Temporal Limitations Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Digital Twin Factory Synchronized in Real-Time Using MQTT

As information technology progresses, the need for digital transformation within the industrial sector has become increasingly apparent, and digital twin technology has emerged as a significant trend in manufacturing. Digital twins synchronize physical and digital environments, overcoming spatial and temporal limitations to create various added values that are unattainable in reality. This paper presents a model that integrates digital twin technology with production and operational technologies at manufacturing sites, enabling remote, centrally controlled manufacturing services that transcend physical constraints. Specifically, by utilizing Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for real-time synchronization, this approach ensures efficient and timely data transfer between physical and digital environments. While traditional approaches often encounter challenges due to high investment costs and design complexities, this paper proposes a cost-effective and practical solution that reflects actual factory conditions.

Transferability of real-time EVT safety models: an investigation using autonomous vehicles data

Recent research has shown that data from autonomous vehicles (AVs) enables proactive, real-time road safety management. However, with low AV market penetration, it's crucial to assess the transferability of AV-based safety models to other locations. This study transfers real-time safety models from a data-rich to a data-scarce environment using vehicular conflict data collected by AVs. Multi-site Bayesian hierarchical Extreme Value Theory models are developed in two cities, with model transfer evaluated using informative priors and parameter recalibration. Both approaches produce reliable results, though the transferability index favors the informed prior method, while predictive deviance shows similar performance for both. Model sensitivity to temporal data limitations is assessed, revealing that the recalibration approach is more sensitive to block size, whereas the informed prior method remains stable. A novel method mimicking data limitations shows transferred models perform well with data utilizations above 20%, promoting transferability to mitigate data inadequacy.

Mechanochemically responsive polymer enables shockwave visualization

Understanding the physical and chemical response of materials to impulsive deformation is crucial for applications ranging from soft robotic locomotion to space exploration to seismology. However, investigating material properties at extreme strain rates remains challenging due to temporal and spatial resolution limitations. Combining high-strain-rate testing with mechanochemistry encodes the molecular-level deformation within the material itself, thus enabling the direct quantification of the material response. Here, we demonstrate a mechanophore-functionalized block copolymer that self-reports energy dissipation mechanisms, such as bond rupture and acoustic wave dissipation, in response to high-strain-rate impacts. A microprojectile accelerated towards the polymer permanently deforms the material at a shallow depth. At intersonic velocities, the polymer reports significant subsurface energy absorption due to shockwave attenuation, a mechanism traditionally considered negligible compared to plasticity and not well explored in polymers. The acoustic wave velocity of the material is directly recovered from the mechanochemically-activated subsurface volume recorded in the material, which is validated by simulations, theory, and acoustic measurements. This integration of mechanochemistry with microballistic testing enables characterization of high-strain-rate mechanical properties and elucidates important insights applicable to nanomaterials, particle-reinforced composites, and biocompatible polymers.

Bidirectional uptake and redistribution, bio-stimuli responsive xyloglucan-based nanodelivery system for enhanced translocation of non-systemic pesticide in soybean plants

Non-systemic pesticides, like fludioxonil, have the advantages of broad-spectrum and fast-acting, but the limited space of action restricts their effectiveness. This study proposed a nano-delivery strategy (Flu@EXG) by loading fludioxonil on aminated xyloglucan-based nanoparticles (EXG) to enhance the systematicity of fludioxonil in vivo and consequently achieve systemic defense against soybean diseases. The resulting Flu@EXG had an average diameter of 75.6 nm and exhibited responsive release properties to dual-stimuli of hemicellulases and pH value. The combined measurements of target dose and efficacy demonstrated that the Flu@EXG achieved bi-directional uptake and redistribution of fludioxonil, consequently inhibiting both Phytophthora sojae in roots and Botrytis cinerea on leaves meanwhile with a single application method (root irrigation or foliar spraying) in soybean. In contrast, fludioxonil commercial suspensions (Flu SC) hardly reached the roots to control root diseases when applied to foliage. Additionally, the direct inhibition of Flu@EXG against oomycetes was 2.0 times higher than Flu SC at high test concentrations as EXG could directly provide additional membrane damage. Finally, Flu@EXG provided comparable foliar performance to Flu SC and do not affect the growth of soybeans during the test cycle. Thus, the bio-stimuli responsive Flu@EXG nanodelivery system has promising for achieving the systemic prevention by overcoming the spatial and temporal limitations of non-systemic pesticide application, providing new perspectives and technologies for prompting sustainable development of agriculture.

