Telegraph Operators Research Articles

Тайнопись на стальных магистралях: перехват донесений, дешифровка и защита сведений железнодорожными жандармами

The article examines the activities of the gendarmerie railway police in the Russian Empire during the peri-od from the last decade of the 19th century to the February Revolution, focusing on their efforts to intercept anti-government correspondence and enemy reports, decrypt them, and protect information about the transportation of military goods. The author uses extensive previously unpublished records from the gendarmerie police de-partments of the railways to analyze examples of secret writing (cryptograms) used by revolutionaries. The dis-advantages of the ciphers used include a logical connection between letters in the source text and positions in conditional alphabets, as well as a specific arrangement of letters that ensures that only one position of the condi-tional alphabet can correspond to each encrypted value. Militant groups of political radicals actively tried to re-cruit railway employees, especially telegraph operators, to cooperate in order to receive and transmit information about the passage of trains with valuable cargo. This information was crucial for planning and implementing expropriation actions. During the First World War, the critical importance of communication increased the im-portance of cryptography and cryptanalysis. To encrypt messages about the state of Russian railways, the enemy used an extensive arsenal of techniques, such as replacing keywords in texts by established methods; using ci-pherbooks containing various code combinations, and a combination of values replacement and rearrangement according to the developed matrices. The war gave an impetus to the development of cryptography, as ciphers became more complicated for cryptanalysts to decipher. The concealment of the contents of spy reports was en-sured not only through the transformation of texts but also through sophisticated methods of packaging infor-mation carriers in luggage, among food products, and the use of special ink. In charge of decryption, the railway gendarmes largely depended on the special department of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Af-fairs and the Ministry of War. These agencies provided the necessary keys. In turn, the railway gendarmerie gained valuable experience in intercepting letters containing secrets when they were transported by rail.

Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and channels television coverage of the war against Boko haram terrorism in north-east Nigeria

Building on the motivation created by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in the United States of America, terrorism has become a significant security and economic challenge globally. It has assumed worrisome scale and dimensions across the continents of the world despite the growing expertise of security intelligence and government leadership. From Asia, especially the Arabian nations, to Europe, America and Africa, terrorism has continued to dominate security discussions and planning among governments and, in particular, the United Nations. Its origin has been linked to both political and religious motivations and objectives. One of the earliest documentations on the origin of terrorism is seen in the works of Mark Burgess. He traces terrorism to the Thugees, an Indian religious cult that ritually strangle its victims (usually travellers chosen at random) as an offering to Kali, the Hindu goddess of terror and destruction. Between the 7th and mid-19th centuries, the Thugees were reputed to be responsible for as many as one million murders. That was perhaps the last example of religion-inspired terrorism until the phenomenon re-emerged a little over 20 years ago. David Rapport notes that “before the 19th century, religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror” (p. 7). However, this study will adapt a working definition of terrorism as stated by The United Nations General Assembly. According to the UN, terrorism refers to: “…criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes... whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other nature that may be invoked to justify them” (p. 3). The United Nations, in the foregoing definition, places terrorism in a wide spectrum that captures anything that causes sustained acts capable of creating fear, death and destruction or disruption of human life cycle. People feel terror when they experience a threat to their lives, faith, ethnicity, property or livelihood. Primarily, the specifications in the definition underpin the core interests of terrorists. By terror and fear, they advance their political, ethnic, racial, religious causes, etc, on the public, or a targeted group of people. Television plays a very critical role in disseminating information in the most effective way. The audio-visual quality of transmission offered by the television gives it the edge above other means of mass communication. Since the invention of television in 1873 by a young telegraph operator, Joseph May of Ireland, the device has constantly undergone unprecedented transformation within its first one hundred years of invention and endeared itself to more users than predictable. Peter Olu, citing official figures from the International Telecommunication Union, noted that there were 600 million television sets, a higher figure than 565 million telephones in 1983 (p. 1). The attraction of the visual message the television transmits is powerful. It is very effective in modifying the social behaviours of viewers, a constant need by government, leaders and the business world.

