Temporal Orientation Research Articles

Хронический стресс и временная саморегуляция у менеджеров по продажам

Background. Time factor plays a signiacant role in creating unfavorable conditions for work activity. Temporal characteristics of labor oben become one of the main factors in the emergence of organizational stress (Vodopyanova, 2009; Artamonova, Leonova, 2009). ce activities of sales managers considered in the work are characterized by a signiacant severity of stress tension with time and deadline pressure leading among the numerous stressors in this professional activity. ce problem of lack of time for personal life and the lack of balance between work and life stem from temporary tension. Temporal aspects of work, being aware of them, subjective assessment and time management require separate consideration from the perspective of professional development and overcoming stress for sales managers. Objective. ce study focuses on the multi-level indicators of temporal self-regulation in chronic stress in the hard work of representatives of managerial professions. To achieve the goal, the task of conducting an empirical study aimed at identifying the features of self-organization, self-management and experiencing time at work, as well as anding the place and role of time aspects in the chronic stress development among sales managers was set. Sample. ce sample is represented by 154 sales managers (mean age 34 years, 56 men, 95 women) working in large wholesale and several small wholesale trade and industrial organizations in diderent cities of Russia. Methods. Data collection was carried out electronically using Google forms questionnaires. ce study was conducted in 2019–2020. To study the level of occupational stress, the methodology “Questionnaire for assessing the level of experiences of acute and chronic stress” was used (Leonova, Kachina, 2007). In order to study the assessment of working time and its experience, the “Time Perspective Questionnaire” (Zimbardo, Sword, Sword, 2017), “Manager’s Time Syndrome” (Vodopyanova, 2018), “Questionnaire for Self-Organization of Activities” (Mandrikova, 2010) and the questionnaire “Overall indicator of the edectiveness of the system of self-management of working time”, specially developed by our group, were used. Results. We have obtained numerous interrelations between indicators of chronic stress and temporal self-regulation. Such predictors of chronic stress as temporal orientation to the negative past, lack of expressiveness of aspirations to the future and hedonistic present were identiaed. ce presence of chronic stress and the experience of lack of time were predictors for a decrease in the edectiveness of self-management of working time (time management) among sales managers. Conclusion. ce multi-level indicators of temporal self-regulation considered, including temporal orientations, experience of lack of time, self-organization of activities and time management, can on the one hand, be predictors of chronic stress, while on the other hand, act as a resource for overcoming it in the activities of sales managers.

Life Insurance, Loss Aversion and Temporal Orientation: A Field Experiment and Replication with Young Adults

Life Insurance, Loss Aversion and Temporal Orientation: A Field Experiment and Replication with Young Adults

ГЕОГРАФІЧНА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ

The most important tasks of geography in the context of shaping the theoretical foundations of tourism include the need to substantiate the essence of an integral epistemological object (tourist system) and identify the mechanisms of its functioning. The presence of tourist processes is the main essence of the actual existence of the tourist system. The objectively inherent conditions for the implementation of any process are as follows: the presence of an object or phenomenon, that is, the actual substance that changes or is in the process; presence of time changes; the presence of spatial connections and their geospatial localization; the geospatial and temporal orientation of object changes. The tourist system is considered as a generalized object, that is, a substance that changes or is in the process, and in the context of geographic methodology it is conceptualised as a tourist-geographic system. The mechanism of the functioning of the tourist system should be understood, first of all, as connections and relations within the system that are formed under the influence of a set of factors and subordinate to the general goal of the system. In order to clarify the essence and peculiarities of the tourist process, we substantiate the hypothesis of isomorphism of transport, transport-geographic and tourist processes, the common defining feature of which is mutual relations. Connections mean material, energy and informational exchange between geographical objects. Primarily territorial connections, namely those connections that are carried out by overcoming space, are considered. The common features of the given definitions are: first, the presence of a transportation operation in the each of them, the essence of which is the spatial (territorial) movement of people; second, both transport and tourist processes are sub-processes of the general socio-geographical process, and therefore they cause changes both in the socio-geographical system in general and in the touristic-geographical system in particular. The definition of the tourist-geographical process is proposed as a set of actions and operations that make possible geospatial connections between the elements of the tourist-geographical system. The constituent parts of this process should be considered primarily the transportation and transfer of tourists from one type of transport to another, which have a clearly defined spatial and territorial character and constitute the essence of tourism (territorial movements, travel).

ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ Й ОСОБЛИВОСТІ АДАПТАЦІЇ ТА ПСИХІЧНИХ РЕСУРСІВ ЛЮДИНИ ПІД ЧАС ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОГО ВТОРГНЕННЯ

The determinants and peculiarities of adaptation and mental resources of people of different ages at the beginning and after a year of full-scale invasion were examined. With increasing age, the number of respondents having a subjective view on completed adaptation to an extreme situation decreased. We determined an existing adaptation conflict between the requirements of reality and a persons' capabilities and an existing cognitive dissonance between a persons' worldview and his/her behaviour. The process of adaptation in all age groups was compensatory. We demonstrated that anxiety and resilience were mental states experienced by the respondents of all age categories at the beginning and one year after the invasion. The determinants of resilience at different ages were identified. For 17-25 year olds, the determinants were the support of others and the prediction of personal growth; for 26-40 year olds, it was a subjective sense of adaptation; for 41-55 year olds, it was living in the compensation mode in the present without relying on the past. The study revealed a deformation of time orientation in the respondents of all age categories. The past experience was not in the field of current consciousness in the respondents of different ages. During the war, the present became the leading temporal orientation. The future was more uncertain for respondents aged 41-55 years. The most accessible internal human resources were: optimism, resilience, faith, goal setting, and external resources - information. During the year, the importance of informational resources has increased in 41-55 year olds. A year after the start of the full-scale invasion, the determinants of the resources used by the 17-25-year-olds were anticipation of growth; for the 26-40-year-olds, the determinants were adaptation through compensation and changes in their hierarchy of values; for the 41-55-year-olds, the determinants were existence in the mode of compensation in the negative present and changes in their hierarchy of values. The leading values in all age categories at the beginning of the war were the values of Life and Peace. The determinants of the subjective sense of adaptation at the beginning of the war and a year later in the respondents of different ages were determined. A year after the start of the full-scale invasion, the determinant of the subjective sense of adaptation for the 17-25-year-olds were personal growth in a full-fledged future; for the 26-40-year-olds, it was the internal conflict in the present and growth in the future; and for the 41-55-year-olds, it was the value of Life.

Cluster-based characterization of consistencies in individuals' thought profiles at rest in a cohort of 1779 French university students

Is ongoing conscious thought spontaneous and situation-related, or is it recurrent and dependent on psychological dispositions? The answer is critical for resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) paradigms that seek to correlate neuroanatomical states with conscious mental states. The goal of the present study was to characterize individual resting state thought profiles (RSTPs) and identify the recurrent ones, i.e., that could both be predicted by personality traits and predict subsequent negative affective states. The 1779 participants had a mean age of 22.1 years, 71.8% were females, and 71.8% were undergraduates. We collected the form and content of their thoughts during a 15-min RSFC session with a computerized retrospective self-questionnaire (ReSQ 2.0). Subsamples of participants also completed online autoquestionnaires assessing their psychological maturity and trait negative affectivity (with a four-day gap on average, N = 1270) and subsequent depressive and anxious states (1.4 years later on average, N = 922). Based on the multiple correspondence and clustering analyses of the ReSQ 2.0 responses, we identified six RSTPs distinctive by their content scope, temporal orientation, empathetic concern, and emotional valence. Multivariate analyses revealed that the probability of experiencing five of the six RSTPs was predicted by trait negative affectivity interacting with psychological maturity. Among them, a negatively valenced RSTP also increased the likelihood of subsequent negative affective states, suggesting its stable and recurrent nature. Identifying recurrent RSTPs is helpful for the future understanding of RSTPs’ contribution to RSFC. Additionally, it will be relevant to test whether acting on psychological maturity can alter the relationship between ongoing conscious thought and negative affectivity.

