Stratospheric airship trajectory planning via temporal perception and dual-source learning

Abstract Introduction: Pain perception is a subjective experience influenced by individual emotional and cognitive, including attentional and cognitive processes. In this respect, trait mindfulness—as an individual's inherent tendency to remain nonelaborative, nonjudgmental aware and attentive to the present moment—may modulate electroencephalography (EEG) responses to pain stimulation and perceived pain intensity. However, this potential relationship remains largely unexplored in experimental research and was therefore the focus of this study. Method: Forty healthy participants, aged 20 to 30 years, completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire, followed by experimental thermal pain stimulation while their brain activity was recorded using EEG and pain intensity ratings were assessed during the stimulation (pain perception). Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between trait mindfulness, EEG responses to pain stimulation, and pain perception. Result: Trait mindfulness was positively correlated with pain intensity ratings during pain stimulation and δ power in the occipital region. Pain intensity ratings during pain stimulation were negatively correlated with the γ power in the frontal region. Lower θ and α power during pain stimulation predicted higher subsequent pain intensity ratings, but only in individuals with low or moderate trait mindfulness. Conclusion: This study underscores the moderating role of trait mindfulness in the relationship between frontal, central, parietal, occipital, as well as temporal brain activity and pain perception during pain stimulation. The findings suggest trait mindfulness may be an important factor to consider in clinical pain management and intervention: It can affect cognitive-affective regulation strategies and factors during pain processing.

ABSTRACT The intricate role of sleep in sustaining critical physiological functions and preserving cognitive integrity is well-established. Inadequate sleep, whether in duration or quality, profoundly impairs fundamental cognitive functions, including memory consolidation, sustained attention, executive decision-making, and temporal perception. This study endeavors to explore the effects of short-term sleep restriction on subjective time perception employing both retrospective and prospective paradigms to unveil how acute sleep restriction reshapes temporal cognition in healthy adults. Following ethical approval, 31 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 35 years participated. The experimental protocol which included assessments conducted under two conditions: after four consecutive nights of regular sleep and following three nights of sleep restriction, during which participants’ sleep duration was reduced by two hours per night. Subjective time perception was evaluated using both retrospective and prospective time generation tasks (RTP and PTP). To assess cognitive performance, participants completed the Stroop test, which measures selective attention and cognitive flexibility, and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III), a validated instrument for evaluating short-term and working memory functions. The RTP after sleep restriction showed a significant prolongation compared to regular sleep duration (20.2 ± 8.8 vs 26.6 ± 12.3 sec, respectively; ANOVA p < 0.001). Short-term and working memory performances decreased after sleep restriction (10.8 ± 1.9 vs 10.0 ± 2.1 sec and 12.3 ± 2.1 vs 11.4 ± 2.3 sec respectively; ANOVA p ≤ 0.001 for both). Even moderate sleep restriction (e.g. a two-hour reduction) disrupts temporal cognition and memory, underscoring the critical need for sufficient sleep to sustain optimal cognitive performance in high-demand scenarios.

The term ‘theatricality’ is in fact a versatile concept, not confined to the realm of drama alone. It constitutes a multifaceted academic lexicon spanning diverse disciplines. At its core lies the capacity within artistic works or actions to evoke an experience akin to theatre, encompassing performative artistry, a sense of setting, visual presentation, and the interactive relationship with the audience. In the realms of theatrical performance and drama, the core attributes of art converge. For instance, the atmospheric setting of stage scenery, the striking visual impact of costumes, the expressive performances of actors, and the immediate emotional resonance between performers and audience collectively shape the unique allure of the theatrical experience. In the visual arts, painters employ skilful composition and colour schemes to transform their canvases into condensed theatrical scenes. Installation artists utilise spatial design to immerse audiences within their works, allowing them to experience the narrative and tension inherent in the pieces. These are manifestations of theatricality. Even in everyday life, theatricality frequently emerges. Grand ceremonies such as weddings, alongside high-profile public events involving celebrities or societal figures, inherently possess a performative quality of deliberate display. These can be interpreted through a theatrical lens, offering a distinctive perspective through which people observe and comprehend the world.

