Temporary Incapacity For Work Research Articles

Sick leaves among healthy pregnant Croatian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic due to loopholes in the occupational safety system.

The aim of this study was to explore occupational safety in pregnant Croatian healthcare workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To this end we composed an anonymous questionnaire that included pregnancy data, risk assessment and mitigation, and workplace intervention and distributed it to HCWs through social media of their groups and associations. The study includes a total of 173 respondents (71.1 % physicians, 19.7 % nurses, 9.2 % other HCWs) diagnosed with pregnancy in 2020 and 2021. Employers were notified about HCWs' pregnancy at the eighth (IQR 7.0-11.0) week of pregnancy, which delayed workplace risk assessment and mitigation beyond the first trimester. Only 19.6 % of the participants had the risk assessed and mitigated, mostly on their own initiative (76.5 %). After notifying employers about pregnancy, 37.0 % of participants opted for temporary work incapacity (TWI) due to "pregnancy complications" despite healthy pregnancy, 16.8 % were granted a pregnant worker's paid leave at the expense of the employer, while 5.8 % continued to work at the same workplace. Nurses used the TWI benefit more frequently than physicians (58.8 % vs 30.1 %, P=0.004). Our findings suggest that occupational safety of pregnant HCWs in Croatia lacks clear-cut and transparent strategies to protect pregnant HCWs, forcing them to misuse the healthcare system.

Certain issues on the implementation of the right to medical care by employees of the Emergency Control Ministry of Russia

The article presents the norms of law determining the procedure of issuing certificates of release from duty on temporary incapacity for work to employees and payment of compensations related to the employee’s medical treatment. The normative legal acts, fixing legal guarantees of employees of the Emergency Control Ministry (EMERCOM) of Russia for medical care, and provisions of normative legal acts regulating medical care of citizens of the Russian Federation are considered. Examples from judicial practice concerning dismissal of an employee during his/her disability, as well as legal positions of courts in this context are given. The provisions regulating the issues of temporary disability of employees and their release from duty in case of illness, injury or other temporary disability are disclosed. Particular attention is paid to the coverage of the issue of health risks for employees of the EMERCOM of Russia associated with extreme conditions and psychological stress. The range of issues not regulated by the current legislation and requiring legal arrangement is defined.

Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine to Reduce Mortality Due to Non-Communicable Diseases: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and russian Aggression

Today, in Ukraine, as in the world, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are an urgent problem that goes beyond public health. NCDs determine significant economic and demographic losses as a result of temporary and permanent incapacity for work, a drop in labor productivity, costs of medical care and premature mortality. More than 86% of premature deaths from NCDs occur in low- and middle-income countries, including Ukraine. Reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases was chosen as one of the targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under Goal 3 Good health and well-being.
 A threat to the achievement of this and related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in the world and in Ukraine was the successive combined negative impact of a complex of factors due to the pandemic of the coronavirus disease and the aggression of the Russian Federation.
 The aim of the work is to assess the dynamics of mortality due to non-communicable diseases by selected causes of death based on the monitoring of national indicators of the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine within the framework of the targets of Goal 3. Good health and well-being; identify and analyze a complex of factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression that influence these changes; substantiate the assumptions regarding the prospects for the implementation of the targets set by the country in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the area of the epidemiological situation regarding non-communicable diseases (in particular, regarding the reduction of mortality from them).
 The assessment of the pre-war situation and changes during the COVID-19 pandemic for the period 2019–2021 was carried out on the basis of data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on mortality from non-communicable diseases, which correspond to selected national indicators and data from the monitoring of indicators of SDG: Ukraine. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021, 2022, 2023 and data from the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine were used.
 Due to complications in obtaining, summarizing and analyzing statistical data on mortality in Ukraine with the beginning of the large-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, assumptions about mortality shifts according to selected national indicators of the implementation of the targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are limited by directions.
 As of 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Agenda in terms of reducing premature mortality from NCDs: according to four of the six national indicators that track progress in this area (3.4.1, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, and 3.5.2) there was a deviation from the planned trajectory and an excess of intermediate results for 2020.
 The aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine threatened to an even greater extent the implementation of measures aimed at achieving the selected indicators. Mortality from NCDs (primarily from cardiovascular diseases) is projected to increase by 2022, as well as in the period before the end of the war and in the immediate period after, with a widening gap between the mortality rates of men and women. In particular, with a high degree of probability, we can expect in the coming years, an increase in morbidity and mortality due cerebrovascular diseases, as well as a "rejuvenation" of the age at which a cerebrovascular disaster occurs.
 The main factors, the synergistic effect of which has already determined and will determine in the near future an increase in the risk of dying due to non-communicable diseases, including prematurely, are the difficulty of access to the necessary medical services and medicines; decrease in their availability, including economic, with growing dissatisfaction with the needs of people with NCDs in medical care; disruption of the functioning of medical institutions; delay / inability to receive necessary treatment; increasing the influence of the main risk factors and reducing the possibilities of their minimization; the presence of the majority of the population in a state of stress and the prevalence of the practice of overcoming it due to excessive use of alcohol and tobacco; immediate and distant consequences of the transferred coronavirus disease, especially Long COVID; reduced adherence to treatment and lifestyle changes, etc.
 With every day of the war, the threat of non-fulfillment (incomplete fulfillment) of the tasks set within the framework of Goal 3 to reduce mortality due to NCDs in Ukraine by 2030 deepens. There is a need to review and update national tasks taking into account existing threats and challenges, including in the field of NCDs.

