Temporal Situations Research Articles

Can planktonic food web topology be retraced by biomass measurements without internal and input flows (production and grazing rate) in freshwater marshes?

An accurate way to estimate the planktonic food web topology is to consider biomass and flows. However, measurements of flows, as production and grazing rate, are time-consuming. In this paper, we retrace food web topology based on three different degrees of information: input flows (production), internal flows (grazing rate) and plankton biomass in freshwater marshes. For that, a meta-analysis of datasets from 4 freshwater marshes of the Charente-Maritime (French Atlantic coast) were used, corresponding to 47 stations/dates and thus to different geographical and temporal situations. The main results were that, globally, the biomass can yield good results in terms of characterization of the contrasted topology of food web, as the herbivorous food web, the microbial food web and the multivorous food web. However, in order to properly distinguish weak, ‘normal‘ multivorous and strong multivorous food web, the only measure of biomass did not appear to be sufficient. To better separate these different types of multivorous food webs, measurements of primary productions or heterotrophic prokaryote biomass, which correlated well with primary productions, appear interesting. This approach can be applied in all aquatic ecosystems.

Language experience shapes predictive coding of rhythmic sound sequences.

Perceptual systems heavily rely on prior knowledge and predictions to make sense of the environment. Predictions can originate from multiple sources of information, including contextual short-term priors, based on isolated temporal situations, and context-independent long-term priors, arising from extended exposure to statistical regularities. While the effects of short-term predictions on auditory perception have been well-documented, how long-term predictions shape early auditory processing is poorly understood. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography data from native speakers of two languages with different word orders (Spanish: functor-initial vs Basque: functor-final) listening to simple sequences of binary sounds alternating in duration with occasional omissions. We hypothesized that, together with contextual transition probabilities, the auditory system uses the characteristic prosodic cues (duration) associated with the native language's word order as an internal model to generate long-term predictions about incoming non-linguistic sounds. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that the amplitude of the mismatch negativity elicited by sound omissions varied orthogonally depending on the speaker's linguistic background and was most pronounced in the left auditory cortex. Importantly, listening to binary sounds alternating in pitch instead of duration did not yield group differences, confirming that the above results were driven by the hypothesized long-term 'duration' prior. These findings show that experience with a given language can shape a fundamental aspect of human perception - the neural processing of rhythmic sounds - and provides direct evidence for a long-term predictive coding system in the auditory cortex that uses auditory schemes learned over a lifetime to process incoming sound sequences.

Remote sensing-based vegetation indices for monitoring rice crop phenology and productivity in cikakak sub-district, sukabumi regency

Paddy is the main food crop consumed by most of the Indonesian daily. It is supported by the fact that rice consumption reached up to 1.55 tons in 2018, and Sukabumi Regency is among the five largest rice producer in Indonesia. The goal of this study is to determine the rice crop phenology and estimate rice productivity in one year of the planting season. The rice crop phenology was analyzed by comparing vegetation indices such as NDVI, ARVI, and MSAVI in different temporal situations. Vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 imageries via Google Earth Engine. A rice crop productivity model developed from the statistical relationship between in-situ-based productivity data and vegetation indices applied to estimate productivity per each paddy field at a sub-district level. Also, the estimation will be associated with elevation data. The results of this study are the pattern of the rice crop phenology and the number of harvesting time in one year-planting season. The rice productivity in the Cikakak sub-district estimates at the range between 6.50 to 8.87 tonnes per hectare. Estimation models utilizing NDVI and MSAVI are showing similar results, which averagely at 8.89 and 8.87 tonnes per hectare, respectively. Rice fields with high productivity are mostly located at 250 to 500 meters above sea level.

A methodology to evaluate the implementation of ecohydrology solutions at the Ecohydrology demonstration sites: The Guadiana case study

The Ecohydrology program of UNESCO established demonstration sites around the world where the ecohydrologic techniques are demonstrated to disseminate the concept and by learning from visualization of real in situ experiments and examples. To analyse the impact of applying ecohydrological solutions at the demonstration sites (eg. use of bivalves as filter feeders, phytoremediation or managing freshwater pulses), we propose to use ecosystem service indicators selected by expert judgment and literature. The ecosystem services (ES) concept provides a recognizable and easy way to evaluate the changes on the ecosystem, by measuring the improvement or degradation of the services that are provided. The proposed ES indicators table allows the evaluation of relevant ecosystem services, for all demosites by comparing the following three temporal situations: 1- before the impact occurred, 2 - after it occurred but without any restoration measure being implemented and; 3- after applying ecohydrology restoration solutions. The proposed Ecosystem services matrix was applied to the Guadiana estuary and adjacent coastal area demosite, in the south east of Portugal, based on extensive research on applying ecohydrology solutions at the site and expert judgement. Results show that the application of the Ecosystem Services (ES) matrix allows to understand the benefits of applying the ecohydrology approach, as it helps defining services and areas where more effort in recuperation is needed.