ASSOCIATION OF COGNITIVE STATUS AND CONSUMPTION OF UNPROCESSED AND ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS IN BRAZILIAN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract The decrease in consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods and the increase in ultra-processed foods are being observed in the diet of older adults and these changes may lead to worsening health status and cognition. We aimed to evaluate the association between cognitive status and food consumption according to the level of processing in Brazilian older adults. Cross-sectional study, with a sample of 585 older adults (≥60 years). Cognition was evaluated using the Cognitive Skills Screening Instrument (CASI-S), considering cognitive deficit when scores < 23 in participants aged 60–69 and < 20 in those aged ≥70 years. Foods reported in 24-hour food recall were classified according to their processing level into four groups of NOVA proposal: 1) unprocessed/minimally processed foods, 2) culinary ingredients, 3) processed foods (products made only from groups 1 and 2); and 4) ultra-processed foods. We estimated the means of total CASI-S score and its four domains according to the quartiles of intake of each food group, and evaluated the association between cognitive decline and each food group intake using logistic models adjusted for gender, age, schooling. Individuals in the highest quartile of unprocessed/minimally processed foods intake had higher scores in temporal orientation (p=0.034), verbal fluency (p=0.002), and total CASI-S score (p=0.004). The scores did differ according to the intake of the other food groups. The ultra-processed was the only group associated with cognitive deficit (OR:1.02; p=0.002). Results suggest nutritional counselling for older adults should focus in reducing ultra-processed and increasing unprocessed foods to help preventing cognitive deficit.

Cross‐cultural implications of linguistic future time reference and institutional uncertainty on social entrepreneurship

AbstractResearch SummaryUsing a sample of 205,792 individuals in 70 countries with 39 languages, this paper presents novel empirical evidence for how a language's future time reference, defined as the requirement that speakers mark time in the future, affects a speaker's likelihood of engaging in social entrepreneurship. FTR subtly shapes a speaker's temporal orientation, such that speaking a futured language (i.e., strong FTR) favors a short‐term orientation which positively affects the likelihood of being a social entrepreneur. Furthermore, institutional uncertainty arising from weakly entrenched institutions moderates this relationship. Individuals who speak futured languages in contexts characterized by regulatory institutional uncertainty (weak rule of law, weak property rights, and strong corruption) are more likely to engage in social entrepreneurship. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.Managerial SummaryThis paper examines the influence of language and regulatory institutions on an individual's decision to engage in social entrepreneurship. We show that entrepreneurial strategies towards social value creation are more likely to be pursued in countries where language is characterized as futured (i.e., using sentences with “will/shall + infinitive”) with the linguistic feature of future time reference (FTR). Moreover, the positive impact FTR has on the strategic decision to become a social entrepreneur intensifies when there is regulatory institutional uncertainty. That is, the probability an individual is a social entrepreneur increases when there is weak rule of law, weak property rights, and strong corruption within a country. In sum, our study highlights the important interplay between language, an overlooked cognitive institution, and regulatory institutions in shaping entrepreneurial behaviors and social outcomes.

