Temporal Order Research Articles

Longitudinal changes in Alzheimer's-related plasma biomarkers and brain amyloid.

Understanding longitudinal plasma biomarker trajectories relative to brain amyloid changes can help devise Alzheimer's progression assessment strategies. We examined the temporal order of changes in plasma amyloid-β ratio ( ), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and phosphorylated tau ratios ( , ) relative to 11 C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) cortical amyloid burden (PiB-/+). Participants (n=199) were cognitively normal at index visit with a median 6.1-year follow-up. PiB groups exhibited different rates of longitudinal change in . Change in brain amyloid correlated with change in GFAP (r=0.5, 95% CI=[0.26, 0.68]). The greatest relative decline in (-1%/year) preceded brain amyloid positivity by 41 years (95% CI=[32, 53]). Plasma may begin declining decades prior to brain amyloid accumulation, whereas p-tau ratios, GFAP, and NfL increase closer in time. HIGHLIGHTS Plasma declines over time among PiB- but does not change among PiB+. Phosphorylated-tau to Aβ42 ratios increase over time among PiB+ but do not change among PiB-. Rate of change in brain amyloid is correlated with change in GFAP and neurofilament light chain. The greatest decline in may precede brain amyloid positivity by decades.

Target detection does not influence temporal memory.

Target detection has been found to enhance memory for concurrently presented stimuli under dual-task conditions. This "attentional boost effect" is reminiscent of findings in the event memory literature, where conditions giving rise to event boundaries have been shown to enhance memory for boundary items. Target detection commonly requires a working memory update (e.g., adding to a covert mental target count), which is also thought to be a key contributor to creating event boundaries. However, whether target detection impacts temporal memory in similar ways as event boundaries remains unknown, because these two parallel literatures have used different types of memory tests, making direct comparisons difficult. In a preregistered experiment with sequential Bayes factor design, we examined whether target detection influences temporal binding between items by inserting target and nontarget stimuli during encoding of trial-unique object images, andthen comparing subsequent temporal order and distance memory for image pairs that span a target or nontarget. We found that target detection enhanced recognition memory for target trial images but had no effect on temporal binding between items. In a follow-up experiment, we showed that when the encoding task required updating of task set rather than target count, event segmentation-related temporal memory effects were observed. These results document that target detection as such does not disrupt inter-item associations in memory, and that attention orienting in the absence of updating task sets does not create event boundaries. This suggests a key distinction between declarative and procedural working memory updates in segmenting events in memory.

Vibration and Noise Optimization of Rotor Structure of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Vehicles

In order to improve the vibration and noise level of permanent magnet synchronous motor, based on the ANSYS workbench multi-physical field coupling platform, the motor structure is designed and simulated to optimize the vibration and noise of the motor. The spatial and temporal order of the vibration noise caused by the first order tooth harmonic is analysed, and the vibration noise caused by the first order tooth harmonic is reduced by slotting the rotor. By analysing the influence of rotor slots with different positions and different size parameters on the air gap magnetic flux density of the motor, the most suitable optimization method is found, and the optimization level of air gap magnetic flux density of rotor slots with different shapes under the same position and slot area is analysed and compared, so as to select the most suitable rotor slot shape. The simulation analysis shows that the air gap magnetic density and torque ripple of the optimized motor have been significantly improved, and the electromagnetic noise of 48-time order caused by 12 times the electromagnetic frequency of the motor in the 0 space order has been significantly reduced, which proves the reliability of the optimized scheme.

Setting boundaries: Development of neural and behavioral event cognition in early childhood.

The ongoing stream of sensory experience is so complex and ever-changing that we tend to parse this experience at "event boundaries," which structures and strengthens memory. Memory processes undergo profound change across early childhood. Whether young children also divide their ongoing processing along event boundaries, and if those boundaries relate to memory, could provide important insight into the development of memory systems. In Study 1, 4-7-year-old children and adults segmented a cartoon, and we tested their memory. Children's event boundaries were more variable than adults' and differed in location and consistency of agreement. Older children's event segmentation was more adult-like than younger children's, and children who segmented events more like adults had better memory for those events. In Study 2, we asked whether these developmental differences in event segmentation had their roots in distinct neural representations. A separate group of 4-8-year-old children watched the same cartoon while undergoing an fMRI scan. In the right hippocampus, greater pattern dissimilarity across event boundaries compared to within events was evident for both child and adult behavioral boundaries, suggesting children and adults share similar event cognition. However, the boundaries identified by a data-driven Hidden Markov Model found that a different brain region-the left and right angular gyrus-aligned only with event boundaries defined by children. Overall, these data suggest that children's event cognition is reasonably well-developed by age 4 but continues to become more adult-like across early childhood. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Adults naturally break their experience into events, which structures and strengthens memory, but less is known about children's event perception and memory. Study 1 had adults and children segment and remember events from an animated show, and Study 2 compared those segmentations to other children's fMRI data. Children show better recognition and temporal order memory and more adult-like event segmentation with age, and children who segment more like adults have better memory. Children's and adults' behavioral boundaries mapped onto pattern similarity differences in hippocampus, and children's behavioral boundaries matched a data-driven model's boundaries in angular gyrus.