Toby Greene’s Periodical Depot

The present article tells a previously untold story about Herman Melville’s old shipmate, Richard Tobias Greene, who led a varied career after returning home from the Marquesas. He moved to Sandusky, Ohio to continue his career as a telegraph operator and manager, but while in Sandusky, he became interested in selling magazines and established R. T. Greene’s Periodical Depot. Greene worked hard to bring the latest periodicals to Sandusky, helping to foster a lively magazine culture in the city. His public presence behind the counter of his periodical depot gave the local papers the opportunity to mention his name often and recall his role as “Toby of Typee.”

Towards modern railroads

The historical events that predetermined the current state of domestic railways in the context of the daily life of compatriots are described. It is emphasized that, having given birth to a new tradition of messages, the Russians have created a new system of relations with the world.The railroad played a leading role in this and has a long and honorable history. The railway, the famous Russian cast-iron, has a long and honorable history. They gave a huge impetus to the development of mail and telegraph (the telegraph was already on the first highway St. Petersburg — Moscow, Tsar Nicholas expressed the liveliest interest in it, asked the telegraph operator to find out the weather in St. distance.Subsequently, the appearance of the cast iron changed: a contact network with a walking row of poles, modern locomotives and wagons, reinforced concrete sleepers, standard structures came to it, a train ticket can be taken without leaving home — this is inevitable and correct. In 1988, the railways of the USSR carried a quarter of the world freight turnover. Without railways, one cannot imagine the history and fate of the Russian state, and literally in all areas of its life.

“I am not considered much of a polygamist”: Sarah Peterson Lund Writes to Her Missionary Husband

“I am not considered much of a polygamist”: Sarah Peterson Lund Writes to Her Missionary Husband

The Romance of Independence: Working Women in Nineteenth-Century Telegraph Literature

This article examines the ways in which telegraph fiction by women authors imagined heroines whose jobs allowed them to subvert gender norms and take control of their lives. This fiction simultaneously challenged the assumptions of male writers about women telegraph operators and rewrote the genre conventions of sentimental fiction. Writers such as Lida A. Churchill and Ella Cheever Thayer represented the telegraph office as a site of professional and personal development in which disembodied communication over the telegraph uniquely transcended divisions of gender, space, and social sphere. This essay will discuss three areas in which telegraph work benefited women: financial independence, greater romantic freedom, and increased peer community support. It argues that this long-overlooked microgenre of fiction is significant from both a literary and historical perspective.

Weavers of Film

This article uses AT&T’s 1910s–30s “Weavers of Speech” campaign to read on-screen telegraph and telephone operators as vernacular translators of cinematic syntax and hypervisible avatars for the invisible cutter girls who “knitted the pieces of film together” on studio lots. While operators largely played peripheral roles in classical films, two transitional periods saw them rise to the surface of story en masse, as if temporarily hired to sew over a rupture. A comparative analysis of telephone girls’ enlistment as temp techno-pedagogues during US film’s introduction of crosscutting and European film’s polyglot transition to sound suggests women’s film-weaving labor as an alternative to the surgical rhetoric (suture) and auteur models that dominate theories of film editing. More broadly, the article suggests that the culturally conspicuous feminization of low-level information labor offers feminist film historians a crucial “mediatrix” for uncovering woman workers hidden in the cut of film.

“Uncertain at Present for Women, but May Increase”: Opportunities for Women in Wireless Telegraphy during the First World War

The British General Post Office (GPO) was one of the leading employers of women in Britain between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, first as telegraph operators and later in telephone exchanges. However, there were ongoing private discussions within the GPO as to the physical capabilities of women, as well as suitable working facilities and traditionally gendered spaces and occupations. These discussions shaped wireless telegraphy as a highly gendered and exclusively masculine profession until the exigencies of the First World War led to limited opportunities for women as domestic wireless operators for the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS) from 1917 onward.