The dynamic and structural indicators of population morbidity of diseases of skin and subcutaneous fat: the scientific review

The diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue represent consist medical and social problem due to their high prevalence. In the case of chronic course, dermatosis result in long-term temporary incapacity for work, disability and deterioration of quality of life of patients. The purpose of the study was based on analysis of scientific publications to assess level, structure and dynamics of morbidity of population, territorial features of prevalence of diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue and risk factors for their occurrence. The scientific review of studies in Russian and English was carried out using information portals and platforms eLIBRARY.ru, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus for the period 2010-2022. The selection included 47 publications that assessed levels of primary and general morbidity of population with diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue and its dynamics over certain periods of time, as well as territorial features of prevalence of these diseases in the Russian Federation and risk factors of development of skin diseases. Many studies demonstrated decreasing in primary and general morbidity of population with diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue. The rate of decreasing was more pronounced in 2018-2022. The level of primary and general morbidity differs significantly by Okrugs and Subjects of the Russian Federation, including particular nosologies. It is determined that there is wide spread of incidence rates across territories. The large proportion of publications reflects prevalence of psoriasis in population. The authors proposed measures of to improve registration of skin diseases and to decrease corresponding morbidity of population.

Comparison of main metal industry sub-business lines from occupational health and safety perspective using CIRITIC and EDAS methods

The basic metal industry is one of the most economically important business lines in the manufacturing industry. According to the Social Security Institution (SSI) 2020 data, the basic metal industry in Türkiye is represented by 16 sub-businesses lines. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the risk levels of the sub-business lines of the basic metal industry class, which is included in the SSI economic activity classification. Occupational Health and Safety data included in the 2020 SSI statistics were used to determine risk levels. The number of employees who have an occupational disease, the number of deaths because of work accidents, the period of temporary incapacity for work (inpatient), the period of temporary incapacity for work (outpatient), and the number of employees who have had a work accident are the criteria selected from these data. In the evaluation made according to these criteria, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods were used. Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) methods were used to determine and classify the importance levels of the criteria determined for 16 sectors. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the riskiest sector among the main metal industry sub-business lines is the “Manufacture of basic iron and steel products and ferrous alloys” and the most important criterion is the number of insured persons with occupational diseases.

REQUIREMENTS FOR HAZARD ANALYSIS MODELS AND CALCULATIONS DEGREE OF RISK

Based on statistical data, the main reasons for the low level of labor protection organization in Ukraine are formulated. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in cases of industrial injuries. UAH 334 million was spent on monthly insurance payments to families who lost breadwinners. for temporary incapacity for work due to an accident or occupational disease - UAH 138.1 million. The data presented in the article indicate that the main causes of fatal accidents are organizational, psychophysical, technogenic, and technical. The main reasons for the low level of labor protection organization in Ukraine are given by the authors, who say that in today's conditions, the labor protection management system should be based not only on measures from the state, but also on the interest of the subjects of labor relations in maintaining the proper physical condition of the employee. A real health risk assessment is impossible without a sufficient information base on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of risk factors and data on the health status of those contingents of the population that are exposed to these factors. The effect of potentiating with the combined influence of professional and non-professional factors has been established. Therefore, there was a need to develop new methods of analysis and modeling of the conditional probability of the occurrence of an industrial injury, acceptable for practical engineering calculations. The proposed indicators of the level of ensuring the safety of people at the objects are the probability of preventing exposure to dangerous factors of the production environment and work process, which can be determined by the full risk of an accident. Thus, on the basis of the application of the probabilistic method for modeling the conditional probability of injury to an employee during technological operations, an assessment of the probability of an accident and the development of various variants of dangerous situations was carried out. This will make it possible to get an assessment of the circumstances and conditions that contribute to the occurrence and development of traumatic situations at work. Keywords: labor protection, occupational injuries, industrial environment, accident, risk, danger, harmfulness, probability.

