/isotropic behaviour established during specimen moulding. Results show a good correlation between experimental and numerical data. It was also observed that cementation isotropises G0 during curing.

Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Effects of Hyaluronic Acid Coating on Absorbable Suture Material: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: The use of absorbable suture materials in surgical procedures is a critical aspect of wound closure and tissue repair. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the potential benefits of incorporating Hyaluronic Acid (HA), a naturally occurring biopolymer, into these sutures. By shedding light on the interactions between HA and absorbable sutures, the present study seeks to provide valuable insights that could enhance the quality of surgical wound management. Aim: To assess the mechanical properties and antimicrobial effects of HA-coated and uncoated absorbable suture material. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in a year 2022. A total of 70 samples of HA-coated and uncoated Vicryl 4-0 suture material were tested for tensile strength using an Instron machine. An anti-bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans was assessed using a Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plate, and the zone of inhibition was measured. Additionally, both the uncoated and HA-coated Vicryl 4-0 suture materials were analysed under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the surface characteristics. An independent t-test was used to compare the tensile strength of coated and uncoated suture materials. Results: The mean tensile strength of uncoated and HAcoated suture material was 6.47±0.23 MPa and 3.78±1.02 MPa, respectively. The difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans, the zone of inhibition was 8.0±0.5 mm in diameter and 9±0.5 mm in diameter, respectively, around coated Vicryl 4-0 suture material, whereas no zone of inhibition was observed for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans around uncoated suture material. SEM analysis showed superior surface characteristics of HA-coated suture thread when compared to uncoated suture thread. Conclusion: HA-coated suture material does not exhibit superior tensile strength when compared to the uncoated suture material. However, HA-coated suture material has potent antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Additionally, SEM analysis showed improved surface characteristics in favour of the coated suture material.

Unconventional use of FDM printing method for testing the delamination of PVA material for different layer height

The necessity to alter the material used for producing specific components has arisen in tandem with technological advancements, specifically in the realm of additive manufacturing. The aim is to enhance both the physical and mechanical attributes of these objects. The newly envisaged materials are anticipated to confer increased durability, resilience, and in some cases, elasticity, thus extending the lifespan and bolstering their utility. Furthermore, environmental considerations dictate that these innovative materials should be amenable to recycling. The ultimate objective of this study is to establish a foundational set of optimal parameters for 3D printing with PVA material. This research will unveil the outcomes of material tensile strength in samples produced using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technique, with variations in layer height. The focal point of this investigation is PVA material, which will subsequently be augmented with particles of biological origin to create a novel polymer with broader applicability and improved mechanical properties, following future tests.

Determination of mechanical performance of boric acid filled polypropylene based polymer composites

Polypropylene (PP) polymer, which is one of the indispensable materials of our daily life and stands out with its lightness, low cost and chemical resistance properties in the industry, was used. In industrial applications where the properties of polymers without additives are not sufficient, composite materials are produced by adding some additives to the polymer. In this experimental study, the mechanical properties of composites produced by adding boric acid (BA) to PP polymer at 5 wt.% (PP/5BA), 10 wt.% (PP/10BA) and 15 wt.% (PP/15BA) ratios were investigated. the effect of both BA filler and optimum BA filler ratio on mechanical properties were investigated. In the production of PP/BA composites, granules were first produced in an industrial twin screw extruder. Then, PP/BA composite tensile and impact test specimens were moulded on a conventional injection moulding machine. As a result, it was observed that the tensile modulus, tensile and yield strength of the composite materials decreased with increasing boric acid filler content in PP polymer. Depending on the boric acid filler content, the tensile strength decreased by an average of 18.3% and the breaking strength decreased by 14.8%. The lowest tensile modulus was obtained with a value of 2713 MPa at 10wt.% boric acid filler addition. The impact strength increased slightly at 5 wt.% boric acid filler addition and decreased at 10wt.% and 15wt.% boric acid filler addition.

Processing and Characterization of UV Irradiated HDPE/POSS Fibers.