Multimodal haptic feedback that combines electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and vibrotactile signals can create richer, more immersive experiences than those using a single modality. EMS delivers kinesthetic feedback by inducing muscle contractions, simulating force sensations that complement tactile stimuli from mechanical vibrations. However, presenting these stimuli concurrently can lead to perceptual interference, where one modality masks or alters the perception of the other. Temporal alignment between stimuli is also critical, as asynchrony can affect the perceived quality of haptic sensations. To investigate these phenomena, we conducted three user studies with a total of 40 participants (12, 12, and 16, respectively), focusing on mutual masking effects and temporal order perception between EMS and vibration. Our findings suggest that vibration can alleviate the tingling and discomfort commonly associated with EMS, effectively mitigating these unwanted sensations. Conversely, the presence of EMS increases the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in vibration frequency discrimination, indicating a decrease in sensitivity to vibratory changes. Additionally, participants generally perceived the stimuli as simultaneous when EMS preceded vibration by 100 to 200 milliseconds. We discuss these findings and present four design guidelines for multimodal haptic rendering with EMS and vibrations in user applications.

ABSTRACTIntroductionCognitive impairments, including memory decline and executive dysfunction, are well‐documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, distortions in temporal judgment, motion perception and mental rotation in the early stages remain underexplored. Existing research has predominantly relied on verbal time‐estimation tasks, with a limited investigation into alternative paradigms, such as time reproduction or bisection tasks. This study investigated the diagnostic utility of time–movement estimation and mental rotation tasks from the psychology experiment building language (PEBL) test battery for identifying early cognitive impairment. Moreover, it assessed correlations among task performance, cognitive test scores, and demographic variables.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 28 patients with mild dementia (MD), 27 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 26 with normal cognitive function as the control cohort (CC). Participants completed the mini‐mental state examination, clinical dementia rating assessments, Alzheimer's disease assessment scale–cognitive subscale 13 (ADAS–Cog 13), and PEBL‐based Time–Wall and mental rotation tasks.ResultsTime–Wall task inaccuracy scores exhibited strong diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between the CC and early AD (MCI and MD), with an AUC of 0.9, and effectively differentiated CC from MCI, with an AUC of 0.86. Conversely, the mental rotation task exhibited weaker diagnostic properties, with AUC values of 0.75 for distinguishing CC from early AD and 0.71 for distinguishing CC from MCI. The multinomial logistic regression model accurately categorized 75.3% of participants (CC = 92.3%, MCI = 59.3%, and MD = 75%), utilizing demographic data and ADAS–Cog 13 and Time–Wall inaccuracy scores as predictors. Both ADAS–Cog 13 and Time–Wall task inaccuracy scores were statistically significant predictors (X2 = 49.41, p < 0.001; X2 = 9.24, p = 0.01, respectively). Time–Wall task inaccuracy scores did not notably correlate with age.ConclusionsThe Time–Wall task showed strong diagnostic utility in identifying early AD, independent of age. The mental rotation task exhibited low sensitivity and requires further investigation regarding its potential to reflect compensatory brain network functions.

Abstract In this paper, we investigate how ethical questions of fairness and representation are embedded in processes of commons creation. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a global trend in night management, we show how proponents (including ‘night mayors’ and ‘night councils’) in various cities attempt to reconceptualize urban nights as commons and engage in negotiations around diverse and often conflicting uses. Our findings highlight that night mayors sought to initiate ethical processes addressing fairness, representation, participation, and compromise. These processes involved reimagining urban nights as shared resources, fostering communities around them, developing emerging commoning practices, and shifting perceptions of time (from objective, general, and universal to subjective, specific, and localized). The study illustrates the foundational role of ethical considerations and shifts in temporal perception and highlights the concept of bodily interconnectedness in advancing our understanding of embodied ethics. Overall, the paper contributes to our knowledge of commons creation in urban environments and beyond. It also points to further research on how ethics and processes of commons creation are intertwined.