Cost of arterioveinous fistula at the Douala General Hospital: A Cameroon-based cross-sectional study

Background: Cost is a major limiting factor for dialysis in low-income countries. The objective of our study was to determine the economic cost of creating an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis at the Douala General Hospital (DGH). Material and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study including patients undergoing AVF creation at the DGH from January to April 2020. Costs were calculated using a bottom-up approach. The direct cost was composed of the sum of the cost of medical consultation, additional paraclinical tests, drugs, disposables, hotel services, food, transport and medical and nursing care. The indirect cost was calculated as the sum of the costs related to the temporary incapacity to work and the additional expenses of the families. The cost of temporary work incapacity was calculated according to human capital theory. The economic cost was the sum of the direct cost and the indirect cost. The costs were expressed as a mean with standard deviation. The calculated costs were expressed in US Dollars. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05. Results: A total of 44 patients were included of which 29/44 (65.9%) were male. The mean age of the study population was 49.1 ± 14.7 years. The median monthly income was $172 and only 6.8% of patients had health insurance. The average direct cost per patient was $327.3 ± $212.7, with hospitalization costs accounting for 59.6% of that cost. The average indirect cost per patient was $64.5 ± $50.3. The largest proportion of these costs was due to lost productivity related to temporary work disability (45.7%). The average economic cost per patient was $391.9 ± $219.5. Direct costs accounted for 83.54% of the economic cost. Re-operation (p = 0.039), age (p < 0.01) and number of hospitalization days (p < 0.01) significantly affected the cost Conclusion: The cost of creating an AVF for hemodialysis was high and represented more than 2 times the median monthly income of patients and was mainly due to hospitalization costs. Therefore, there is a need to implement strategies to reduce the financial burden of arteriovenous fistula creation in our setting.

The connection between quality strategies and sustainable growth in the automotive industry

Abstract Increasingly sophisticated consumer requirements, as well as the constraints imposed by environmental policies around the world, are driving car manufacturers to find new ways and adopt various strategies to compete and attract consumers. The car market has grown steadily in recent decades, except in 2020 when it saw dramatic declines. The need for motor vehicles is undeniable in the economy, bringing many benefits (transport of goods and people, jobs, education), but their manufacture, marketing and use also brings a number of environmental problems (pollution, excessive consumption of water and energy, traffic congestion, increasing the number of serious accidents and at the same time increasing the costs of caring for people with temporary incapacity for work). To improve this, manufacturers in the automotive industry need to implement new strategies to help them meet the demands of society and the needs of consumers, but also to meet competition. Although the literature provides information on strategies and measures that have been taken in the automotive industry to improve the quality of products and processes, the authors have not found any studies on the quality strategies implemented. In order to highlight these strategies and how consumers perceive their implementation, the authors conducted an exploratory research and a quantitative marketing research. The results of the research showed that Romanians want to help a sustainable development, but when they choose a car they are guided by the reputation of the brand and price, not by the degree of pollution of the car or the type of engine.

Epidemiología y riesgo de hernia discal lumbar en trabajadores activos.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of the low back pain and risk factors for lumbar disc herniation in the patient working age. Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective observational study identifying 75 patients with low back pain among active workers assisted by an occupational accident insurance company (73% men, mean age 46 years), of whom 48 (64%) had lumbar disc herniation. Results: Compared with workers without low back pain, only low economic status was a risk factor for low back pain (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-7.1). Among patients with low back pain, comparing lumbar disc herniation and not, low economic status was also a risk factor for disc herniation (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.6-12.8). There were no patients who required surgery after one year of follow-up. The average time of temporary incapacity for work was 83 days. Conclusion: Heavy work influences the appearance of disc herniation, but the only significant predisposing factor was low salary. Surgical treatment is Infrequent.