High-performance polyethylene fibers, renowned for their superior attributes encompassing a high strength, modulus, and lightness, are conventionally manufactured through the gel spinning method. However, this method is encumbered by several drawbacks, including the requisite application of a separate process to eliminate solvents from the fibers and the utilization of chemicals deleterious to both the environment and human health. Alternatively, the adoption of the melt spinning method presents a cleaner and environmentally friendly approach to attain high-performance fibers. In the present investigation, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fibers were produced employing the melt spinning method. After the spinning process, strategic orientation procedures were implemented to enhance the crystallinity of the spun fibers. As a concluding step, seeking to elevate the overall performance of the oriented spun HDPE fibers, a cross-linking treatment was applied via UV irradiation. Notably, this study pioneers the incorporation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrid nanoparticles into HDPE during melt spinning, presenting a novel advancement aimed at further enhancing the mechanical properties of oriented HDPE fibers during UV irradiation. For this purpose, two distinct types of POSS, namely octavinyl POSS (OVPOSS) and methacryl POSS (MACPOSS), both having unsaturated double bonds capable of participating in the network structure of oriented HDPE spun during UV cross-linking, were used. The thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties, as well as the crystal structure of samples with and without POSS molecules, were investigated. The mechanical properties of the fibers exhibited higher values in the presence of OVPOSS. The incorporation of OVPOSS and MACPOSS resulted in a noteworthy improvement in the material's tensile strength, exhibiting a marked increase of 12.5 and 70.8%, respectively. This improvement can be attributed to the more homogeneous dispersion of OVPOSS in HDPE, actively participating in the three-dimensional network structure. After orientation and UV irradiation, the tensile strength of HDPE fibers incorporating OVPOSS increased to 293 MPa, accompanied by a concurrent increase in the modulus to 2.8 GPa. The addition of POSS nanoparticles thus yielded a substantial improvement in the overall performance of HDPE fibers.

Fracture parameter identification by Digital Image Correlation and Finite Fracture Mechanics for millimeter-scale samples

In situ wedge splitting tests are conducted on millimeter-size PMMA samples. A method to determine the material tensile strength and critical energy release rate (ERR) from digital image correlation (DIC) and a full finite element implementation of the coupled criterion (CC) is proposed. The best material parameter identification is achieved when the CC implementation based on measured displacements on a contour of a subdomain is performed, providing the crack initiation length remains small compared to the subdomain size.

ANALISIS UJI TARIK KOMPOSIT SERAT BATANG KELAKAI DENGAN VARIASI KATALIS UNTUK PEMBUATAN MATERIAL BUMPER MOBIL

A research was conducted to create car bumper materials using natural kelakai plant fibers combined with a catalyst and resin as a binding agent in the composite. The main goal of the study was to examine the tensile strength of the kelakai fiber composite with different catalyst variations and assess the impact of these catalyst changes on the bumper material's tensile strength. The composite materials were prepared in three test specimens with catalyst compositions of 2,5%, 5%, and 7,5%, respectively, based on a 20 mL resin composition. These samples underwent tensile testing using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The results revealed that the tensile strength of the kelakai fiber composite increased with higher catalyst percentages. At 2,5%, 5%, and 7,5% catalyst compositions, the tensile strengths were measured as 0,37 N/mm2, 0,41 N/mm2, and 0,47 N/mm2, respectively. Additionally, the elongation values for the catalyst portion are 1,11%, 2,22%, and 3,89% and the Young's modulus values are 0,33 N/mm2, 0,18 N/mm2, and 0,12 N/mm2, respectively. The study demonstrates the significant influence of catalyst variations on the tensile strength of the kelakai fiber composite.

Study on the flowability and strength of cement-based materials added with limestone powder and PVA fiber

In order to improve the mechanical properties of cement-based materials, limestone powder (LP) was used as a filler as 0% to 20% cement paste replacement by volume in the mortar. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber with 0% to 0.6% by volume were added to produce multiple sets of cement-based materials for basic mechanical properties tests including flowability, compressive strength and tensile strength. The test results indicated that an increase in the amount of PVA fiber and the replacement amount of LP continuously reduce the flowability of cement-based materials. PVA fiber led to the most significant reduction effect. The addition of an appropriate amount of PVA fiber can improve the tensile and compressive strength of cement-based materials, but excessive addition has a negative impact on the compressive strength. When the increase in replacement ratio of LP, the compressive strength of cement-based materials increased. Comparatively, the decrease in tensile strength is not significant.