Ensemble multifeatured deep learning models for air quality forecasting

As air pollution becomes increasingly serious, accurate forecasting of air quality has become an important issue. Many studies related to machine learning and deep learning methods have been proposed to predict air quality. These studies have also confirmed that deep learning has better predictive performance than traditional machine learning. Ensemble Learning has also been proven that can improve the classification efficacy of machine learning. In order to improve the accuracy of air quality forecasting, in this paper, we first exploit a GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) deep learning network architecture to design various predictive models (GRU13d, GRUAW13d, GRUAW14d, GRUSS13d, and GRUST14d, etc.) that meet various spatial and temporal situations, and then propose an ensemble learning forecasting model, named MLEGRU (Multiple Linear Regression based GRU), based on multiple linear regression technique to integrate these deep learning predictive models. We utilized 67 monitoring stations of EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) in Taiwan to train and test the forecasting models with data collected from years 2013–2019, and use actual forecasted results to evaluate the performance of MLEGRU. The results are compared with other ensemble methods by using various factors, such as MAE (Mean Absolute Error), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), and AEL3 (Absolute Error less than 3). The results reveal that the proposed MLEGRU model provides a better forecasting accuracy than other ensemble learning methods.

A Brief Analysis of Past Temporal and Aspect “Le” and “Guo” in Chinese Compared with English

This paper attempts to explore the similarities and differences between Chinese and English tenses from the past tense of Chinese and English. Here, the author of this paper chose to use “Le” and “Guo” in Chinese and three temporal situations in English, that is, the Past Simple tense, the Past Progressive tense, and the Past Perfect tense for comparative analysis.

Exploring Temporal and Spatial Features for Next POI Recommendation in LBSNs

With the increasing popularity of Location-Based Social Networks (LBSNs), a significant volume of check-in data of users has been generated. Such massive data brings difficulties for the users to efficiently retrieve their desired point-of-interest (POI). As a result, POI recommendation systems have received extensive attention from academia and industry. Currently, most existing POI recommendation approaches only provide users with a fixed set of recommended POIs based on the historical check-in records of the users, and cannot achieve flexible and feasible recommendations according to different spatial and temporal situations of the users. In this paper, we propose a next POI recommendation model that will predict POIs to be visited by users in the next few hours according to their historical check-in data and current contextual information (such as the current time and locations of the users). In our model, we propose a unified approach to calculate context-aware similarities between different users by investigating the influences of both temporal and spatial features for the users. We also propose an approach to dynamically generate different POI recommendation lists for a particular user according to different current context information of the user. Compared with the state-of-the-art POI recommendation approaches, the experimental results demonstrate that our system achieves much better performance.

Generating Situational Awareness of Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement in Urban Areas Using IoT Data Streams

Humans have continuously endeavored to enhance their sensory perception and awareness of the physical surroundings for the betterment of themselves as individuals as well as communities. Advancing this notion to the present day, the Internet of Things (IoT) provides a unique opportunity to attempt the same in an increasingly digital landscape. The prevalence and pervasiveness of IoT data streams gives us this ability to represent a situation with clarity and nuance, leading to a refined awareness of the environment. However, there are several challenges in managing the scale, velocity, and magnitude of IoT data streams, as well as the cohesive representation of these varied sources in a single frame of reference. In this article, we present a new algorithm, the deep growing self-organizing map (deep GSOM) algorithm that addresses these challenges. Deep GSOM incrementally generates a latent representation of situational awareness from high entropy to low entropy IoT data streams. It utilizes an implementation of the fuzzy integral to define a metric that can be moved across spatial and temporal situations to profile the density of congestion. We have also expanded deep GSOM into an IoT platform that can collate, aggregate, and process an entire network of IoT data streams. We demonstrate the workings of deep GSOM on the real-life scenario of profiling vehicular and pedestrian movement using IoT data streams of two highly urbanized cities. The results of these experiments confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach for generating situational awareness from multiple IoT data streams.