Work Accidents and Coal Mining in Turkey

In this study, an up-to-date evaluation of work accidents and occupational diseases in hard coal and lignitemining in Turkey has been made using the Social Security Institution (SSI) of Turkey statistics between 2013-and2020. For this purpose, the number of insured employees who had work accidents and occupational diseases, thenumber of insured people who lost their lives as a result of work accidents, and the total temporary incapacity for work(standing + inpatient) were examined. Although the number of people who had work accidents, the number of deathsafter work accidents, and the total duration of temporary incapacity in the lignite mining field of activity are higher thanin the field of activity in hard coal mining, it is seen that the number of occupational diseases is lower.

Можно ли поставить диагноз дистанционно?

Limitations for making diagnosis remotely which are contained in the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of public healthcare in Russian Federation” from 21.11.2011 N 323-ФЗ and entered into force on the 1st of January 2018, lead to great discussions in the professional society. In this article we describe hypothetical outcomes of remote diagnostic such as increasing of online consultations and as its consequence – increase in financial expenses, health facilities burden, participance of business representatives and decreased quality of medical care in connection to all of them. Situation is worsened due to the lack of real experience on applying telemedical technologies in clinical practice. The term «diagnosis» is not established in the Federal Law 323 «On the fundamentals of public healthcare in Russian Federation» which also worsens the prohibition of remote diagnosis. In this paper the examples of changing approaches from nosological method of patient management to a syndromal one are described. Attention is paid to an international experience of this method, its effectiveness and logic, and exceptions to the rule such as development of telemedical centers in Moscow in the period of COVID-19 pandemic that allowed to not only make a diagnosis remotely and prescribe treatment but also make a list of temporary incapacity for work. Technological development and appearance of new knowledges not only change diseases classification but also provide new possibilities for receiving objective information of patient health. Medical devices develop and improve becoming more compact and intuitive, available in price for wide range of people including persons without medical education. Now it’s possible for patients to make laboratory studies which previously were available only in clinics, by themselves at home and transfer data to any distance with applying of telemedicine technologies. Nevertheless, patients still need available medical care. Existing legislative limitations for remote diagnosis and treatment prescribing, which are established in the Federal Law 323, don’t allow to approach flexibly for new changing conditions and implement potential opportunities for people but all this possibilities are contained in one of the most powerful cross-cutting technologies – telemedicine.

INITIAL STATE OF COCHLEOVESTIBULAR FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HD WITH CVD

Cochleovestibular disorders (CVD) are of great medical and social importance due to their significant prevalence and the presence of a large number of negative manifestations on the part of the hearing and balance organs, as well as other body systems. All authors agree that cochleovestibular disorders affect the most active and able-bodied population, and this determines its social significance. Considering that the statistics of hearing and balance disorders are kept separately, it is not always possible to characterize the real statistical picture, the epidemiology of CVN. Approximately 17% of the total population complains of cochleovestibular disorders, but more than half of the cases do not seek medical help. Long-term temporary incapacity for work, a high rate of disability in patients with CVN, make the problem even more urgent to develop, require the improvement of early diagnosis methods. During mass examinations, cochleovestibular disorders were noted in 9-12% of the population of the Russian Federation. Approximately 10% of patients who visit an ENT doctor present complaints typical of KVN, and this figure for a general practitioner is 5%, and for a neurologist about 10-20%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020, over 460 million people in the world suffered from hearing loss and by 2050 this number could exceed 900 million). Dizziness is one of the three most common complaints presented by patients to a general practitioner, and among emergency consultations it occurs in 2.4-2.6% of patients.

Morbidity with temporary incapacity for work in the Southern Federal District of Russia. Selected indicators

Objective: To analyze the patterns of morbidity with temporary incapacity for work in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation.Materials and Methods: The object of the study is a unified interagency analytics platform. The subject of the research is the indicators of morbidity with temporary incapacity for work of the working population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the Southern Federal District over 2005–2019: “The number of cases of temporary incapacity for work per 100 employees”, “The number of days of temporary incapacity for work per 100 employees”. The descriptive statistics methods were applied.Results: The studied statistical indicators of temporary incapacity for work reveal a steady positive trend in the morbidity rate of the working population in all the constituent entities of the Southern Federal District. From 2014 to 2015, there was a significant reduction in the indicators of temporary incapacity for work in all the constituent entities of the district. The indicators in all the studied constituent entities simultaneously declined, this decline being more prominent than in the previous 10 years. The data of the federal statistical monitoring does not represent an overall set of cases and days of temporary incapacity for work.Summary: It is deemed essential to amend Order of The Russian Federal Service for Statistics No. 723. All individuals and legal entities involved in medical activities for the examination of temporary incapacity for work in the relevant region must provide reports in accordance with Form 16-VN to the competent authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Sickness absence during the COVID-19 pandemic