Polymer-silicate composites based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and organo-modified montmorillonite

In this paper, the influence of organo-modified montmorillonite (oMMT) on the properties and structure of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are studied. The technology of preliminary mechanical activation of oMMT in a planetary mill was proposed. The structure and morphology of oMMT before and after mechanical activation in a planetary mill were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy. It was found that preliminary mechanical activation leads to dispersion and increase in the porosity of oMMT. Heat treatment at the temperature of the composite material processing does not lead to the destruction of organic modifiers. Studies of the mechanical properties of polymer-silicate composites have revealed that the introduction of preliminary mechanically activated oMMT contributes to the increase of tensile and compressive strength of the composite material based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.

Experimental study on the mechanical properties of the reinforced transparent building membrane material STFE

STFE is a new type of reinforced polymer building membrane material that combines excellent mechanical properties and transparency by using high-strength fibre mesh, which eliminates the limitations of poor transparency in coated fabric membranes and low strength in polymer membranes. In this study, in order to investigate its strength indicators and mechanical properties, material mechanical tests such as uniaxial, biaxial, and picture frame tests were conducted, obtaining the basic mechanical parameters of the material, including warp and weft direction tensile strength, tear strength, welding seam strength, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and creep elongation rate, among others. Additionally, linear and nonlinear stress–strain mechanical models for uniaxial and biaxial loading were proposed for this material, as well as time-dependent creep and stress relaxation models. These mechanical models were validated and found suitable for numerical simulations of the material. The research results lay the preliminary foundation for the application of this material in large-span tensile transparent membrane structures.

Tensile deformation behavior of laser powder direct energy deposited Inconel 625: Cryogenic to elevated temperatures

This study investigated the tensile behavior of laser powder direct energy deposited (LP-DED) Inconel 625 at temperatures ranging from cryogenic (−195 °C) to an elevated temperature of 980 °C. The tensile properties and deformation mechanisms at different temperatures were revealed. The tensile strength of the material, i.e., yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), was observed to decrease with increasing test temperature. Sudden decreases in YS were observed from −195 °C to 20 °C and above 870 °C, and in UTS from −195 °C to 20 °C and above 650 °C. The sudden decline in tensile strengths from −195 °C to 20 °C was attributed to the reduction in deformation twin density in the material. In contrast, softening caused by the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) resulted in a rapid decline in YS and UTS above 870 °C and 650 °C, respectively. The ductility of the material was observed to decrease with increasing test temperature until 650 °C, where the tensile fractures were governed by the decohesion of carbides. Above 650 °C, DRX was observed in the microstructure and the grain boundary (GB) sliding of the DRX grains governed the tensile fracture. At 870 °C, a lower degree of GB sliding improved the ductility, while at 980 °C an excessive GB sliding induced fracture significantly deteriorated the ductility.

The Cracking and Tensile-Load-Bearing Behaviour of Concrete Reinforced with Sanded Carbon Grids

This article presents the cracking and load-bearing behaviour of carbon-reinforced prismatic concrete tensile specimens. Grids with different geometries and impregnations were used as carbon reinforcement. In addition, the roving surfaces were partially coated with a fine sand to improve the bond between concrete and reinforcement. The article shows the influence of the different parameters on the developing cracks with respect to their width and spacing from each other. The material properties and tensile strengths of carbon concrete are also presented. These can be used for calculations. A fine-grained, commercially available shotcrete was used for the investigations. Based on the tests and results described in this article, an influence of the sanded carbon grids on the crack properties (crack widths, crack spacing) could be shown in comparison to unsanded carbon grids.