Temporal association rule mining: An overview considering the time variable as an integral or implied component

AbstractAssociation rules are commonly used to provide decision‐makers with knowledge that helps them to make good decisions. Most of the published proposals mine association rules without paying particular attention to temporal information. However, in real‐life applications data usually change over time or presenting different temporal situations. Therefore, the extracted knowledge may not be useful, since we may not know whether the rules are currently applicable or whether they will be applicable in the future. For this reason, in recent years, many methods have been proposed in the literature for mining temporal association rules, which introduce a greater predictive and descriptive power providing an additional degree of interestingness. One of the main problems in this research field is the lack of visibility most works suffer since there is no standard terminology to refer to it, making it difficult to find and compare proposals and studies in the field. This contribution attempts to offer a well‐defined framework that allows researchers both to easily locate the previous proposals and to propose well‐grounded methods in the future. To accomplish both objectives, a two‐level taxonomy is proposed according to whether the time variable is considered to provide order to the data collection and to locate some temporal constraints, or whether it is considered as an attribute within the learning process. Some recent applications, available software tools, and a bibliographical analysis in accordance with the Web of Science are also shown. Finally, some critical considerations and potential further directions are discussed.This article is categorized under: Technologies > Association Rules Algorithmic Development > Association Rules

Psychological Characteristics of Explication of Narration and Time in Graphic Novels

The purpose of our article is to describe various narrative devices of the comicbook which can also enable the reader to identify to the characters in a newway by concretely positioning the reader inside the point of view of a certaincharacter, and, on its basis to propose psycholinguistic aspects of narrativediscourse.Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the researchwere used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method,structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization,modeling, generalization.The results of the research. It was underlined that the important part ofcomic book narration was also the point of view: who was watching and whatwas the object of this gaze; if a character was following something and in thenext panel we were shown this object of the gaze, the reader would be positionedas this character. This type of positioning is essential in comic book narration, asit has the possibility of affecting the meanings linked with the reading of thecomics.It was described the role of visual images, which helped the reader tounderstand the textual information. Through repetition the visual imagesbecome symbols, which mean that they begin to represent something elsethrough a rule or a shared agreement. These symbols become narrative, andact as parts of the narrative by the way of integrating the symbolic meaningslinked to them to new contexts. The symbols can even turn into metaphors, as forexample the recurring image of the Comedian being flung through the window,which may be interpreted as speaking of the violence hidden in all of us.It was shown that the type of transformation of visual information wasfamiliar from film studies, and it was a clearly visual way of narrating the pastprivate experiences of the character through external focalization, showing whatthe character had experienced in the past but from outside the character. Still,while reading the novel it is easy to notice how the use of visual elements toprovide smooth transitional moments in space and time is a practical advantageof a rich visual style that exceeds the content of the words. This playing withtemporal levels and transitional moments in time and space is in fact an essential quality of the narrative of «Watchmen», leading to the interpretation thatalongside power, time is one of the crucial overall themes of the graphic novel.Conclusions. Analyzing «Watchmen», the author of this article proposedsuch psycholinguistic aspects of narrative discourse, as: visual emphasis;focalization of information; epigraphs’ emphasis; meta-narrative presentationof the text; contrasting visual linkings; actualization of narrative potential.It was shown that the panel arrangement can deceive the reader, too.Various types of temporal situations that bear on our judgments of causalitymay be created through the juxtaposition of spatial fragments from differentshots. In several storylines within «Watchmen», two parallel narratives arepresented to the reader in juxtaposition, happening simultaneously, so that aparallel is drawn between them like in many other instances in the comic.

El paisaje lingüístico desde la lingüística perceptiva

Abstract – This piece of research explores the possibilities to analyze the messages that conform the linguistic landscapes in its different levels (unit, sub-unit and sign; Calvi 2016, p. 130), applying the conceptual framework developed by Lopez Garcia (1988, 1989, 1996, 2005) in the Perceptive Linguistic Theory. Specifically, we aim to know if the different modalities of linguistic hybridization that appear in the linguistic landscape documents could be explained applying the concepts devised by the Gestalt Theory to stablish the principles that govern the human perception and organization of visual stimulus (such as figure-ground scheme or the perceptual organization laws). In a complementary way we also study the linguistic landscape in the broader context of the cultural contact history (Burke 2009). The elements that are part of linguistic landscapes are seen together with other artefacts and practices, in specific geographic, temporal and social situations, and they constitute another way to study the relationships that arise among the cultures that merge in the multi-diverse scenarios of our cities. For the purposes of this research we have used commercial signs included in the Linguistic Landscape of Lavapies (Madrid), a corpus that contains 140 pictures recolected in November 2016.

