Temporal Project Research Articles

Global temporal trends and projections of acute hepatitis E incidence among women of childbearing age: Age-period-cohort analysis 2021

Acute Hepatitis E (AHE) poses a significant threat to global public health, particularly among women of childbearing age (WCBA), who are at heightened risk for severe pregnancy-related complications. This study aimed to delineate the temporal trends and project future incidence of AHE in WCBA, providing insights crucial for targeted prevention and control strategies. Data on AHE incidence from the Global Health data 2021. The Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model was applied to analyze trends across different age groups, periods, and birth cohorts, and the Bayesian APC model was utilized for forecasting future epidemiological trajectories. Globally, AHE incidence numbers among WCBA rose from 2,831,075 in 1992 to 3,420,786 in 2021, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) declined from 194.66 to 179.54 per 100,000 with a global net drift of -0.28%. However, high SDI regions showed a contrasting trend with a positive net drift of 0.02%. The age effect was consistent across SDI regions and global, showing a decrease with advancing age, while unfavorable period and cohort effects were exhibited in high-SDI region. At the national level, locations exhibited varying trends of change. The BAPC model predicted a total of 3,759,384 AHE global cases in WCBA by 2030, with an expected mild increase in the ASIR. The outlook for the management and containment of AHE is grim in certain countries, including India. The study revealed a complex epidemiological landscape of AHE in WCBA, with increasing global incidence numbers juxtaposed against a declining ASIR. The AHE burden by 2030 remain severe among WCBA. Young WCBA and high SDI region merit particular attention. The findings underscore the need for region-specific strategies to curb the projected rise in AHE incidence and align with the 2030 WHO goals.

Automatically Recommend Code Updates: Are We There Yet?

In recent years, large pre-trained Language Models of Code (CodeLMs) have shown promising results on various software engineering tasks. One such task is automatic code update recommendation, which transforms outdated code snippets into their approved and revised counterparts. Although many CodeLM-based approaches have been proposed, claiming high accuracy, their effectiveness and reliability on real-world code update tasks remain questionable. In this paper, we present the first extensive evaluation of state-of-the-art CodeLMs for automatically recommending code updates. We assess their performance on two diverse datasets of paired updated methods, considering factors such as temporal evolution, project specificity, method size, and update complexity. Our results reveal that while CodeLMs exhibit higher performance in settings that ignore temporal information, they struggle in more realistic time-wise scenarios and generalize poorly to new projects. Furthermore, CodeLM performance decreases significantly for larger methods and more complex updates. Furthermore, we observe that many CodeLM-generated “updates” are actually null, especially in time-wise settings, and meaningful edits remain challenging. Our findings highlight the significant gap between the perceived and actual effectiveness of CodeLMs for real-world code update recommendation and emphasize the need for more research on improving their practicality, robustness, and generalizability.

Heading for Sustainability in the Amazon: a Systemic Approach and Proposals to Combat Deforestation

Objective: The objective of this research is to carry out a comprehensive literature review, focusing on the period from 1988 to 2022, to systematically analyze the main anthropogenic activities responsible for deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Theoretical reference: The theoretical framework of this research is based on the existing literature on deforestation in the Amazon, covering concepts related to anthropogenic activities, environmental impacts and conservation policies. Methodology: The method employed consists of a thorough analysis of the main scientific publication platforms and databases to compile relevant information on deforestation in the Legal Amazon. In addition, the research uses a systemic analysis to assess the future of deforestation. Results and Conclusion: The results highlight the critical areas of deforestation in the region, identifying extensive farming and illegal mining as the predominant factors. The temporal analysis projects an increase in deforestation if these activities persist. The alternatives proposed include models of sustainable agriculture, with an emphasis on preserving agrobiodiversity. The research concludes by highlighting the urgent need for more effective public policies, especially in the illegal mining sector. Research Implications: The implications of this research address the urgency of measures to tackle deforestation in the Legal Amazon, including the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. It also highlights the need for more effective public policies, especially in relation to illegal mining, which is recognized as a high-impact activity. Originality/Value: The originality of this research lies in its comprehensive approach, integrating a literature review with a temporal analysis, and proposing sustainable solutions. It contributes to understanding the challenges faced in the Legal Amazon, presenting viable directions for conservation and sustainable management, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive and effective public policies.