Temporal restriction of biomedical research on human embryos created in vitro

The article is devoted to the study of temporal limitation of biomedical research ofhuman embryos created in vitro. The author has investigated various models of settingtemporal restrictions, in particular, the most widespread in the world model of 14 daystemporal limitation. The article examines the validity of various models of temporal limitations(in particular, models that provide for temporal limitation of 7 days, 14 days, 28days) and their ability to maintain a balance between protection of a human embryo, interestsof a human, society, state, and science.Having studied the practice of establishing temporal limitations in various countries,including Switzerland, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, theauthor reached a conclusion. The research focused on issues related to the status of thehuman embryo and the scientific potential of studying embryos created in vitro more than14 days since their creation. The author concluded that the existing models, particularlythe 14-day rule, do not maintain a balance of interests. Therefore, it is necessary to establisha model that provides for multiple temporal limitations. The author has proposed atwo-level model of temporal limitation. The first level provides for the possibility of cultivatinga human embryo created in vitro up to the 14th day of its development from themoment of creation and carrying out biomedical research of such embryos up to the 14thday of their development from the moment of creation. The second level, which in exceptionalcases and in the presence of stricter conditions provides for the possibility of cultivatinga human embryo created in vitro up to the 28th day of its development from themoment of creation and carrying out biomedical research of such embryos up to the 28thday of their development from the moment of creation. Such a model is a compromise andwill ensure the balance between proper protection of a human embryo and interests of aperson, society, state, and science.

A Multi-Scale Deep Learning Algorithm for Enhanced Forest Fire Danger Prediction Using Remote Sensing Images

Forest fire danger prediction models often face challenges due to spatial and temporal limitations, as well as a lack of universality caused by regional inconsistencies in fire danger features. To address these issues, we propose a novel algorithm, squeeze-excitation spatial multi-scale transformer learning (SESMTML), which is designed to extract multi-scale fire danger features from remote sensing images. SESMTML includes several key modules: the multi-scale deep feature extraction module (MSDFEM) captures global visual and multi-scale convolutional features, the multi-scale fire danger perception module (MFDPM) explores contextual relationships, the multi-scale information aggregation module (MIAM) aggregates correlations of multi-level fire danger features, and the fire danger level fusion module (FDLFM) integrates the contributions of global and multi-level features for predicting forest fire danger. Experimental results demonstrate the model’s significant superiority, achieving an accuracy of 83.18%, representing a 22.58% improvement over previous models and outperforming many widely used deep learning methods. Additionally, a detailed forest fire danger prediction map was generated using a test study area at the junction of the Miyun and Pinggu districts in Beijing, further confirming the model’s effectiveness. SESMTML shows strong potential for practical application in forest fire danger prediction and offers new insights for future research utilizing remote sensing images.

Research on the Integration and Innovation Development of Digital Empowered Lifelong Education under the Background of Informatization

Under the impetus of the wave of informatization, lifelong education has ushered in unprecedented development opportunities. Firstly, digital technology has broken educational resources’ temporal and spatial limitations, achieved global resource sharing and provided learners with a broader learning space. Secondly, personalized learning models have emerged with the support of information technology, meeting the diverse learning needs of learners and improving learning outcomes. Finally, cross-border integration and innovative development have become important trends in lifelong education, promoting innovation and development of education models through integration with different industries and the application of emerging technologies. This study analyzes the current development status, challenges and future trends of lifelong education under the background of informatization and proposes corresponding strategies and suggestions to promote the sustainable development and innovation of lifelong education.