ABSTRACT This conversation between Amir Sayadabdi and Behrouz Boochani critically explores the politics of waiting as a central modality of power within refugee regimes, with a partial focus on the Australian immigration system. Drawing on Boochani’s lived experience of indefinite detention on Manus Island, the conversation interrogates the temporality of displacement and how waiting operates as a form of state-sanctioned violence. Situating waiting as a chronic and structural condition imposed on refugees, Amir and Behrouz unpack how bureaucratic opacity, temporal indeterminacy, and prolonged suspension are not incidental but foundational features of contemporary border governance. The dialogue also reflects on the affective dimensions of waiting, including its erosion of hope and the disorientation it causes through the distortion of temporal perception. It warns about the reduction of waiting to a condition of passivity or dead time, and draws attention to the everyday agencies, creative resistances, and political subjectivities that emerge within contexts of temporal captivity. The conversation further complicates dominant framings of waiting by extending the analysis to those indirectly affected (such as families, advocates, and local communities), thus revealing the diffuse and collective nature of temporal violence. Finally, the conversation challenges the future-oriented bias in refugee scholarship, arguing for greater attention to the politics of the present and to the uneven experiences of time shaped by colonial legacies, racial capitalism, and structural marginalization. Together, the dialogue offers a situated and theoretical reflection on the lived politics of waiting, revealing it as a central axis along which state power is exercised, contested, and endured.

This article provides a comprehensive study of the use of the adverb of time «tomorrow» in the Russian language, with a special emphasis on identifying its semantic features when analyzing the data presented in the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRY). The relevance of this study is due to the urgent need to systematize the numerous results of previous scientific studies aimed at studying temporal adverbs. The study is also aimed at creating an integrative description of the system of their semantic connections and identifying the specifics of representing temporal concepts by means of adverbial lexemes. The adverb «to-morrow» is selected as the object of the study, subjected to deep analysis from the point of view of its semantic structure. The purpose of this work is to identify modern semantic characteristics of the adverb «tomorrow», as well as to discover hidden semantic features that were not taken into account in existing definitions and dictionary entries. The conducted data analysis demonstrates that the adverb «tomorrow» has a polysemic nature and is used to denote various temporal aspects. The results of the study reveal a wide variety of contextual meanings, which include both specific time periods and abstract ideas about the future. In the Russian linguistic picture of the world, the adverb «tomorrow» not only acts as an indicator of the next day after the current one, but also symbolizes the near future and various time projections. Using the NKRY data, which provide an extensive array of linguistic material, allows us to perform a comprehensive analysis of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic functions of the lexeme «tomorrow». Thus, this article emphasizes the complexity and versatility of the perception of the category of time in the Russian language, as well as its functional use in various communicative contexts. The results obtained contribute to a deeper understanding of temporal structures and their role in the formation of a complete and accurate description of temporal perceptions in native Russian speakers, which, in turn, opens up new prospects for the further development of linguistic research in this area.

This study assessed impairments in spatial and temporal perception in individuals with bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP). A total of 30 BVP subjects and 35 healthy controls (CTL) participated in a series of tests to assess their perception of distance (1–6 meters), angle (90–360 degrees), duration (2–10 seconds), and a combination of distance and angle during a triangle completion task (TCT). When performing distance and angle perception tasks separately, the BVP subjects showed larger errors than the CTL subjects. During the TCT, the BVP subjects walked longer paths and exhibited greater angle deviations compared to the CTL subjects. The angle deviations of the BVP subjects during the TCT were larger than when the angle perception task was performed separately. Moreover, the BVP subjects demonstrated accurate time interval perception, whereas the CTL subjects did not. Although the vestibular system is crucial for balance and spatial awareness, the proprioceptive system, in combination with visual and cognitive strategies, as well as motor efference copies, can help individuals with labyrinthine defects in separately perceiving distances and angles. However, this compensatory approach becomes less effective when these tasks are combined. These findings are relevant for space (planetary) exploration because exposure to microgravity mimics loss of vestibular otolith function.

The Climate Crisis is reshaping not only ecosystems but also human cognition. While its psychological impact is increasingly acknowledged, little is known about how environmental degradation influences basic cognitive functions. Since spatial and temporal cognition provide the perceptual scaffolding for orientation and various decision-making processes, distortions in these dimensions may hinder adaptive responses to ecological change. This study examined whether simulated climate-related degradation affects spatial-temporal cognition and whether interoceptive awareness predicts variability in these effects. Using immersive Virtual Reality combined with an omnidirectional treadmill, participants walked along paths in verdant and arid landscapes and then estimated the duration and distance travelled on each path. The results showed that arid environments led to longer time and distance estimates than verdant ones, although there were no objective differences in path length or actual walking time. Furthermore, temporal judgements, but not spatial ones, were predicted by interoceptive attention regulation: participants with a higher capacity to regulate attention towards bodily sensations consistently provided shorter temporal estimates across all contexts. These findings demonstrate that spatial-temporal representations are sensitive to ecological quality and that interoceptive processes contribute to individual differences in temporal perception. This highlights the value of integrating cognitive processes and interoception into sustainability science, suggesting that environmental preservation supports not only ecological well-being but also the cognitive foundations through which humans perceive and adapt to their surroundings.