How and when temporal leadership facilitates the success of sustainable construction projects

PurposeTemporal leadership is a new construct that predicts team outcomes. This study examines the mediating role of shared temporal cognitions and the moderating role of time pressure in the relationship between temporal leadership and project success within sustainable construction projects.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-source and multi-wave data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from teams working on sustainable construction projects. The direct and mediating hypotheses were tested using multi-level structural equation modelling, while moderated mediation hypotheses were examined by applying the bootstrap method using SPSS Process Macro.FindingsThe results showed that temporal leadership enables project success via shared temporal cognitions. Temporal leadership is most beneficial for facilitating project success via shared temporal cognitions when teams experience high time pressure.Originality/valueThis is the first study examining shared temporal cognitions as a mediator of the relationship between temporal leadership and project success. Also, this is the first study that considered time pressure as a boundary condition that influences the relationships between temporal leadership, shared temporal cognitions and project success within sustainable construction projects. The study provides valuable advice to project managers and project-based construction organizations about using and managing time within projects.

Memory-Enhanced Transformer for Representation Learning on Temporal Heterogeneous Graphs

Temporal heterogeneous graphs can model lots of complex systems in the real world, such as social networks and e-commerce applications, which are naturally time-varying and heterogeneous. As most existing graph representation learning methods cannot efficiently handle both of these characteristics, we propose a Transformer-like representation learning model, named THAN, to learn low-dimensional node embeddings preserving the topological structure features, heterogeneous semantics, and dynamic patterns of temporal heterogeneous graphs, simultaneously. Specifically, THAN first samples heterogeneous neighbors with temporal constraints and projects node features into the same vector space, then encodes time information and aggregates the neighborhood influence in different weights via type-aware self-attention. To capture long-term dependencies and evolutionary patterns, we design an optional memory module for storing and evolving dynamic node representations. Experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that THAN outperforms the state-of-the-arts in terms of effectiveness with respect to the temporal link prediction task.

The frontier in heterogeneous time: finance, temporality, and an economic zone on hold

ABSTRACT This article follows the history of the Dawei special economic zone (SEZ), a port, industrial zone, and logistics project located in Myanmar’s southern borderlands. Suspended in 2013 due to financing shortfalls and public criticism, the Dawei project’s implementation has been far from straightforward. This article dwells on the non-linear temporality of the project, focusing on the problem of financing. It is there, above all, that project proponents continually entertain both prospects of progress and frustrating obstacles. This story of financing shows, I argue, that frontiers are temporal projects, constituted by fits and starts, slowdowns and accelerations, and periods of deferral and delay. Beginning with the project’s origins and moving through recent attempts to revive it, I foreground three moments of labor in and of time – three timescapes, in short – which I describe in terms of futurity and deferral, boom and bust, and suspension and renewal. The complex temporality of the project raises doubts about the notion that capitalist modernity consists of a singular, abstract, homogeneous time – defined by acceleration, speed, or time–space compression. On this frontier, rather, the inter-mingling of multiple times suggests not vestiges of the premodern, but the heterogeneous timescapes – unstable, unruly, uneven – that compose capitalist modernity itself.

Review: Art for the Future: Artists Call and Central American Solidarities, edited by Erina Duganne and Abigail Satinsky

Review: <i>Art for the Future: Artists Call and Central American Solidarities</i>, edited by Erina Duganne and Abigail Satinsky

Temporal leadership, team processes, and project team task performance

We disaggregate the overall conceptualization of temporal leadership into its two foundation facets: temporal planning and temporal reminders. We integrate these with a two-phase model of team processes during a time-limited project. Specifically, we suggest that leader temporal planning facilitates team transition processes early in a project, leader temporal reminders facilitate team action processes in the middle of the project, and both team processes mediate the effects of leader behavior on team task performance at the end of the project. Data were collected from the members of 51 teams at three points during an application development project and from team leaders at the conclusion of the project. As hypothesized, team transition processes mediated the relationship between leader temporal planning at project initiation and final team task performance. Leader temporal reminders predicted team action processes during project execution. However, team action processes failed to mediate the relationship between leader temporal reminders at the project midpoint and final task performance. We conclude with practical implications for project managers and suggestions for future research.