The role of social and intellectual activity participation in older adults’ cognitive function

Theoretical backgroundA challenge of the ageing of the population is cognitive performance, given its association to optimal ageing. Documented predictors of cognition have included socio-demographics, education or physical factors. However, the association of social and intellectual activity participation to cognition has been less studied. AimThis study presents a predictive model of cognitive functioning including these alternative factors as well as more seminal ones to explain cognition in old age. Materials and methodsThe sample was composed by 45475 older adult participants in the 8th Wave of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe, that took place between 2019 and 2020. A correlational design was specified to test the effects of age, gender, years of education, physical inactivity, number of chronic diseases, social activity participation and intellectual activity participation on temporal orientation, numeracy, verbal fluency and memory. A completely a priori Structural Equation Model with latent variables was tested. ResultsThe sample had an average of 70 years of age, was well-educated and physically active and engaged in reading. There was a higher proportion of females. The model showed an optimal fit to the data, explaining 8.7%-36.0% of the different cognitive components’ variance. Age, years of education and intellectual activity displayed the largest effects across the cognitive domains. ConclusionsFindings suggest that social and intellectual activity participation are of relative importance to predict cognition in old age, even when considering other well-documented factors affecting older adults’ cognitive functioning.

Beliefs associated with cancer screening behaviors among African Americans and Sub-Saharan African immigrant adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBeliefs influence cancer screening. However, there are conflicting findings about how belief influence cancer screening among Black adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between beliefs (religiosity, fatalism, temporal orientation, and acculturation) and cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening behaviors among African Americans and sub-Saharan African immigrants.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of 73 African American and 59 English speaking Sub-Saharan immigrant adults recruited from Lexington and surrounding cities in Kentucky. Data collected included sociodemographic variables, cancer screening behaviors, and several instruments that characterize beliefs, including religiosity, fatalism, temporal orientation, and acculturation.ResultsParticipants’ mean age was 43.73 years (SD = 14.0), 83% were females, and 45% self-identified as sub-Saharan immigrants. Based on eligibility for each screening modality, 64% reported having ever had a Pap test, 82% reported ever having mammogram, and 71% reported ever having a colonoscopy. Higher education (OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.43—4.80) and being insured (OR = 4.09, 95% CI = 1.10 – 15.18) were associated with increased odds of cervical cancer screening (pap test), while cancer fatalism (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.07 – 0.88) was associated with decreased odds. Increased age (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06 – 2.32) and reduced present orientation (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.22 – 0.80) were associated with receipt of a mammogram. Nativity was the only factor associated with colonoscopy screening. Compared to African Americans, sub-Saharan African immigrants were 90% less likely to have had a colonoscopy (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02 – 0.66).ConclusionThis study contributes to the existing literature by confirming that beliefs are important in cancer screening behaviors among African American and sub-Saharan African immigrants. These findings should inform the development of cancer control and prevention programs for Black adults.Trial registrationUS National Library of Science identifier NCT04927494. Registered June 16, 2021, www.clinicaltrials.gov

Spontaneous Thought Characteristics are Differentially Related to Heightened Negative Affect vs. Blunted Positive Affect in Adolescents: An Experience Sampling Study.

Mind-wandering has been linked to negative affect and depressive symptoms in adolescents. However, mind-wandering is an extremely broad and heterogenous cognitive construct. Some features of spontaneous thought may be related to increased negative affect, whereas others may improve affect, or have no emotional influence. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the characteristics of spontaneous thoughts in adolescents and their differential relations with moment-to-moment affect. One-hundred and sixteen adolescents (ages 13-18; Typical Mood (TM) = 58; Low Mood (LM) = 58) completed 5 days (2-3 times/day) of EMA (total 1,037 surveys) assessing current positive and negative affect (PA and NA) and dimensions of spontaneous thought. Multilevel models tested the relation between thought characteristics and affect. Relative to the TM group, LM adolescents had a higher frequency of mind-wandering (38% vs. 56%) and negatively-valanced thoughts during episodes of mind-wandering (21% vs. 37%). Negatively-valenced, self-referential and past-oriented thoughts were each associated with higher NA, even when controlling for plausible confounds (e.g., engagement in an unpleasant activity or social interaction, depressive symptom severity). In contrast, task-focused and positively-valenced thoughts were uniquely linked to higher PA. Characteristics of spontaneous thought - including temporal orientation, self-referential quality, and task-relatedness - were differentially related to NA vs. PA in adolescents. If replicated, these findings could inform more nuanced assessments of and targeted interventions for specific dimensions of mind-wandering contributing to high NA vs. blunted PA in teens.