Psychedelics including psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide are known to disrupt the normal flow of time perception, for example, producing time dilation, compression, and loss of time. These temporal anomalies provide interesting clues about how the brain processes time, what consciousness is, and what produces the sense of self. This opinion article discusses the neural mechanisms of time perception altered by psychedelics by integrating emerging research findings in cognitive neuroscience and subjective effects. We suggest that the psychedelic-induced time warp can offer a new approach to studying brain correlates of the perception of the passage of time and conscious perception of time, and may have potential therapeutic value in psychiatric disorders in which altered perception of time is core, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Through examining these time changes, we discuss the potential of psychedelics in shaping transformative cognitive-affective states and their relevance for clinical applications.

Space-based infrared (IR) detection, with wide coverage, all-time operation, and stealth, is crucial for aerial target surveillance. Under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, however, its small target size, limited features, and strong clutters often lead to missed detections and false alarms, reducing stability and real-time performance. To overcome these issues of energy-integration imaging in perceiving dim targets, this paper proposes a biomimetic vision-inspired Infrared Temporal Differential Detection (ITDD) method. The ITDD method generates sparse event streams by triggering pixel-level radiation variations and establishes an irradiance-based sensitivity model with optimized threshold voltage, spectral bands, and optical aperture parameters. IR sequences are converted into differential event streams with inherent noise, upon which a lightweight multi-modal fusion detection network is developed. Simulation experiments demonstrate that ITDD reduces data volume by three orders of magnitude and improves the SNR by 4.21 times. On the SITP-QLEF dataset, the network achieves a detection rate of 99.31%, and a false alarm rate of 1.97×10−5, confirming its effectiveness and application potential under complex backgrounds. As the current findings are based on simulated data, future work will focus on building an ITDD demonstration system to validate the approach with real-world IR measurements.

Cannabinoids have traditionally been associated with motor and cognitive impairments, including slowness of movement and altered temporal perception. However, it remains unclear whether cannabinoids specifically affect the perception and/or production of temporal intervals. To explore these possibilities, we evaluated the effects of systemic administrations of the synthetic cannabinoid CP55940 on behavioral performance in male rats trained in three distinct paradigms designed to assess time interval perception and production. Systemic administration of CP55940 caused temporal overestimation in a fixed-interval task, which was primarily linked to impaired perception of elapsed time in the range of tens of seconds. In contrast, while the same treatment increased forelimb reach duration in a two-interval production task (in the hundreds of milliseconds range), these effects were more accurately attributed to a general reduction in movement speed rather than altered temporal processing. These findings were further confirmed in a third motor task, where animals executed a complex timed motor sequence with spatiotemporal constraints while running on a treadmill. Here, CP55940 administration slowed locomotion but did not disrupt motor timing. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to inducing motor slowness, systemic cannabinoid administration impairs temporal perception but preserves interval production, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms for these two processes.