Unlocking Temporal Leadership to Handle Project Team Performance under Team Conflict

It is discussed in different studies that the performance of any team is directly or indirectly dependent on the leadership of that team. But there are always some circumstances which affect the performance of a team on various points. These circumstances may include team conflict and its three sub-level conflicts which include task conflicts, relationship conflicts, and process conflicts. The proposed article will be a joint venture of Information Technology and Project Management discipline in which quantitative research method is used. Given the relationship between team temporal leadership and project team performance, it is obligatory for a leader of the technical team to be well aware of managing the conflicts that arise among a team and also be well aware of resources provided by higher-ups. The research will highlight 1) the negative effect of team conflict on the performance of a team, 2) the influence of temporal leadership on team performance and 3) the role of temporal leadership to overcome negative impact of conflicts to improve project team performance.

Extensive Cortical Connectivity of the Human Hippocampal Memory System: Beyond the "What" and "Where" Dual Stream Model.

The human hippocampus is involved in forming new memories: damage impairs memory. The dual stream model suggests that object "what" representations from ventral stream temporal cortex project to the hippocampus via the perirhinal and then lateral entorhinal cortex, and spatial "where" representations from the dorsal parietal stream via the parahippocampal gyrus and then medial entorhinal cortex. The hippocampus can then associate these inputs to form episodic memories of what happened where. Diffusion tractography was used to reveal the direct connections of hippocampal system areas in humans. This provides evidence that the human hippocampus has extensive direct cortical connections, with connections that bypass the entorhinal cortex to connect with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, with the temporal pole, with the posterior and retrosplenial cingulate cortex, and even with early sensory cortical areas. The connections are less hierarchical and segregated than in the dual stream model. This provides a foundation for a conceptualization for how the hippocampal memory system connects with the cerebral cortex and operates in humans. One implication is that prehippocampal cortical areas such as the parahippocampal TF and TH subregions and perirhinal cortices may implement specialized computations that can benefit from inputs from the dorsal and ventral streams.

Natural Sustainability Ethics for Resolving Current Outer Space Challenges

Currently, NASA and several outer space industry multi-billionaire entrepreneurs (e.g. Elon Musk (Space X), Jeff Bezos (Blue Origin), Richard Branson (Virgin Galactic)), are actively engaged in outer-space research that reports innovative advances such as, outer space: mining, tourism, medicine labs, terraforming Mars and the Moon, and altering celestial bodies and terrestrial humans to enhance extra-terrestrial survivability. All these advances unearth serious ethical concerns of human identity and cosmic sustainability that we address here. Further, the current understanding of sustainability development (SD) is highly anthropocentric (i.e., the earth is meant solely for man’s use), and limited in scope as a terrestrial, temporal, economic and pro-human project. We expand SD to include trans-terrestrial, trans-temporal, trans-economic, and trans-human developments. We view this complex problem by distinguishing anthropocentric (nature is for man) versus non-anthropocentric (man is for nature) modern views of natural sustainability; Each view can be made to include either natural outcomes / processes of nature, or industrial uses and outcomes of nature to provide a four-fold framework of Natural Sustainability within which we explore ethical implications of outer space advances (OSA). We discuss managerial implications and limitations and suggest directions for future research.

Autonomy on the horizon: comparing institutional approaches to disability and elder care

This article asks how people come to interpret themselves and others as autonomous given their multiple dependencies. We draw on a cross-case comparison of ethnographic studies with two populations for whom autonomy is both central and problematic: elderly patients in post-acute care, and young adults with disabilities in an independent living program. Analyzing the institutional efforts to make their clients “as independent as possible,” we find that staff members at each organization formulate autonomy as a temporal project through an ongoing calibration of open futures, ideal pasts, and situational competence. Constantly adjusting and fine-tuning where in time autonomy “really” is, workers arrange present dependence so that the contours of the future remain open for their clients. In other words, they make use of temporal markers to produce recognizable autonomous subjects whose dependencies are momentary. Theorizing this temporal project enables us to see more clearly how all of us engage in the constant business of “doing” autonomy, and to better understand the role of institutions in producing autonomous selves.