The processing of subthreshold visual temporal order is transitory and motivation-dependent

Processing a sequence of events is different from encoding the relative order of the elements composing the sequence. Whether order processing arises automatically from the sequential processing of events is yet unknown, however the literature suggests that order processing can occur at an automatic level when the order of stimuli is not detected consciously. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the question of automatic order processing in a difficult visual task where participants identified one among two possible target luminances. The luminance of the targets was contingent on the order of presentation of two visual cues separated by a subthreshold asynchrony. Participants' performance was compared to that in a control condition where the cues were presented synchronously. In a first experiment, participants’ performance benefited from the use of subthreshold order information compared to the control condition, however this facilitation effect was transient and disappeared over the course of the experiment. In a second experiment, we investigated and confirmed the role of motivation, via a monetary incentive, on the previously observed effect. Taken together, our results suggest that the processing of temporal order of sub-threshold asynchronies is possible, although fragile and likely dependent on task requirements.

Needs for supporting women undergoing termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: A phenomenological study based on the cognitive–emotional–behavioral framework

ObjectiveTo determine and describe the needs of women undergoing termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) in China. Study designQualitative study with semi-structured interviews. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies checklist was used for reporting. SettingThree general hospitals and one special hospital in Changsha, Hunan, China. Participants12 women who had undergone TOPFA and 12 healthcare providers who had experienced in caring for these women. MethodsThis study was based on the cognitive–emotional–behavioral framework (CEBF) of women who had to undergo TOPFA. Twenty-four participants (12 women and 12 healthcare providers) were recruited from two hospitals in China. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted based on interview guides. ATLAS.ti software was used to encode and analyze data. Qualitative content analysis was also applied. FindingsFour themes emerged: information, emotional, professional psychological, and social supports. Each theme was subdivided into four phases for a detailed description of the temporal order (denial, confirmation, decision-making, and recovery phases) within the framework. Key conclusions and implications for practiceOur study analyzes the four needs of women who underwent TOPFA and the specifics of each need at different phases based on the CEBF. The importance of offering professional psychological support, detailed information, timely emotional support, and comprehensive social support for these women is illustrated. This study contributes to the understanding of women's needs, hence providing a theoretical basis for the construction of supportive programs.

First Comes Substance Use, Then Comes Social Media Posts? Examining the Temporal Ordering and Relative Strength of Relations Across Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana Use and Posting Behavior

ABSTRACT Social media posts represent a major route by which youth share their substance use cognitions and experiences with others. Extant research has primarily examined relations between alcohol-related posts and posters’ own alcohol use, yet little is known about the role of social media in the use of less socially accepted substances, namely tobacco and marijuana. Our study represents the first to examine the relative strength of this relation across alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. The current research used a one-month time lag to tease apart the temporal ordering of substance-use-posting and participants’ own substance use. A sample of 282 15–20-year-olds (Mage = 18.4, SD = 1.3, 52.9% female) in the United States completed two self-report surveys, one month apart. Results of a cross-lagged panel model revealed significant effects of alcohol and marijuana consumption on subsequent alcohol- and marijuana-related posting, respectively (i.e., selection effects). However, reverse relations (i.e., self-effects) were not significant. Further, we found no differences in the strength of selection effects across substances, suggesting they are similar for both more (alcohol) and less (marijuana and tobacco) socially acceptable substances. Results point to the importance of using young people’s social media posts as a way to help identify individuals at risk for heightened substance use and social media as a mechanism for targeted prevention programming.