Elfrida Andrée: Andante cantabile from Fyra pianostycken (1881)

Elfrida AndréeAndante cantabile from Fyra pianostycken (1881) Jonathan Spatola-Knoll (bio) Elfrida Andrée (1841–1929) completed several firsts for a woman in her native Sweden.1 She was the first woman in her country to become a cathedral organist, conduct a full orchestra, and focus on large-scale chamber and orchestral music as a composer. Though she would also become Sweden’s first female certified telegraph operator, she put this skill to little use. Instead, she enjoyed a long and successful career as a professional musician. In 1867 she began her tenure as organist at the Gustav Cathedral in Göteborg and would remain in that position for the remainder of her life. Her international successes included a critically acclaimed performance of her Second Symphony and the prelude to her opera Fritiofs Saga (1898), which she conducted in Dresden in 1904.2 Andrée’s achievements notwithstanding, she faced significant professional setbacks throughout her career. Fritiofs Saga, composed with future Nobel Prize–winning author Selma Lagerlöf as librettist, would not receive a full performance until the Göteborg Opera presented it in concert in March 2019. Her First Symphony, moreover, has seemingly remained unperformed since its shambolic 1869 [End Page 154] premiere. The composer believed that members of the Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, annoyed to perform a symphony by a woman, sabotaged this performance: at one point the violins performed a measure off from the rest of the orchestra.3 Following this fiasco, Andrée’s father encouraged her to focus more on writing in smaller genres generally considered more appropriate for female composers, but she refused. She responded: “The popularity of all these little ladies with their piano fantasies or pretty songs is not what I want to do.”4 Her interest composing for orchestra and chamber ensembles was both artistic and related to her pursuit of gender equality. She often indicated her exasperation with the restrictions placed upon female musicians and, for instance, wrote: “How many times haven’t I been bitter when someone says that women cannot be mentioned in the context of serious art music?”5 Indeed, her motto, “the elevation of womankind,” developed in the 1870s, reflects this key element of her compositional philosophy.6 Andrée’s interest in larger forms notwithstanding, she left behind a significant body of shorter pieces, including songs and works for keyboard; these rarely align with the simple, pleasing aesthetic that she had associated with the “little ladies” whose music she had so derided. The extract presented here, the Andante cantabile from Fyra pianostycken (Four piano pieces), demonstrates this stylistic perspective well. It well demonstrates the overarching theme of the set, which she subtitled “Dikter för piano om Vemodet” (Poems for piano on melancholy). Andrée’s control over large-scale phrase and harmonic structures lends the melancholy of this Andante cantabile an air of restlessness. Though the bass pedal in measures 1–4 points toward the E-major tonic, Andrée avoids establishing it strongly until the downbeat of measure 16, the only full tonic cadence before the end of the movement. Moreover, the long, arching phrases and, in particular, the chromatic harmonies that postpone these cadences provide a Wagnerian flavor to this work. Andrée produced at least four distinct versions of the Andante cantabile. These are listed as follows with their earliest date of composition: Andante quasi recitativo for string orchestra (1878); revised for use as an interlude within her Swedish Mass No. 2 (1903) Andante cantabile for piano, from Fyra pianostycken (1881) Cantabile for organ, from Organ Symphony in B Minor (1891) Andante cantabile for cello and organ (undated)7 [End Page 155] Measure Problem Solution 7 Right hand ends measure with three eighths in pno2 Pno1 matches organ, match these two sources 9–11 Left hand pitches do not match between pno1 and pno2 Pno2 matches organ, match these two sources; also logical for flow of phrase and doublings within chord 10 Right hand includes dotted-quarternote E starting on the second half of beat 3 in pno2 but not in pno1 Include for consistency with m. 11 11 Right hand includes turn on the second half of beat...

Failure in Residency Education: Lessons Learned From Harry Potter, Oprah Winfrey, and the Marigold Hotel.

Failure in Residency Education: Lessons Learned From Harry Potter, Oprah Winfrey, and the Marigold Hotel.