Crossed–uncrossed projections from primate retina are adapted to disparities of natural scenes

In mammals with frontal eyes, optic-nerve fibers from nasal retina project to the contralateral hemisphere of the brain, and fibers from temporal retina project ipsilaterally. The division between crossed and uncrossed projections occurs at or near the vertical meridian. If the division was precise, a problem would arise. Small objects near midline, but nearer or farther than current fixation, would produce signals that travel to opposite hemispheres, making the binocular disparity of those objects difficult to compute. However, in species that have been studied, the division is not precise. Rather, there are overlapping crossed and uncrossed projections such that some fibers from nasal retina project ipsilaterally as well as contralaterally and some from temporal retina project contralaterally as well as ipsilaterally. This increases the probability that signals from an object near vertical midline travel to the same hemisphere, thereby aiding disparity estimation. We investigated whether there is a deficit in binocular vision near the vertical meridian in humans and found no evidence for one. We also investigated the effectiveness of the observed decussation pattern, quantified from anatomical data in monkeys and humans. We used measurements of naturally occurring disparities in humans to determine disparity distributions across the visual field. We then used those distributions to calculate the probability of natural disparities transmitting to the same hemisphere, thereby aiding disparity computation. We found that the pattern of overlapping projections is quite effective. Thus, crossed and uncrossed projections from the retinas are well designed for aiding disparity estimation and stereopsis.

Neuromodulatory Effect of Sensorimotor Network Functional Connectivity of Temporal Three-Needle Therapy for Ischemic Stroke Patients with Motor Dysfunction: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Patient-Assessor Blind, Controlled, Neuroimaging Trial

Background The clinical efficacy of temporal three-needle therapy for stroke dysfunction has been previously demonstrated in China. However, the central mechanism of temporal three-needle therapy remains unclear. Temporal three-needle projects the sensory cortex and the motor cortex, which may impact the cortex function. Current studies seldom focus on it. Hence, according to the “scalp-cortex corresponding theory,” the underlying mechanism of temporal three-needle remains a domain for further research. Methods This trial is designed to provide objective and visual evidence for the neuromodulatory effect and neuroimaging mechanism of temporal three-needle therapy for stroke patients. This ongoing study is a prospective, randomized, controlled, patient-assessor blind, single-center, neuroimaging trial involving two-parallel patient groups and a healthy control group. Forty eligible patients will be recruited from Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Hospital and randomized into either the experimental group or the control group. Twenty healthy volunteers will be recruited in the healthy control group and undergo baseline magnetic resonance imaging scans without any intervention. Patients in the control group will receive acupuncture at Dingnieqianxiexian (MS6), in addition to basic medicine and rehabilitative treatments. Patients in the experimental group will receive temporal three-needle therapy plus basic medicine and rehabilitative treatments 5 days per week, 10 sessions over two consecutive weeks. The primary outcome is resting-state functional connectivity, and the secondary outcomes are regional homogeneity, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, Fugl–Meyer assessment of the upper limb, and modified Barthel Index. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks of intervention. Discussion. The results will explore the neuromodulatory effects and illustrate the central mechanism of temporal three-needle treatment from the network-level viewpoint of sensorimotor network functional plasticity and promote widespread application in real-world practice. This trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 14 March 2018 with ChiCTR1800015209.

A Common Struggle for Refinement: Mormon Women, Railroad Reconstruction, and the Politics of Respectability in Salt Lake City, 1869–1877

The completion of the American transcontinental railroad in 1869 coincided with great political controversies over the practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church) and its influence in the American West. Previous histories of this period pay little attention to how Mormon women and images of them influenced Utah Territory’s political and economic landscape. Male church leaders, church “apostates,” politicians, and other commentators debated the impact that the railroad and its expensive cargoes would have on Mormon women’s bodies, households, and polygamous marriages. Meanwhile, a cohort of elite, white Mormon women formed the Senior and Junior Retrenchment Association. From 1869 to 1877, members of the retrenchment movement attempted to reject imported fashions and embrace a homemade, “tasteful” aesthetic, instead. In this context, dress emerged as a tool to negotiate complex loyalties to middle-class respectability as well as the Mormon Church’s spiritual and temporal kingdom-building project in the Great Basin region. These clashes over Mormonism and the transcontinental railroad mobilized and entrenched emerging ideals of American consumer citizenship.