An improved LSTM-based model for identifying high working intensity load segments of the tractor load spectrum

In order to solve the problems of serious redundancy of existing load spectrum data, unclear identification of load segments corresponding to high working intensity, and failure of load spectrum interception to meet the requirements of heavy load conditions, this paper proposes an MHA-ConvLSTM (Multi-head attention Convolutional LSTM) network model for identifying high working intensity load segments of the tractor load spectrum. The deep learning model integrates a multi-head attention mechanism and ConvLSTM network as the core, keeping the temporal order of continuously changing load sequences as the basic principle, deeply mining the local features contained within the small range load of dynamically changing load, and strengthening the matching relationship of the intrinsic features in long distance and large data volume load. This research selects rotary tillage as the verification condition, builds the multi-sensor test system to carry out the working load test, and takes the tractor rotary tillage load spectrum data as the validation object. The analysis shows that the accuracy and F1-score of the MHA-ConvLSTM model reach 97.69% and 97.83%, respectively, and the operation time is only 0.5289 s, which is 15.82% faster than LSTM. In addition, the model in this paper was used to identify 399 load segments with high workload and high work intensity, and 388 load segments were successfully verified with an error rate of less than 3%. This paper provides a new technical solution for applying the agricultural equipment load spectrum.

Actionable cancer vulnerability due to translational arrest, p53 aggregation and ribosome biogenesis stress evoked by the disulfiram metabolite CuET

Drug repurposing is a versatile strategy to improve current therapies. Disulfiram has long been used in the treatment of alcohol dependency and multiple clinical trials to evaluate its clinical value in oncology are ongoing. We have recently reported that the disulfiram metabolite diethyldithiocarbamate, when combined with copper (CuET), targets the NPL4 adapter of the p97VCP segregase to suppress the growth of a spectrum of cancer cell lines and xenograft models in vivo. CuET induces proteotoxic stress and genotoxic effects, however important issues concerning the full range of the CuET-evoked tumor cell phenotypes, their temporal order, and mechanistic basis have remained largely unexplored. Here, we have addressed these outstanding questions and show that in diverse human cancer cell models, CuET causes a very early translational arrest through the integrated stress response (ISR), later followed by features of nucleolar stress. Furthermore, we report that CuET entraps p53 in NPL4-rich aggregates leading to elevated p53 protein and its functional inhibition, consistent with the possibility of CuET-triggered cell death being p53-independent. Our transcriptomics profiling revealed activation of pro-survival adaptive pathways of ribosomal biogenesis (RiBi) and autophagy upon prolonged exposure to CuET, indicating potential feedback responses to CuET treatment. The latter concept was validated here by simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of RiBi and/or autophagy that further enhanced CuET’s tumor cytotoxicity, using both cell culture and zebrafish in vivo preclinical models. Overall, these findings expand the mechanistic repertoire of CuET’s anti-cancer activity, inform about the temporal order of responses and identify an unorthodox new mechanism of targeting p53. Our results are discussed in light of cancer-associated endogenous stresses as exploitable tumor vulnerabilities and may inspire future clinical applications of CuET in oncology, including combinatorial treatments and focus on potential advantages of using certain validated drug metabolites, rather than old, approved drugs with their, often complex, metabolic profiles.

Does working hard really pay off? Testing the temporal ordering between workaholism and job performance

AbstractIs workaholism an antecedent or a product of job performance? Or is there a reciprocation between workaholism and job performance? To address this issue, we collected data from 352 employees using a two‐wave panel design in Study 1, and 247 employee–supervisor dyads using a three‐wave panel design in Study 2. In Study 1, job performance had a negative effect on working compulsively but not working excessively, whereas, in Study 2, job performance had a positive effect on working compulsively and working excessively. Across the two studies, working compulsively and working excessively had no lagged effect on job performance. Collectively, these findings suggest that job performance causes workaholism rather than the other way around, challenging the traditional view. The inconsistent effects of job performance across working excessively and working compulsively underscore the importance of separating workaholism dimensions. Collectively, our findings challenge the validity of the reinforcement theory of learning and the psychological model of addiction in explaining the development of workaholism. We encourage future research to address when job performance has a positive, negative or null effect on workaholism to further improve our understanding of the causal relationship between workaholism and job performance.