EVALUATING REMOTE SENSING-BASED DROUGHT INDICES: STRENGTHS, LIMITATIONS, AND APPLICABILITY ACROSS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA'S AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES: A REVIEW

This study reviews the application and effectiveness of various remote sensing (RS) indices for drought monitoring in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Given the region’s diverse climatic zones and frequent drought occurrences, accurate and timely assessment tools are crucial. The study examines indices from different spectral regions, including optical, thermal infrared, and microwave bands, focusing on their spatial and temporal resolutions, data availability, strengths, and limitations. Optical indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) are effective in semi-arid and sub-humid zones where vegetation density varies. Thermal infrared indices, including the Temperature Condition Index (TCI), the Vegetation Health Index (VHI), and the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), provide insights into thermal anomalies and vegetation health, with TCI particularly suited for semi-arid zones and TVDI useful in both semi-arid and sub-humid zones. Microwave indices, such as the Normalized Backscatter Moisture Index (NBMI), Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD), and the Microwave Polarization Difference Index (MPDI), excel in capturing soil moisture and vegetation water content, proving useful in humid forest and semi-arid zones. The integration of these indices with other meteorological and hydrological data enhances drought monitoring and management strategies. Recommendations are made for the optimal use of these indices across different SSA agroecological zones.

Critical thinking, assessment, and educational policy in Palestinian universities

This study examines the relationship between critical thinking and grades at the tertiary level, focusing on their social, political, and ethical implications. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study combines survey data collection with in-depth interviews to generate comprehensive insights into the complex relationship between critical thinking and grades. The survey targets 173 faculty members, while the interviews focus on seven selected academic staff members from Palestinian universities, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the research objectives. Results showed that grades often hinder critical thinking skills and creativity, leading to rote memorization and limited creativity. The study also highlights the political implications of grades, as standardized testing influences education policies and curriculum decisions. Faculty members expressed criticism of the prioritization of grades, citing conventional evaluation methods, temporal limitations, and resource constraints. As critical thinking is crucial for comprehensive student development, contributing to problem-solving, decision-making, creativity, innovation, effective communication, and active citizenship, the study proposes diverse approaches to strike a balance between valuing grades and nurturing critical thinking abilities. By fostering critical thinking abilities, Palestinian students can enhance their preparedness for academic pursuits, personal growth, and societal contributions.

Biologically driven isotope fractionation in ultrastructurally different shell portions of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera): Implications for stream water δ18O reconstructions

AbstractOxygen isotopes in stream water can serve as natural tracers of watershed dynamics. Freshwater pearl mussels provide δ18Owater estimates that overcome temporal and spatial limitations of instrumental records. The reliability of shell‐based δ18Owater reconstructions depends on understanding which shell layer biomineralizes closer to oxygen isotopic equilibrium with ambient water. To determine this, both the (outer) prismatic and (inner) nacreous sublayers of the outer shell layer were sampled. Over 2500 isotope values were obtained from shells collected from the Our River (Luxembourg) and from mussels cultured in tanks at constant temperature and monitored δ18Owater. Calculated δ18Owater from the prismatic portion was in excellent agreement with monitored δ18Owater, while δ18Oshell of the nacreous portion was systematically offset by +0.43‰, overestimating δ18Owater by +0.53‰. Although shell portions were formed simultaneously from the same extrapallial fluid, they underwent different fractionation mechanisms, presumably due to differences in carbonic anhydrase activity catalyzing mineralization processes.

Effect of Planting Ground Treatments Using Artificial Rainfall Slope Simulating Degraded Forestland on Drought Stress Susceptibility of Pinus densiflora