HighlightsWhat are the main findings?Autistic children showed slower reaction times across visual temporal, auditory temporal, and visuospatial tasks, reflecting a speed processing deficitDespite slower responses, autistic children demonstrated higher accuracy in visual and auditory temporal tasks, indicating a strength in temporal integrationWhat is the implication of the main finding?Autism reflects a preference for accuracy over speed, underscoring the need for interventions that alleviate time pressure and promote structured, slower-paced environmentsBackground/Objectives: Autism is characterized by atypical sensory processing, which affects spatial and temporal perception. Here, we explore sensory processing in children with autism, focusing on visuospatial and temporal tasks across visual and auditory modalities. Methods: Ninety-two children aged 4 to 6 participated, divided into three groups: autism (n = 32), neurotypical chronological age-matched controls (n = 28), and neurotypical developmental age-matched controls (n = 32). The autism group consisted of high-functioning children (26 boys). The participants completed computer-based tasks requiring spatial and temporal processing. Response accuracy and reaction times were recorded. Results: The autism group demonstrated higher accuracy in temporal tasks (visual and auditory modalities) and comparable accuracy in visuospatial modality, but slower response times in all tasks compared to both neurotypical controls. These results suggest a strategy that prioritizes accuracy over speed, while preserving spatial and temporal processing in autism. Conclusions: These findings suggest that temporal processing, rather than the sensory modality, drives decision-making strategies in children with autism. Our findings highlight the need for interventions aligned with autistic children’s slower but accurate processing style to support social interaction and reduce stress. In a fast-paced digitalized world, autistic children might benefit from slower, balanced, and inclusive, evidence-based approaches that align with their cognitive rhythm and reduce overstimulation. By incorporating these unique strategies, targeted programs can enhance the quality of life and adaptive skills of children with autism, thereby fostering better integration into social and sensory-rich environments.

Objective: To report psychomotor interventions in schoolchildren aged 3 to 5 years in primary health care from the perspective of physical therapy students. Methods: A descriptive study in the form of an experience report, based on the activities of an extension project focused on child psychomotricity, carried out in a Municipal Early Childhood Education Center (CMEI) located in the northern region of the city of Teresina, Piauí, from August to December 2024.Results and Discussion: The psychomotor interventions provided significant progress in areas such as fine and gross motor skills, laterality, coordination, and spatial and temporal perception. They also stimulated reasoning, social interaction, and cooperation among the children. The project contributed to the children’s integral development, fostering self-awareness, creativity, and autonomy. Conclusion: Participation in the project enabled physical therapy students to apply their acquired knowledge in practice, while the psychomotor interventions promoted significant improvements in the children, including those with autism spectrum disorder.

This article explores the multidimensional nature of the concept of time within the framework of linguistic, cognitive, and cultural studies. Time, as one of the fundamental categories of human experience, permeates not only our physical and psychological realities but also the linguistic means by which we interpret and express them. The study examines the evolution of time conceptualization from philosophical traditions to modern cognitive linguistics, revealing how temporal perception is embedded in human consciousness and reflected in the structure of language. Moreover, the article discusses the interaction between universal and culture-specific representations of time, particularly in English and Karakalpak contexts, where metaphorical and conceptual models differ according to worldview and experience. The analysis demonstrates that time, far from being an abstract notion, serves as a linguistic mirror of human existence and cultural identity.

Temporal order judgment reveals visual processing priorities for topological structure.

Multi-dimensional fusion prediction and sensitivity analysis for overall equipment effectiveness based on temporal hybrid perception network

ABSTRACTThe consumption of specialty coffee has been growing and attracting an increasing number of enthusiasts both in Brazil and worldwide. Annually, new research is conducted to understand consumer perceptions regarding the nuances of this beverage. This study aimed to explore the sensory perceptions of specialty coffees using the Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) methodology across different roast levels, comparing responses from trained panels and regular consumers. Using samples of Coffea arabica from Minas Gerais in Brazil, the study applied the TDS technique to assess the sensory impact of three distinct roast levels (light, medium, and dark) on both primary (category‐level attributes per the SCA Flavor Wheel) and secondary (sub‐category descriptors) attributes. Coffee samples were analyzed by a panel of trained evaluators based on the Q Grader training protocol and a group of regular specialty coffee consumers. The results revealed distinct sensory profiles across roast levels, with notable differences between trained panelists and consumers. Light roasts were associated with sour and fruity notes, especially by trained panelists, while consumers more often perceived bitter and fermented attributes. Medium roasts showed greater sensory balance, and dark roasts were predominantly bitter for both groups, though trained panelists also identified fermented and alcoholic notes more clearly. Trained evaluators demonstrated greater sensitivity and were able to discern a wider range of sensory attributes. In addition, they spent less time selecting the first sensation and showed higher dominance rates for most attributes compared to the panel of regular specialty coffee consumers for both primary and secondary attributes. This divergence not only emphasizes the role of sensory training in enhancing perceptual acuity but also underlines the importance of aligning coffee sensory claims with consumer expectations and perception.