Parabolic avalanche scaling in the synchronization of cortical cell assemblies

Neurons in the cerebral cortex fire coincident action potentials during ongoing activity and in response to sensory inputs. These synchronized cell assemblies are fundamental to cortex function, yet basic dynamical aspects of their size and duration are largely unknown. Using 2-photon imaging of neurons in the superficial cortex of awake mice, we show that synchronized cell assemblies organize as scale-invariant avalanches that quadratically grow with duration. The quadratic avalanche scaling was only found for correlated neurons, required temporal coarse-graining to compensate for spatial subsampling of the imaged cortex, and suggested cortical dynamics to be critical as demonstrated in simulations of balanced E/I-networks. The corresponding time course of an inverted parabola with exponent of χ = 2 described cortical avalanches of coincident firing for up to 5 s duration over an area of 1 mm2. These parabolic avalanches maximized temporal complexity in the ongoing activity of prefrontal and somatosensory cortex and in visual responses of primary visual cortex. Our results identify a scale-invariant temporal order in the synchronization of highly diverse cortical cell assemblies in the form of parabolic avalanches.

“People are going mad”. A disjunctive comparison of rituals of grocery shopping at the beginning of Covid-19 (March-June 2020)

At the very beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the act of loading shopping carts more than usual materialized as a sensible choice for most shoppers. Yet, stockpiling was constructed in parallel to the social pathologizing of so-called panic buying. Panic buyers emerged as supermarket “loose cannons” who seemed to create an “indecorous” spectacle out of what is usually considered an unremarkable act of everyday life. In this context, through the disjunctive comparison of experiences of grocery shopping in Italy and England, this paper looks at material cultures of preparedness and moral cosmologies of everyday consumption as they acquired social salience during the first few months of the Covid-19 pandemic (from March to June 2020). The rupture of everydayness allowed to appreciate the ritualistic aspects of grocery shopping and highlight their role in the temporal, social and moral ordering of everyday life.

Disrupted hippocampal synchrony following maternal immune activation in a rat model.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a risk factor for schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. MIA in rats models a number of the brain and behavioral changes that are observed in schizophrenia, including impaired memory. Recent studies in the MIA model have shown that the firing of the hippocampal place cells that are involved in memory processes appear relatively normal, but with abnormalities in the temporal ordering of firing. In this study, we re-analyzed data from prior hippocampal electrophysiological recordings of MIA and control animals to determine whether temporal dysfunction was evident. We find that there is a decreased ratio of slow to fast gamma power, resulting from an increase in fast gamma power and a tendency toward reduced slow gamma power in MIA rats. Moreover, we observe a robust reduction in spectral coherence between hippocampal theta and both fast and slow gamma rhythms, as well as changes in the phase of theta at which fast gamma occurs. We also find the phasic organization of place cell phase precession on the theta wave to be abnormal in MIA rats. Lastly, we observe that the local field potential of MIA rats contains more frequent sharp-wave ripple events, and that place cells were more likely to fire spikes during ripples in these animals than control. These findings provide further evidence of desynchrony in MIA animals and may point to circuit-level changes that underlie failures to integrate and encode information in schizophrenia.

Horseback Riding-Related Injuries in Portugal and Prevention Strategies.

Horse riding (HR) has gain popularity in Portugal, thereby increasing the number of related injuries. This study identifies frequently occurring injuries in Portuguese riders, the conditions under which they occur, and preventive measures. A retrospective cohort study. We included 216 Portuguese riders practicing HR at the time of the study with ≥1year of experience. Data were obtained from a questionnaire that characterized first and second rider injuries; we opted for a systematic method to assess the riders' injuries, in a temporal order. Questions regarding demographic data, sports-related background, systematic training workload, number and characteristics of the first 2 injuries, and the need for treatment were included in the questionnaire. Most first and second injuries were musculoskeletal, occurred from falling off the horse during training, and primarily affected the lower limb. Rehabilitation was required in almost 50% of all cases. The occurrence of injury was significantly associated with the number of days of training per week, years of experience, height and weight of the rider, and practice of another sport. Riding different horses was also significantly associated with the number of injuries. The most frequently occurring injuries during HR are musculoskeletal and in the extremities. Injury prevention is essential in HR, as most riders have at least one injury while practicing. Rehabilitation should involve a physiatrist and core strengthening exercises.

Gesture-speech coupling in persons with aphasia: A kinematic-acoustic analysis.