Trees in degraded forest areas are generally exposed to water stress due to harsh environmental conditions, threatening their survival. This study simulated the environmental conditions of a degraded forest area by constructing an artificial rainfall slope and observing the physiological responses of Pinus densiflora to control, mulching, and waterbag treatments. P. densiflora exhibited distinct isohydric plant characteristics of reducing net photosynthetic rate and stomatal transpiration rate through regulating stomatal conductance in response to decreased soil moisture, particularly in the control and waterbag treatments. Additionally, the trees increased photochemical quenching, such as Y(NPQ), to dissipate excess energy as heat and minimize damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. However, these adaptive mechanisms have temporal limitations, necessitating appropriate measures. Under extreme drought stress (DS45), mulching treatment showed 4.5 times and 2.2 times higher in PIabs and SFIabs than in the control, and after the recovery period (R30), waterbag and mulching treatment showed similar levels, while PIabs and SFIabs in the control were only 45% and 75% of those in the mulching and waterbag treatments, respectively. Specifically, mulching extended the physiological mechanisms supporting survival by more than a week, making it the most effective method for enhancing the planting ground in degraded forest areas. Although the waterbag treatment was less effective than mulching treatment, it still significantly contributed to forming better growth conditions compared to the control. These findings highlight the potential for mulching and waterbag treatments to enhance forest restoration efforts, suggesting future research and application could lead to more resilient reforested areas capable of withstanding climate change-induced drought conditions.

Unconventional banking and poverty reduction: A regression analysis with policy recommendations for Hail

The present study addresses a significant omission in the literature by examining the role of non-traditional financial organizations in poverty reduction. Previous research has primarily focused on the direct impact of commercial banks on poverty, neglecting the contribution of other types of financial institutions. This research posited that Islamic banks are anticipated to assume a pivotal function in mitigating poverty; nonetheless, more studies on the topic need to be conducted. This research used the pooled panel regression technique to investigate the impact of Islamic banks on poverty alleviation in several developing nations from 2013 to 2019. The empirical data demonstrates a direct correlation between the overall assets of Islamic banks and some evident characteristics. The heightened acquisition of holdings by Islamic banks indicates a decrease in poverty. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation exists between the legal framework and poverty alleviation. It is crucial to acknowledge that the research is limited by the intrinsic limits imposed by the accessible information on Islamic banks and the specific temporal limitations of the study. Future academic research should aim to increase the sample size and cultural and social factors and expand the time frame to understand the intricate function of Islamic banks in reducing poverty entirely. This paper is helpful to many policymakers in developing countries, including Hail development plans in Saudi Arabia.

The United Kingdom electricity market mechanism: A tool for a battery energy storage system optimal dispatching

In this paper, the role of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in the United Kingdom (UK) electricity market is investigated. Such device is selected since research works related to the topic demonstrate that BESSs help facing challenges caused by renewable energy sources increasing penetration in the power systems’ field. Indeed, in the next future, BESSs will assume a relevant role thanks to their fast response time. In the present paper, an optimization model is implemented to encode the UK market rules and output the optimal set of offers on day-ahead and intraday markets, dynamic frequency response services and imbalance settlement. The market rules are formalised in a mathematical model considering market temporal sequencing and BESS technical limitations. The tool also models the state of energy management, necessary since BESSs are energy limited assets. Objective function and constraints are linearized to define a Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem to reduce the computational burden and to integrate the model in the Energy Management System previously developed at University of Genoa. Specific tests are performed including and excluding ancillary services to evaluate the related advantages. The obtained outcomes reveal that ancillary services are the most convenient options within all the implemented scenarios.

Global cloud optical depth daily variability based on DSCOVR/ EPIC observations

When investigating the potential effects of cloud changes on climate, the interday and intraday variabilities should be distinguished. Historically, studies have focused on the long-term cloud changes, and the intraday cycles of cloud properties have been mostly ignored partly owing to the limited availability of global datasets to study higher frequency variabilities. In this regard, DSCOVR’s vantage point at the Lagrange L1 point overcomes the temporal limitations of polar orbiters as well as the limited spatial views of geostationary satellites, allowing characterization of the daytime variability of cloud properties using a single sensor. In previous analyses, we used DSCOVR’s EPIC instrument to characterize the diurnal cycles of cloud height and cloud fraction; here, we expand on previous studies to additionally investigate the variability of cloud optical thickness. We observe a recurring diurnal pattern of cloud optical thicknesses for different latitudinal zones that reaches a maximum around noon regardless of the underlying surface. Once we separate the clouds based on their optical thickness into optically thin (0–3), intermediate (3–10), and thick (10–25), we find that these cloud classes follow different optical thickness diurnal cycles on the global scale. We further explore these differences by combining the evolution of cloud fraction and optical thickness of each group to obtain the diurnal evolution of cloud-fraction-weighted optical depths.