The Political Branding of a Powerless Nation: A Historical Account of the Branding of Kuwait During the Reign of Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem (1950–1965)

This study explores the political branding of a powerless small state, the state of Kuwait during the reign of Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem, from 1950 to 1965. The study uses models developed by Anholt for a strategic perspective on nation branding and by Bolin and Miazhevich for tactical communication in nation branding. This study explores the use of strategic communication in an Islamic-Arabic culture to brand Kuwait as a sovereign nation. At the strategic level, it employs the components of strategy, substance, and symbolic action, and at the tactical level, it uses the components of agents, audience analysis, temporal orientation and media to examine symbolic action. Using those models and following a qualitative historical analysis, the study identifies and analyzes the efforts of Sheikh Al-Salem to transform Kuwait from a Sheikhdom to Statehood in the 1950s. Those efforts helped to deter Iraq's threat to the Kuwaiti sovereignty as well as establish a self-governing, constitutional monarchy in the 1960s. The study concludes by evaluating the effectiveness of Sheikh Al-Salem's efforts as measured by tangible outcomes.

Community identities under perturbation: COVID-19 and the r/digitalnomad subreddit

Digital nomads (DNs) are hyper-mobile, location-independent workers whose practices blur traditional boundaries between labour, leisure, home and travel. They rely on digital tools to work and on computer-mediated communication to share knowledge and resources. Their resource-sharing culture is vital for self-efficacy and self-actualisation — two fundamental values that define the DN identity. Community identity is a constant social-semiotic construct mutually determined by (micro) interactions and the (macro) influence of collectively shared meanings and symbols. However, most of our understanding of community identity comes from structural and synchronic properties that often assume identity “exists” as an entity, separate from underlying collective dynamics. In this paper, we approach community identity diachronically, by introducing a quantitative typology that projects conversational timelines on two dimensions relevant to understanding the process of community identity construction: (a) the temporal orientation to the community core (or peripheral) conversation topics, and (b) interaction pattern anomalies. We cast three years of r/digitalnomad threads as a set of conversation topics, describing the interaction dynamics on these topics using the proposed typology. The central questions asked by this paper are whether there was a pre-pandemic stable community expression, and if so, how the COVID-19 pandemic may have perturbed it. Since lockdowns and travel restrictions impinged on fundamental DN values, the nature of the topics and interaction patterns that characterise the r/digitalnomad subreddit could have changed its character. We found a stable pre-pandemic balanced expression of core and peripheral conversation topics with regular interaction patterns. This identity expression was perturbed temporarily in the middle of the lockdown period when the community shifted focus to interactions about visa issues. As many countries began to re-open their borders around May 2021, a record-breaking number of interactions disrupted identity expression more profoundly. First, we observed constant interaction anomalies. Second, the community orientation revealed multi-factorial emergent issues, most of which revolved around conversations about what it means to be a DN, resource sharing and restrictions. We hypothesise that an influx of outsiders may have caused a clash of social norms and triggered a transformation of the DN identity that was still ongoing at the end of the studied period, in December 2021.

Functional Capacity and Difficulties in Activities of Daily Living From a Cross-National Perspective.

Objectives: This study investigated whether physical and cognitive functioning predicts developing difficulties in basic or instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL), and whether country-level factors moderated the associations. Methods: 69,227 adults aged 50+ from 19 countries were followed for up to 14years. Cox regression and meta-regression analyses were used. Results: Higher grip strength was associated with a 45% lower risk of developing ADL limitations and a 47% lower risk of IADL limitations. The corresponding values were 22% and 23% for peak flow, 20% and 23% for word recall, and 20% and 24% for temporal orientation. The associations were similar and statistically significant in most countries, but some associations were weaker in countries with lower GDP and lower service coverage. Discussion: Good physical and cognitive functional capacity protects from ADL and IADL limitations consistently across Western countries. The associations may be stronger in countries with more resources.