Aphasia is a profound language pathology hampering speech production and/or comprehension. People With Aphasia (PWA) use more manual gestures than Non-Brain Injured (NBI) individuals. This intuitively invokes the idea that gesture is compensatory in some way, but there is variable evidence of a gesture-boosting effect on speech processes. The status quo in gesture research with PWA is an emphasis on categorical analysis of gesture types, focusing on how often they are recruited, and whether more or less gesturing aids communication or speaking. However, there are increasingly louder calls for the investigation of gesture and speech as continuous entangled modes of expression. In NBI adults, expressive moments of gesture and speech are synchronized on the prosodic level. It has been neglected how this multimodal prosody is instantiated in PWA. In the current study, we perform the first acoustic-kinematic gesture-speech analysis in Persons With Aphasia (i.e., Wernicke's, Broca's, Anomic) relative to age-matched controls, where we apply several multimodal signal analysis methods. Specifically, we related the speech peaks (smoothed amplitude envelope change) with that of the nearest peaks in the gesture acceleration profile. We obtained that the magnitude of gesture versus speech peaks are positively related across the groups, though more variably for PWA, and such coupling was related to less severe Aphasia-related symptoms. No differences were found between controls and PWA in terms of temporal ordering of speech envelope versus acceleration peaks. Finally, we show that both gesture and speech have slower quasi-rhythmic structure, indicating that next to speech, gesture is slowed down too. The current results indicate that there is a basic gesture-speech coupling mechanism that is not fully reliant on core linguistic competences, as it is found relatively intact in PWA. This resonates with a recent biomechanical theory of gesture, which renders gesture-vocal coupling as fundamental and a priori to the (evolutionary) development of core linguistic competences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

K-space dispersion error compensators for the fractional spatial derivatives based constant-Q viscoelastic wave equation modeling

Unlike the fractional temporal derivatives based constant-Q viscoelastic wave equation, the fractional spatial derivatives based one is preferred for the wavefield simulation due to its tractable memory consumption. This viscoelastic wave equation is often solved by the staggered-grid pseudospectral method, which has the spatial spectral accuracy but temporal low order accuracy. The k-space method is one of the potential remedies for the temporal discretization errors. However, it is difficult to fully remove the temporal dispersion errors by directly applying the elastic k-space error compensators to the viscoelastic wave equation, which contains additional temporal derivatives associated with the amplitude decay terms of the P- and S- waves. To tackle the issue, we have derived a new wavenumber-time domain viscoelastic k-space equation by the eigenvalue decomposition method and by the solution to the matrix differential equations. The error compensation terms inside our k-space equation can simultaneously correct the discretization errors of different types of temporal derivatives and are wave mode adaptive. The accuracy of the k-space wave equation is verified by the viscoelastic Green's function's solution. To further boost the simulation efficiency of the k-space method in heterogeneous media, we have proposed an improved k-space method, which decreases the number of the costly mixed-domain operators. The simulation results from the simple and complex models demonstrate that our two k-space methods are superior to the conventional staggered-grid pseudospectral method for the viscoelastic wave modeling.

Investigate the Possibility of Using Phosphorescence in Clinical Oncology as an Early Prognostic Test in Detecting Brain Carcinogenesis

Phosphorescence is considered one of the non-invasive glioblastoma testing methods based on studying molecular energy and the metabolism of L-tryptophan (Trp) through KP, which provides essential information on regulating immunity and neuronal function. This study aimed to conduct a feasibility study using phosphorescence in clinical oncology as an early prognostic test in detecting Glioblastoma. This study was conducted on 1039 patients who were operated on with follow-up between January 1, 2014, and December 1, 2022, and retrospectively evaluated in participating institutions in Ukraine (the Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Oncosurgery, and Palliative Care at the Kharkiv National Medical University). Method of protein phosphorescence detection included two steps. During the first step, of luminol-dependent phosphorescence intensity in serum was carried out after its activation by the light source, according to the spectrofluorimeter method, as follows. At a temperature of 30 °C, serum drops were dried for 20 min to form a solid film. After that, we put the quartz plate with dried serum in a phosphoroscope of luminescent complex and measured the intensity. With the help of Max-Flux Diffraction Optic Parallel Beam Graded Multilayer Monochromator (Rigaku Americas Corporation) following spectral lines as 297, 313, 334, 365, 404, and 434 nm were distinguished and absorbed by serum film in the form of light quantum. The monochromator exit split width was 0.5 mm. Considering the limitations of each of the non-invasive tools currently available, phosphorescence-based diagnostic methods are ideally integrated into the NIGT platform: a non-invasive approach for visualizing a tumor and its main tumor characteristics in the spatial and temporal order. Because trp is present in virtually every cell in the body, these fluorescent and phosphorescent fingerprints can be used to detect cancer in many different organs. Using phosphorescence, it is possible to create predictive models for GBM in both primary and secondary diagnostics. This will assist clinicians in selecting the appropriate treatment option, monitoring treatment, and adapting to the era of patient-centered precision medicine.