Crane Lifting Optimization and Construction Monitoring in Steel Bridge Construction Project Based on BIM and UAV

Modular construction methods are adopted in many spatial and temporal limited projects. As the major equipment used in modular construction, the mobile crane affects the safety and efficiency of construction significantly. Currently, building information modeling (BIM) is widely adopted to improve the lifting operation planning of cranes. However, the inaccurate simulation of the dynamic construction environment makes those BIM‐based lifting operation planning methods unsuitable for land mobile cranes operation planning, such as in the overpass bridge construction project, which may cause several safety risks during the lifting process. Based on an overpass steel bridge construction project, this paper attempted to integrate the BIM and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to streamline lifting operation planning and construction monitoring. Specifically, in the preliminary stage, a level of development (LOD) 400 steel superstructure model was built and then divided into eighty sections. In addition, a three‐dimensional (3D) geology model of the as‐is construction site was modeled by UAV‐captured images. Then, a fusion model which contains the lifting modules models, the as‐is site model, and the crane model was gathered, based on which the collision detection was conducted by 4D crane operating path simulation. According to the results, three potential collisions were found and eliminated by lengthening the jib of the crane from 43.5 m to 46.5 m. Furthermore, the optimum crane location for lifting each steel structure was determined based on the 3D geology model. The study shows that the UAV is able to acquire geological information and then 3D simulates the real construction environment quickly and accurately. Furthermore, BIM and UAV have the potential to optimize the design and construction as well as the monitoring of bridge projects.

Measuring Temporal Differences in Rural Canadian Children's Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity.

The purpose of this study was to measure the factors that influence children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school curriculum time, recess time, and outside school time in a rural area. During the Fall and Winter of 2016, 34 boys and 55 girls aged 8–14 years from rural communities in rural Northwestern Ontario participated in the Spatial Temporal Environment and Activity Monitoring project. The children’s MVPA was measured using an accelerometer, and child-level demographic, behavioral, and environmental data were gathered from surveys, passively logging global positioning units, and municipal datasets. Data on daily temperature and precipitation were gathered from the closest Environment Canada weather station. A mixed model was used to assess the relationship between child- and day-level factors and children’s MVPA. On average, children were getting 12.9 min of MVPA during recess, 17.7 min during curriculum time, and 29.0 min of MVPA outside school time. During all three time points, boys were more active than girls. During curriculum time, children in lower grades were more active, and the weather had differing impacts depending on the time of day. The findings of this study illustrate the differences in MVPA and the factors that influence MVPA by time of day. Examining different time segments provides valuable information for understanding children’s MVPA patterns.

Social network analysis of open source software: A review and categorisation

Context: As companies have become large users of Open Source Software , it is important that they feel comfortable in their Open Source strategies. One of the critical differences between Open Source and Proprietary Software is the communication networks . Objective: This paper tries to set a base for understanding how open source teams are structured and how they change. This is vital to understanding Open Source Software Communities. Method: The paper looks into previous research on Social Network Analysis of Open Source Software, using a systematic literature review. Papers were gathered from Scopus, IEEEXplore and ACM Digital Library, and used or discarded based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research which focuses on the success factors of Open Source Software through Network Analysis is also examined. Results: A subjective categorisation is established for the papers: Structure, Lifecycle and Communication. It was found that the structure of a project has a large bearing on project success, with developers having previously worked together being indicative of project success. Other structure indicators of success are having a small but structured hierarchy, a diverse user and developer base, and project prominence. However, it was found that information on how these structures appear and evolve over time is lacking, and future research into temporal data models to determine project success information is suggested. Conclusions: A categorisation of existing research on Social Network Analysis is provided as a basis for further research. Further work into the lifecycle of OSS projects through Social Network Analysis of temporal project information is suggested.

Phantom Time: Literary History at the Edge of the Nation

Phantom Time: Literary History at the Edge of the Nation

Budgets &amp; Funding for Temporal Projects

Many temporal projects have no direct upfront costs at all. The most common programs used for temporal projects are free and many are entirely open source, though some have paid options for hosting large amounts of content online or providing advanced services.