Exploring the Complexity of Mauli: An Analysis of Solidarity, Speech Community, Religion, and Gender in Marathi Address Term Usage

This paper delves into the intricate semantic nuances and sociopragmatic functions inherent in the Marathi address term “mauli” in the context of a colossal religious gathering. Through morphosyntactic analysis, it uncovers the term’s grammatical gender and its generic usage to encompass feminine and motherly attributes, embracing inclusiveness and generosity. Drawing from primary data collected during the Asadhi pilgrimage of 2023 through semi-structured interviews and participant observations, supplemented by secondary sources such as albums and songs, the study quantitatively and qualitatively examines the frequency and contextual use of “mauli”. Findings reveal its multifaceted sociopragmatic functions, including identity establishment, solidarity marking, politeness expression, and religiosity demonstration. However, its efficacy is constrained by temporal and spatial limitations, potentially hindering broader societal benefits. This exploration sheds light on the complex interplay between linguistic expressions, social dynamics, and religious practices within the Marathi cultural milieu.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of High-Resolution Spatial Distribution of Sensible Heat Fluxes in Building-Congested Area

Urban areas consist of various land cover types, with a high proportion of artificial surfaces among them. This leads to unfavorable thermal environments in urban areas. Continuous research on the thermal environment, specifically on the sensible heat flux (Qh), has been conducted. However, previous research has faced temporal, spatial, and resolution limitations when it comes to detailed analysis of sensible heat flux in urban areas. Therefore, in this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model combined with the LDAPS and the VUCM was developed to simulate Qh at one-hour intervals over a 1-month period in an urban area with various land cover types. Model validation was performed by comparing it with measurements, confirming the suitability of the model for simulating Qh. The land cover was categorized into five types: building, road, bare land, grassland, and tree areas. Qh exhibited distinct patterns depending on the land cover type. When averaging the Qh distribution over the target period, buildings, roads, and bare land areas showed a predominance of upward Qh values, while grassland and tree areas displayed dominant downward Qh values. Additionally, even within the same land cover types, slight Qh variations were identified based on their surroundings. The averaged Qh value for building areas was the highest at 36.79 W m−2, while that for tree areas was −3.04 W m−2. Moreover, during the target period, the time-averaged Qh showed that building, road, and bare land areas peaked at 14 LST, while grassland and tree areas exhibited very low Qh values. Notably, buildings reached a maximum Qh of 103.30 W m−2 but dropped to a minimum of 1.14 W m−2 at 5 LST.

Establishing a practical test for the end of non-international armed conflict

Abstract When do non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) end? Determining the existence of a NIAC requires a detailed, fact-intensive inquiry. Since the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia's seminal decision in the Tadić case, international courts and tribunals have evaluated the existence of NIACs under the Tadić test's two-pronged inquiry into intensity and organization. Although that decision also pronounced that international humanitarian law (IHL) continues to apply until a “peaceful settlement is achieved,” neither international tribunals nor scholars have articulated a comparably widely accepted and well-developed test for determining the end of NIACs. At the same time – and especially since 9/11 – States have increasingly relied on IHL to meet the threat posed by non-State actors, broadening the scope of conflict-related liabilities in armed conflict without conferring the privileges or immunities otherwise inherent in IHL. This one-sided approach twists the purpose of IHL and places members of organized armed groups into legal black holes without temporal limitations, as States resist the termination of “armed conflict” irrespective of the continuing intensity of violence or the level of organization of non-State actors. Ultimately, the current approach gives States broad discretion without appropriate safeguards, which undermines the proper application of human rights and humanitarian principles within conflict and prevents the establishment of a sustainable peace. This paper argues that the most appropriate test for ascertaining the end of a NIAC is one that combines objective consideration of the diminution of organized and intense hostilities below the Tadić threshold with the likelihood that hostilities will not again rise above that threshold. It thus draws from but does not fully endorse the preferred approach of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which focuses on the lasting termination of hostilities,1 while abjuring a general temporal limitation. Although commendable for its effort to avoid the legal uncertainty that attends the revolving conflict classification problem, the ICRC's approach unfortunately tends to encode existing uncertainty surrounding the termination of NIACs and to indistinctly prolong the application of IHL to erstwhile conflict situations. In contrast, the authors suggest that a test for the end of NIAC based on a specific period (five months following the diminution of organized and intense hostilities below the Tadić threshold), subject to an evaluation of the risk that those hostilities may resume, better balances certainty of legal application with the promotion of a return to peace. The authors will employ the facts of diverse case studies, including the FARC in Colombia, the LTTE in Sri Lanka, numerous armed groups in Mali, and the United States with Al-Qaeda, to build a legal standard that courts can use to determine IHL's continuing applicability to an erstwhile armed conflict.