THE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE SPACE OF STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF MATHEMATICAL PREPARATION IN MODERN UNIVERSITY

The article is dedicated to the mechanisms of cognitive process from the viewpoint of neurodynamic concepts. The concept of neurodynamic processes is studying the modes of localization, synchronization, stabilization metastable chaotic structures in the reticular formation neural network. The dynamic process of the neural circuitry leads to brain imaging work. It is proven that the functional metastable structures in dissipative dynamic systems are the model representations of mental images. It is shown that each metastable state corresponds to a certain mental image. The relaxation process of the system triggers off the reflection process of the metastable structures of mental images in the static variety of cognitive space.The mechanism of brain imaging work considering the chaotic nature of the parameters of the neural network has been investigated. The concept of homogeneous process as the concatenation of the unpredictable metastable structures of the same mode has been introduced. Heterogeneous process is seen as the concatenation of the metastable structures of different modes. The research shows that the formation of unpredictable mental images and spatial temporal situations in the cognitive space can be interpreted as the formation of the elements of the metacognition in the processes of students’ thinking. The detailed research of the mechanisms of formation and development of cognitive space will enable the understanding of the development of students’ thinking in the process of their mathematical and professional preparing. The elements of the metacognition in thinking processes stimulate cognitive system of the individual to the further development, increase of abilities, improvement of mathematical and professional culture.

Descortesia em debates políticos televisivos de 1989 e de 2014: Uma análise pragmática

This article proposes a comparison of impolite manifestations in the Brazilian presidential debates of 1989 and 2014. By examining the material, we sought to analyze communicative strategies derived from the use of impolite acts in two electoral debates held in different temporal situations, in order to identify possible changes related to impoliteness. In order to do so, we followed the assumption that this phenomenon is a social activity, according to Bravo (1999, 2003), Blas Arroyo (2001, 2010) and Silva (2013), using a documental analysis, in which excerpts from television videos of the debates constitute the corpus. Finally, it must be taken into account that a political debate is a conflicting interaction, in which the goal is usually to denigrate the face of opponents while enhancing the ones who use these strategies.

Constructing catalogue of temporal situations

Constructing catalogue of temporal situationsThe paper is aiming to create a common basis for description, comparing, and analysis natural languages. As a subject of comparison we have chosen temporal structures of some languages. For such a choice there exists a perfect tool, describing basic temporal phenomena, namely an ordering of states and events in time, certainty and uncertainty, independency of histories of separate objects, necessity and possibility. This tool is supported by the Petri nets formalism, which seems to be well suited for expressing the above mentioned phenomena. Petri nets are built form three primitive notions: of states, of events that begin or end the states, and so-called flow relation indicating succession of states and events. This simple constituents give rise to many possibilities of representing temporal phenomena; it turns out that such representations are sufficient for many (clearly, not necessarily all) temporal situations appearing in natural languages.In description formalisms used till now there is no possibility of expressing such reality phenomena as temporal dependencies in compound statement, or combination of temporality and modality. Moreover, using these formalisms one cannot distinguish between two different sources of uncertainty of the speaker while describing the reality: one, due to the lack of knowledge of the speaker what is going on in outside world, the second, due to objective impossibility of foreseen ways in which some conflict situations will be (or already have been) resolved. Petri net formalism seems to be perfectly suited for such differentiations.There are two main description principles that encompassed this paper. First, that assigns meaning to names of grammatical structures in different languages may lead to misunderstanding. Two grammatical structures with apparently close names may describe different reality. Additionally, some grammatical terms used in one language may be absent and not understandable in the other. It leads to assign meanings to situations, rather than to linguistic forms used for their expression. The second principle is limit the discussed issues to such a piece of reality that can be possible for precise description. The third is to avoid introducing such information to the described reality that is not explicitly mentioned by linguistic means. The authors try to following these principles in the present paper.The paper is organized as follows. First, some samples of situations related to present tense are given together with examples of their expressions in four languages: English, (as a reference language) and three Slavic languages, representing South slavonic languages (Bulgarian), West slavonic languages (Polish), and East slavonic languages (Russian). Within the same framework the next parts of the paper are constructed, supplying samples of using Past tenses and, finally, future tenses and modalities.The formal tools for description purposes are introduced stepwise, according to needs caused be the described reality. There are mainly Petri nets, equipped additionally with inscriptions or labeling in order to keep proper assignations of description units to described objects.