The aim of this research was to perform comparative analysis of the publicly avaiable data of the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) on sickness absence of insured persons in Poland in 2016-2021 (before the outbreak and during the COVID-19 pandemic).
 Materials and methods. The research material consisted of data from the Social Insurance Institution for the years 2016-2021 (Q1) concerning the sickness absence of the insured. Due to the publication of data in an aggregated form, quantitative analysis was performed instead of statistical analysis. The data used in the analysis included the number of insured persons, the number of people receiving sickness benefits, the number of issued medical certificates on temporary incapacity to work and the reasons for the incapacity to work.
 Results and Conclusion. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, following numbers have increased compared to 2019: the number of people receiving sickness benefit in Poland (by 10%), the number of days of sickness absence (by 7%) and the number of issued medical certificates of temporary incapacity for work (by 4%). The largest increase in the number of beneficiaries, the number of days of sickness absence and the number of medical certificates was recorded in the Q4 of 2020 (respectively by 21%, 16% and 24% compared to Q4 of 2019). Due to COVID-19, 4.84 million days of sickness absence were used in 2020 – it was the tenth cause of absence.
 The largest changes in the number of people receiving sickness benefit and the number of days of sickness absence can be observed in Q1 and Q4, which may result from the seasonality of COVID-19 and the subsequent wave of infections. Importantly, COVID-19 is not the only factor contributing overall increase in the number of days of sickness absence in Poland – absence due to non-communicable diseases also increased during the pandemic.

Some Issues of Morbidity with Temporary Incapacity for Work in the Ural Federal District

Introduction: In the context of a decreasing size of the working-age population, monitoring of the health status and disease incidence in this cohort shall be one of the most important tasks of public and occupational health professionals. Health risk management for the working population in the Russian Federation requires complete and reliable data on its morbidity, especially in view of the fact that its average age demonstrates a stable growth. It is, therefore, crucial to have precise and consistent information about the morbidity of the working-age population. Objective: The study aimed to assess incidence rates of diseases with temporary incapacity for work in the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods: We reviewed data on disease incidence rates published by the Federal State Statistics Service in the Common Interdepartmental System of Statistical Information, Section 15.12, Causes of Temporary Disability, and Section 2.9.I.4, Federal Project for Public Health Promotion. The constituent entities under study were ranked according to the number of cases and days of temporary incapacity per 100 workers and E.L. Notkin scale was used to determine grade the incidence. The statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 10 software. Long-term average values of certain indicators, median values, standard deviation (σ) and coefficients of variation were estimated. The difference in the indices was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Compared to 2010, incidence rates of diseases with temporary incapacity for work in the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District in 2019 demonstrated a significant decline. The sharp drop was observed in 2015. We also established that the Common Interdepartmental System of Statistical Information contains contradictory information on disease incidence. Conclusion: It is expedient to consider the issue of revising guidelines for organization of federal statistical monitoring of morbidity with temporary incapacity for work and to include this indicator in the system of public health monitoring.

Assessment of health status for the purposes of benefi ts and social security services for people with lung cancer and the economic impact of this disease on social security in the Czech Republic.

The paper deals with temporary incapacity for work and newly created first, second or third degree disability in people dia-gnosed with lung cancer (dg. C34). The aim of this study was to describe the economic impacts on the budget in the Czech Republic, spent through the Czech Social Security Administration on temporary incapacity for work and newly created disability pensions due to the disease. For greater completeness of the impact on the budget of the Czech Republic, we have also provided an overview of applications for care allowance and applications for the purpose of granting a disability card. The starting point for the evaluation was the data provided by the Czech Social Security Administration. The basic research group consisted of people with dg. C34, who applied for an invalidity pension in 2016-2019, due to first, second and third degree invalidities. The disability and temporary incapacity for work is therefore related to a group of people at working age. With the help of quantitative research using content analysis of the text, we performed data evaluation. We found that even though the number of people applying for a disability pension for dg. C34 is declining slightly, the expenditure on these pensions is still high. In the years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the research groups consisted of 612, 631, 576 and 543 people, respectively. The disease associated with lung cancer is not only characterized by high mortality, but is also one of the very common causes of temporary incapacity for work and new disabilities. This fact therefore contributes significantly to the economic costs of the Czech Republic.