Mnemicity versus temporality: Distinguishing between components of episodic representations.

Human beings regularly "mentally travel" to past and future times in memory and imagination. In theory, whether an event is remembered or imagined (its "mnemicity") underspecifies whether it is oriented toward the past or the future (its "temporality"). However, it remains unclear to what extent the temporal orientation of such episodic simulations is cognitively represented separately from their status as memory or imagination. To address this question, we investigated to what extent episodic simulations are distinguishable in recall by virtue of both temporal orientation and mnemicity. In three experiments (N = 360), participants were asked to generate and later recall events differing along the lines of temporal orientation (past/future) and mnemicity (remembered/imagined). Across all of our experiments, we found that mnemicity and temporality each contributed to participants' ability to discriminate different types of event simulations in recall. However, participants were also consistently more likely to confuse in recall event simulations that shared the same temporal orientation rather than the same mnemicity. These results show that the temporal orientation of episodic simulations can be cognitively represented separately from their mnemicity and have implications for debates about the structure of episodic representations as well as the role of temporality in this structure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Paradigm Shift in Green Investments: A Potential Platform for Creating Employment Opportunities and Economic Stability in Saudi Arabia

Abstract This study focuses on the paradigm shift towards green investment to enhance the resilience of economies and job opportunities under conditions of severe recession and accelerated environmental challenges, and asks what impact the present scenario of COVID-19 leaves on the economy situation. The present study has only focused on the impacts of environmental factors (EF), environmental consciousness (EC), and temporal orientation (TO) on green investment, testing these using a fixed effects model. A representative sample from a homogeneous group is included in the final dataset. However, panel data of 84 observations from 21 cities during the period 2015-2019 are included in the completed sample. The hypothesis constructed for this study was tested for 84 observations from 21 cities between 2015 and 2019. Data from the Saudi General Authority is extracted and tested through regression models. The results show that environmental factors, environmental consciousness and temporal orientation are likely to influence green investment across different regions in Saudi Arabia. Present knowledge about green investment is contributed to through this study that highlights implications for environmentally friendly production activities.

Bouncing forward or bouncing back? How family firms enact resilience in times of crisis

PurposeThe study aims to develop theoretical understanding about how family-run businesses navigate unexpected and highly disruptive events by examining how family-based resilience capacity is variously transformed into an organizational capability.Design/methodology/approachThe study relies on a qualitative comparative case study design to explore how Croatian family-run businesses navigated market and operational disruptions brought on by the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and organizational data, this study compares how family-run businesses operating in different industries experienced and coped with disruptions. Using inductive qualitative coding methods, patterns across codes were identified and aggregated into dimensions that describe two broad approaches for leveraging family social capital in the enactment of organizational resilience.FindingsThe analysis shows that family-run businesses may employ family social capital in retrospective and prospective ways. A retrospective approach involves targeted and conservative uses of family social capital, wherein the aim is to maintain organizational functioning and return to “business as usual”. In contrast, a prospective approach employs these resources in a more strategic and flexible way to adapt to a “new” future. While both approaches can enable firms to successfully navigate crises, these approaches differ in terms of their temporal orientation and implications for marketing flexibility.Originality/valueThe study contributes to a better understanding of how family social capital can be differentially leveraged in times of crises, and how these differences may stem from having temporal orientations that focus on either preserving the past or adapting to new conditions. The study advances theorizing at the intersection of organizational resilience and family business by deepening understanding of the heterogeneity of ways in which family businesses manage change for long-term business continuity. For owners and managers of family-run business, the study provides insights into how unexpected disruptions can be managed and how businesses might respond to fast-changing market conditions.