Monitoring Volcanic Plumes and Clouds Using Remote Sensing: A Systematic Review

Volcanic clouds pose significant threats to air traffic, human health, and economic activity, making early detection and monitoring crucial. Accurate determination of eruptive source parameters is crucial for forecasting and implementing preventive measures. This review article aims to identify the most common remote sensing methods for monitoring volcanic clouds. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic literature review of scientific articles indexed in the Web of Science database published between 2010 and 2022, using multiple query strings across all fields. The articles were reviewed based on research topics, remote sensing methods, practical applications, case studies, and outcomes using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our study found that satellite-based remote sensing approaches are the most cost-efficient and accessible, allowing for the monitoring of volcanic clouds at various spatial scales. Brightness temperature difference is the most commonly used method for detecting volcanic clouds at a specified temperature threshold. Approaches that apply machine learning techniques help overcome the limitations of traditional methods. Despite the constraints imposed by spatial and temporal resolution and optical limitations of sensors, multiplatform approaches can overcome these limitations and improve accuracy. This study explores various techniques for monitoring volcanic clouds, identifies research gaps, and lays the foundation for future research.

Perspectives of Open Education High Students on the Open Learning Mode

Open education is an education and instruction network that is widely used to overcome physical and temporal limitations. In the current study, an evaluation was made by taking the opinions of students on the application areas of the open education system in Turkey. In this context, the reasons for students attending open education high schools to switch to open education high schools were examined and a general perspective on open education applications was presented in line with their goals and expectations. To this end, phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods, was used and students’ opinions and experiences about open education were elicited. The sample of the current study is comprised of 500 open education high school students registered through public education centres. An online questionnaire form consisting of semi-structured open-ended questions was used to collect data in the study. When the findings were examined, it was seen that the reasons for the participants’ enrolment in open education differed. In the analysis performed, it was seen that the reasons for enrolling in open education were grouped under six sub-headings: individual-emotional reasons, familial reasons, economic reasons, health-related reasons, reasons arising from school education processes and environmental-stimulating reasons.

An atomistic survey of shear coupling in asymmetric tilt grain boundaries and interpretation using the disconnections framework

Grain Boundaries (GB) play an important role in determining the behavior of polycrystalline materials. While the mechanisms of motion and associated shear response for symmetric tilt grain boundaries (STGBs) are well studied, the same is not true for asymmetric tilt grain boundaries (ATGBs) despite their greater prevalence in polycrystals. This study aims to investigate the shear response of a large collection of asymmetric tilt grain boundaries (ATGBs) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and interpret the data using a discrete disconnections model that works remarkably well for STGBs. MD simulations of shear-driven ATGBs show that the plastic shear (shear coupling factor) in the region swept by a GB exhibits a complex dependence on the inclination angle, and this dependence changes with the misorientation of the GB. In addition, the shear response was observed to be highly sensitive to the applied shear rate and temperature. Recognizing the spatial and temporal scale limitations of MD simulations, we extended the discrete disconnections mesoscale model of Khater et al. (2012) to calculate the nucleation barriers of disconnection modes and predict the effective shear coupling of an ATGB. We observed that the mesoscale model’s predictions of the shear coupling factor of ATGBs do not agree with those observed in MD simulations. Finally, we examine the hypotheses of our mesoscale model that contribute to disagreements between MD simulations and the mesoscale model and propose improvements to the mesoscale model for future work.