Work Caused Musculoskeletal Disorders in Health Professionals

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are the most common work-related diseases and describe a wide range of degenerative and inflammatory conditions affecting blood vessels, peripheral nerves, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. WRMSDs are becoming an increasing problem in modern society. They are the second biggest cause of short-term or temporary incapacity for work just following a cold. At the workplace, health professionals represent a very vulnerable category in terms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) development. It is estimated that almost one-third of all cases of absence from work among health care professionals are related to MSDs. Studies also show that a large number of health professionals report the occurrence of MSDs in one or more regions of the body, with a problem with the lower back being one of the most common.Methods: This article presents a non-experimental (qualitative) research, or a scientific review of the published literaturewhere the databases were reviewed in which the keywords for the review were: MSDs, work, health, intervention program,and ergonomics. Various databases were used in the preparation of this article, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Hrčak, Dabar, Science Direct, and Science Citation.Results: The results include a review and analysis of eighteen published scientific articles in the period 2001-2020. The studies published in these articles has been conducted in the United States, Australia, Switzerland, Portugal, Slovenia, Turkey, China, Nigeria, Israel, Tunisia, Iran, Croatia, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece.Conclusion: This article should indicate the magnitude of the problems of WRMSDs in health professionals and that this topic is an inexhaustible and very interesting basis for further studies by current and future researchers to create strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disorder and to eliminate its causes.

Compliance and Adherence to Regulations in the Prescription of Incapacities in Acute Low Back Pain in Tijuana, Mexico

Background: Acute low back pain is an important public health problem in the world that affects economically active people; this condition generates an increase in the use of resources through the payment of subsidies and loss of working days. Aim: The purpose of this study is to know the compliance and adherence to the regulations in the prescription of incapacities in patients with acute low back pain. Design and Setting: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A non-probability sampling was carried out in patients with temporary incapacity for work; medical care was evaluated through the Unique Process Evaluation Form (CUEP) for prescription of incapacity to obtain the percentage of compliance through an assessment scale. Results: Of the 10 items that make up the CUEP, four of them showed results in green, five in yellow and one in red. Conclusion: Compliance with regulations was partially achieved (73%). There are areas of opportunity in the continuous improvement of medical attention focused on incapacity, the permanent application of this evaluation instrument will allow to achieve that objective.

ВЛИВ ТІНІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ РОЗВИТОК УКРАЇНИ

The article considers the approaches to the interpretation of the category "shadow economy", which causes a variety of approaches to assessing the impact of the shadow economy on the socio-economic development of Ukraine. The spread of the pandemic and the complication of economic conditions, formed as a result of the introduction of forced restrictive measures, have led to the growth of the shadow economy in Ukraine. The index of shadowing of the economic sphere in relation to the inflation index and the level of the state budget deficit has been studied. The factors that led to the shadowing of the economy and caused the growth of the share of the shadow sector in the economy of Ukraine are highlighted. The main components of shadow employment are identified. Business entities operating in the shadow sector have significantly more competitive advantages and much higher efficiency than legally operating businesses. As a result, such enterprises are an obstacle to the flow of funds to the budgets of all levels of the country, and as a consequence, have a negative impact on socio-economic development in general. In recent years, state budget expenditures have been growing too slowly, which indicates a high level of shadowing of the economy in conditions of high inflation and, consequently, negatively affects the socio-economic security of society. Budget expenditures are closely linked to public policy, which allows the state to curb the level of economic shadowing through measures to reform relevant areas. It is investigated that the State budget expenditures grow too slowly, which indicates a high level of shadowing of the economy in conditions of high inflation. The paper substantiates the reasons for the growth of the shadow economy and identifies the main measures to reduce shadow employment, the manifestations of which are the deformation of social and economic institutions of the state. The de-shadowing of the economy provides citizens with the right to social protection, in the form of social guarantees in case of unemployment, temporary incapacity for work, accidents or occupational diseases during official work, pensions, etc.

Wykonywanie pracy zarobkowej w okresie czasowej niezdolności do pracy z powodu choroby – nowe możliwe rozwiązania w związku z COVID-19?

Performing gainful employment during the period of temporary incapacity for work due to sickness—new possible solutions in connection with COVID-19? The Act of 2 March 2020 on special solutions related to the prevention, counteraction and combating of COVID‑19, other infectious diseases and crisis situations caused by them introduced some new regulations relating to the issue of the performance of gainful employment during the period of mandatory quarantine or isolation in house conditions. This article presents these new regulations and analyses whether some specific arrangements can guide any developments in the issue of temporary incapacity for work due to sickness