Temporal Orientation and Corporate Social Responsibility: Global Evidence

AbstractThere has been a growing emphasis on the importance of a long‐term perspective in academia and practice. Yet understanding of the interdependency of those factors – the temporal preferences embedded in organizations and in societal values as well as the influence of temporal orientation of investors – remains limited. We theorize whether and how a firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) is affected by the societal temporal orientation, its time horizon, and its investors' time horizon. Using a global sample, we confirm that CSR activity is higher when a country has a long‐term orientation culture, when the firm has a long‐time horizon, and when the controlling institutional investor has a long‐term investment horizon. We also find that the national culture's long‐term orientation heightens the effect of a firm's long‐time horizon on its CSR. Further, our results show that the effects of temporal orientation are more pronounced in environmental than in social CSR.

“We Are Running Out of Time”: Temporal Orientation and Information Seeking as Explanatory Factors of Climate Anxiety among Young People

(1) Background: Climate change is a major threat to human health and new research is highlighting its effects on physical health. However, there is still little research on the psychological effects, particularly on young people, who seem to be disproportionately affected. (2) Objectives: In this context, we conducted a study focusing on the young adult population to identify psychosocial and behavioral factors that may modulate the intensity of this anxiety. (3) Method: A cross-sectional study by questionnaire was carried out on a sample of 369 young French adults. Data were analyzed via structural equation modelling. (4) Results: The main results suggest that: (1) CFC and information seeking predict climate anxiety, which in turn predicts the emotional consequences of exposure to information about the negative consequences of climate change; (2) information seeking moderates the effects of CFC on climate anxiety. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights both the role of temporal orientation and information seeking on the climate anxiety experienced by young adults. These results provide an interesting lever for health professionals to work with this population who may be more vulnerable to climate anxiety than others.

Optimizing the Development of Space-Temporal Orientation in Physical Education and Sports Lessons for Students Aged 8-11 Years.

The purpose of this research was to analyze how we can improve the space–temporal orientation ability with the help of physical exercises in physical education and sports lessons. In total,148 children between the ages of 8 and 11 participated in this study (M = 9.70; SD = 0.79). They were subjected to three tests, which measured general intelligence (Raven Progressive Matrices) and space–temporal orientation skills (Piaget-Head test and Bender–Santucci test). The tests were carried out both in the pre-test and in the post-test period. In the case of participants in the experimental group, a specific program was applied for a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that general intelligence level was identified as a predictor of spatial–temporal orientation (beta = 0.17, t = 2.08, p = 0.03) but only for the Piaget-Head test. Similarly, no differences between children’s age groups were identified in any of the spatial–temporal orientation test scores. However, children in the “+9” age category had higher scores on the intelligence test compared to younger children (77.31 vs. 35.70). In conclusion, the intervention program had a positive effect on spatial orientation skills.

Figuring Out Root and Epistemic Uses of Modals: The Role of the Input

AbstractThis paper investigates how children figure out that modals like must can be used to express both epistemic and “root” (i.e. non epistemic) flavors. The existing acquisition literature shows that children produce modals with epistemic meanings up to a year later than with root meanings. We conducted a corpus study to examine how modality is expressed in speech to and by young children, to investigate the ways in which the linguistic input children hear may help or hinder them in uncovering the flavor flexibility of modals. Our results show that the way parents use modals may obscure the fact that they can express epistemic flavors: modals are very rarely used epistemically. Yet, children eventually figure it out; our results suggest that some do so even before age 3. To investigate how children pick up on epistemic flavors, we explore distributional cues that distinguish roots and epistemics. The semantic literature argues they differ in “temporal orientation” (Condoravdi, 2002): while epistemics can have present or past orientation, root modals tend to be constrained to future orientation (Werner 2006; Klecha, 2016; Rullmann & Matthewson, 2018). We show that in child-directed speech, this constraint is well-reflected in the distribution of aspectual features of roots and epistemics, but that the signal might be weak given the strong usage bias towards roots. We discuss (a) what these results imply for how children might acquire adult-like modal representations, and (b) possible learning paths towards adult-like modal representations.