The Role of Lifestyle and Personal Characteristics on Fear of Victimization among University Students

The fear of crime has been both theoretically and empirically connected to a complex relationship of situational context (e.g., time of day, location) and personal characteristics (e.g., age, race, gender, personal and vicarious victimization). Building off of routine activities and lifestyle-exposure theory, this research extends the understanding of these relationships by examining the impact of lifestyle activities (e.g., consumption of alcohol, illicit drugs, and time away from residence) and personal characteristics (e.g., direct and vicarious victimization) on the fear of various crimes across temporal situations, among a sample of college and university students. The results indicate that fear of crime varies by crime type and that certain demographic and lifestyle characteristics and experiences with victimization affect students’ fear of crime. Although no evidence was found to suggest that fear of theft varies by temporal context (i.e., during the day or at night), certain characteristics, such as gender, perceived risk, and avoidance behaviors, have varying relationships with fear of violent crimes when considering time of day. The findings suggest that future research should examine more critically the relationship that lifestyles, personality, gender, and time of day have with the fear of crime.

The role of victim–offender relationships in predicting fear of rape among college women

Women’s fear of rape and sexual assault, particularly of college women, has firmly been established in the literature. What is not clear, however, is what causes this fear. The current study sought to further explore what causes college women’s fear of rape using a sample of 224 college women. The data analyzed was collected through an Internet survey that included items asking women about their levels of fear, victimization experiences, perceived risk, and perceptions of crime and disorder. The current research also sought to examine if the correlates of fear varied across temporal situation and victim–offender relationship. The results indicated that only perceived risk of rape and crime and disorder consistently predicted women’s fear of rape across temporal situations and victim–offender relationships. Other findings suggest that some constrained behaviors and victimization experiences have a relationship with fear, but these relationships are qualified by temporal situation and victim–offender relationship.

Fear of Crime among College Students: A Test of the Shadow of Sexual Assault Hypothesis

Women’s fear of rape and sexual assault has been both theoretically and empirically linked to their fear of other types of crimes, a phenomenon referred to as the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis in past research. This thesis has been supported across specific populations (i.e., the general population of women in the United States and college women in the United States), but the research examining the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis has suffered from methodological limitations. The current research corrected these limitations and performed a test of the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis among college and university students across temporal situations and victim-offender relationships. The findings indicate that women’s fear of rape and sexual assault does impact their fear of nonsexual crimes across temporal situations and victim-offender relationships.

Ratione temporis application of the preliminary rulings procedure

Until the greatest enlargement of the European Union in 2004, the question of inter–temporal application of the preliminary procedure had not raised any particular controversies. The ECJ adopted a very liberal approach towards the questions submitted by the courts of the new Member States, even if the application of the EC law in a particular case was doubtful. This line of judgments changed after the “big enlargement” in 2004. There are striking examples of this in the judgments issued on preliminary questions referred by the courts of the new Member States, in which the ECJ seemed to ignore the rules pertaining to the principles of the EU law application ratione temporis and the binding force of the national court?s assessment of whether the question is necessary to adjudicate the case. The article analyses first the principles of the applicability of EU law ratione temporis. Then it deals with the ECJ’s views as to the applicability of Article 234 EC in inter–temporal situations. This section is divided in two parts – dealing with the ECJ’s jurisprudence before the enlargement in 2004 and afterwards. In conclusion, it proposes how to define the boarderline for the use of the preliminary ruling procedure in inter–temporal situations for the benefit of both EU law and the national courts of the new Member States.

Continuous Time Modelling of Dynamical Spatial Lattice Data Observed at Sparsely Distributed Times

Summary We consider statistical and computational aspects of simulation-based Bayesian inference for a spatial–temporal model based on a multivariate point process which is only observed at sparsely distributed times. The point processes are indexed by the sites of a spatial lattice, and they exhibit spatial interaction. For specificity we consider a particular dynamical spatial lattice data set which has previously been analysed by a discrete time model involving unknown normalizing constants. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using continuous time processes compared with discrete time processes in the setting of the present paper as well as other spatial–temporal situations.

Feições erosivas na bacia do córrego do Espraiado, São Pedro (SP), seus tipos e evolução entre 1972-2002

This paper presents the results of the study of the erosion phenomena in the corrego do Espraiado basin, located NE of the city of Sao Pedro (Sao Paulo). This study belongs to na investigation programme, which aims the preparation of the engineering geological map of that area. A brief characterization of the area (climatic conditions, vegetation, geomorphology and geology) and the map of unconsolidated materials are presented. Attention is drawn to the water erosion process, which is the main environmental problem in the area. The evolution of the water erosion process along 30 years is investigated based upon the data registered in four distinct temporal situations: 1972, 1978, 1995 and 2002. Finally, the influence of the anthropic action in that respects triggering or accelerating the evolution of that process is pointed out.