Preparation and antimicrobial properties of polymer blend based on LLDPE and polyhexamethylene guanidine

AbstractAntibacterial packaging represents an active packaging solution crafted to uphold the quality and safety of products. One of the popular polymer used in food packaging is Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), due to its low cost, ease of processing, and high mechanical properties. Polymer blend based on LLDPE and antibacterial agent PHMG were prepared in the presence of PE‐g_AM compatibilizer and DCP initiator. The inclusion of PHMG resulted in a decline in the material's tensile strength. Specifically, in the sample containing 2% PHMG content, the tensile strength decreased by 11.6% in comparison to the original PE; whereas the elongation at break of the samples slightly increased. IR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic groups of PHMG after the reaction. The polymer blend material acquired demonstrated antibacterial effects against both Gram‐negative (E. coli) and Gram‐positive (S. aureus) bacteria owing to the existence of PHMG within the material. The polymer blend sample LLDPE/2%PHMG/0.2%DCP/5%PE‐g_AM demonstrated the best antibacterial effect. The diameter of the S. aureus resistant zone reached 1.9 cm, 2.4 times bigger than the those of E. coli. The obtained properties of mechanical properties and antibacterial ability, polymer blend based on LLDPE/PHMG is suitable for application of antibacterial packaging film.

The tensile strength test and result comparison of new transparent architecture membrane material STFE

ABSTRACT STFE(structural, transparent, fluorinated, envelope) membrane material is a new type of transparent architecture membrane material. Compared with general architecture membrane materials, which have the disadvantage of cannot balance strength and transparency, STFE has both high transparency and certain tensile strength. In this study, tensile strength tests were conducted on this new type of membrane material, and data obtained from different test methods, such as clamping test, winding test, and dumbbell-shaped test, were compared, and the mechanism for the differences was analyzed. The results showed that the winding-type test with smooth surface contact yielded the highest and most accurate strength data, clamping tests due to the tendency of the specimen to slip out of the clamping end, dumbbell tests due to the stress concentration effect, and winding tests with rough surface contact due to material damage caused by pressure, all reduce the measured tensile strength values. The measured tensile strength of STFE membrane material was 4241N/5 cm in the warp direction and 4335N/5 cm in the weft direction. This indicates that STFE membrane material has sufficient strength to be used in tensile membrane structures.

Effects of material property and thickness on block shear strength in lean duplex stainless steel welded connections

Recently, studies have been carried out to apply lean duplex stainless steels, with less than 1.5% nickel, which provides higher material strength and lower cost compared with austenitic stainless steel for building structures. This study compared with existing experimental and finite element analysis results on the structural behaviours of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel welded connections with different tensile strength (tensile strength-to-yield stress ratio) and plate thickness despite identical steel grade. The main variables are plate thickness and weld lengths. The material tensile strength of a 3.0 mm thick plate was 22% lower than that of a 1.5 mm thick plate. All specimens showed block shear facture in the base metal. Block shear strengths predicted by current design codes and the proposed equations from previous studies were compared with test strengths. KDS 41 31 00-19/AISC2016 and EC3 design specifications underestimated block shear capacity by on average 24%, 43%, respectively for 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm thick specimens, and equations suggested in previous studies of stainless steel welded connections did not sufficiently account for the influence of stress triaxiality by material property and plate thickness difference on the block shear strength of lean duplex stainless steel specimens. Therefore, thickness-dependent modified strength equations were recommended based on experimental and numerical studies of lean duplex stainless steel welded connections and comparison of carbon steel and other stainless steel connections.

Atomistic Construction of Silicon Nitride Ceramic Fiber Molecular Model and Investigation of Its Mechanical Properties Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Molecular simulations are currently receiving significant attention for their ability to offer a microscopic perspective that explains macroscopic phenomena. An essential aspect is the accurate characterization of molecular structural parameters and the development of realistic numerical models. This study investigates the surface morphology and elemental distribution of silicon nitride fibers through TEM and EDS, and SEM and EDS analyses. Utilizing a customized molecular dynamics approach, molecular models of amorphous and multi-interface silicon nitride fibers with complex structures were constructed. Tensile simulations were conducted to explore correlations between performance and molecular structural composition. The results demonstrate successful construction of molecular models with amorphous, amorphous-crystalline interface, and mixed crystalline structures. Mechanical property characterization reveal the following findings: (1) The nonuniform and irregular amorphous structure causes stress concentration and crack formation under applied stress. Increased density enhances material strength but leads to higher crack sensitivity. (2) Incorporating a crystalline reinforcement phase without interfacial crosslinking increases free volume and relative tensile strength, improving toughness and reducing crack susceptibility. (3) Crosslinked interfaces effectively enhance load transfer in transitional regions, strengthening the material's tensile strength, while increased density simultaneously reduces crack propagation.