The sound of timbre reigns: Auditory sequence discrimination in 3–5-year-old children

ABSTRACT How do young children apprehend the sounds in their environments? The current study elucidates a recent finding that 3–5-year-olds have greater sensitivity to timbre – non-pitch-related spectral and dynamic attributes that differentiate sounds – than to pitch contour. This finding is somewhat surprising given that pitch contour underlies much of linguistic prosody and music recognition. Further, it represents a gap in scientific knowledge about nonspeech auditory perception, which is commonly linked to, and used to remediate, speech perception. Two hypotheses are explored: the temporal order hypothesis (that pitch contour discrimination is more difficult because it requires encoding the order of pitches, while timbre discrimination does not); the perceptual distance hypothesis (that previously tested timbres were more auditorily distant to children than pitches were, and thus that greater perceptual distance even within a dimension should lead to better discrimination). Three same-different discrimination experiments with 3–5-year-old children suggested that temporal order variation makes timbre change detection harder, but does not affect pitch change detection, and that more-distant pitch changes are better detected (CG vs. GC is easier than CD vs. DC), with hints at such an effect for timbre. Findings raise the possibility of a trade-off such that auditory perceptual distance aids detection only up to a point, past which sounds cohere less well, impeding apprehension of temporal order. Implications for auditory and spoken language development are discussed.

Characterizing biased visuospatial perception in complex regional pain syndrome.

Patients suffering from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are increasingly shown to be affected by cognitive difficulties. While these cognitive symptoms were initially described as limited to the perception, representation and use of the body, that is, the somatic space, they were recently shown to also extend to the perception of extra-somatic space. CRPS patients seem indeed to pay less attention to visual stimuli occurring in the same side of space as their affected limb and especially those occurring close to that limb. The aim of the present study was to more precisely characterize these visuospatial biases, by investigating whether they may be dependent on the visually perceived proximity between the visual stimuli and the affected limb. Upper-limb CRPS patients and matched control participants performed temporal order judgements on visual stimuli, one presented in either side of space, while they could either see their hands near the visual stimuli or not. Visuospatial biases were not modulated by the availability of visual feedback about the hands. However, secondary analyses revealed that these biases depended on the type of rehabilitation program that the patients followed: whereas patients who did not follow any specific program presented significant biases to the detriment of visual stimuli in the affected side of space, patients who did follow a CRPS-specialized program did not. Patients' cognitive strategies will be important to consider when studying inter-individual differences in the cognitive symptomatology and associated cognitive-based rehabilitation procedures in CRPS. The existence of biases in visuospatial perception in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome has been reported but not always systematically replicated. We show that these biases might depend on the type of general rehabilitation program that the patients follow. Patients' individual cognitive strategies will be important to consider when studying the cognitive symptomatology of CRPS.

TRFM-LS: Transformer-Based Deep Learning Method for Vessel Trajectory Prediction

In the context of the rapid development of deep learning theory, predicting future motion states based on time series sequence data of ship trajectories can significantly improve the safety of the traffic environment. Considering the spatiotemporal correlation of AIS data, a trajectory time window panning and smoothing filtering method is proposed for the abnormal values existing in the trajectory data. The application of this method can effectively deal with the jump values and outliers in the trajectory data, make the trajectory smooth and continuous, and ensure the temporal order and integrity of the trajectory data. In this paper, for the features of spatiotemporal data of trajectories, the LSTM structure is integrated on the basis of the deep learning Transformer algorithm framework, abbreviated as TRFM-LS. The LSTM module can learn the temporal features of spatiotemporal data in the process of computing the target sequence, while the self-attention mechanism in Transformer can solve the drawback of applying LSTM to capture the sequence information weakly at a distance. The advantage of complementarity of the fusion model in the training process of trajectory sequences with respect to the long-range dependence of temporal and spatial features is realized. Finally, in the comparative analysis section of the error metrics, by comparing with current state-of-the-art methods, the algorithm in this paper is shown to have higher accuracy in predicting time series trajectory data. The research in this paper provides an early warning information reference for autonomous navigation and autonomous collision avoidance of ships in practice.