Jews on the Frontier: Religion and Mobility in Nineteenth-Century America by Shari Rabin

Reviewed by: Jews on the Frontier: Religion and Mobility in Nineteenth-Century America by Shari Rabin Josh Parshall Jews on the Frontier: Religion and Mobility in Nineteenth-Century America. By Shari Rabin. (New York: New York University Press, 2017. Pp. viii, 193. $40.00, ISBN 978-1-4696-3883-6.) A historian of nineteenth-century American Jews faces two interesting challenges in writing an influential book. First, she has to make the nineteenth century matter to American Jewish history, which tends to overlook much of American Jewish life before the influx of East European immigrants that began around 1880. Second (and this reflects a general challenge in Jewish studies), she must make the story of nineteenth-century America's small Jewish population relevant to U.S. history or related subfields. In Jews on the Frontier: Religion and Mobility in Nineteenth-Century America, Shari Rabin accomplishes both tasks, arguing that (white, male) Jewish immigrants' experiences of radical, unfettered mobility in the United States provided the base-level conditions from which American Judaism developed, and that the flexible, eclectic, and improvisatory religious practices of these mobile Jews actually typify the history of religion in the United States. For Rabin, "congregations, denominations, coherent ideologies, and singular identities are not obvious starting points, but rather are particular strategies of stability that coexist and compete with others within a nation overrun by mobile strangers" (p. 2). Rabin organizes her book into three sections, each consisting of two chapters. The first section establishes the novel circumstances of Jewish life in the United States—characterized by unfettered mobility and religious voluntarism—and explores the challenges and opportunities that this new context provided. The second section takes up "distinct but intersecting spheres of religious life" to examine how individual Jews negotiated questions of belief, practice, and community in light of their recurrent migrations (p. 7). The third section considers how Jewish leaders (especially Isaac Mayer Wise and Isaac Leeser) responded to "the diversity and eclecticism of American Jews" with attempts to establish centralized institutions and formalized ideologies (p. 8). In these final chapters, Rabin asserts the long-term significance of nineteenth-century mobility as an "engine" of transformation that prompted American Jews (among others) to develop a "mobile infrastructure" and a "mobile imaginary" that could withstand constant movement (pp. 139, 104, 123). [End Page 161] Rabin's thematic structure helps her maintain a focused and convincing argument even as she pulls examples from across the continent and the century. The text introduces readers to a telegraph operator in Nebraska, a peddler in Georgia, and a mohel (a performer of ritual circumcisions) in Mississippi. The breadth of archival sources enlivens the book, and the frequent jumps between distant locales reinforce the sense of a century defined by mobility. At times, the sheer quantity of examples pulls attention away from the specific conditions of Jewish life in a given place and the distinctions of region, community size, or age of a city. Likewise, the text might benefit from more comparative discussions of non-Jewish religious life in similar contexts. As Rabin notes, however, her Jewish frontier is not simply the American West but a dynamic space of motion, interaction, and change that existed at once in small towns and larger cities, and the experiences of nineteenth-century Jews provide as good a starting place for exploring the religious consequences of mass mobility as anywhere else. Jews on the Frontier is a quick read with something to offer a variety of readers. As a classroom text, it will be accessible for advanced undergraduate students in related fields and will offer graduate students a model for expansive research, crisp writing, and clear argumentation. Scholars of American religion will find a compelling read that integrates Jewish experiences into a national story, and experts in Jewish American history will gain a fresh perspective on the nineteenth century. While Rabin does not dwell on the significance of regional difference, her overall analysis will prove valuable for southern (and southern Jewish) historians, and her thorough archival research will provide useful historical details while pointing to a rich variety of sources. Josh Parshall Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

A maverick of electrical science (review of "the forgotten genius of oliver heaviside: a maverick of electrical science") [book review

According to this book’s subtitle, Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) is now considered a maverick of electrical science, but he could also be considered the founder of that very subject. During Heaviside’s early years, mathematics for AC circuits did not exist. Practitioners ruled and theory was discarded. This started to change with William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), who applied an equation for heat flow to current flow on transmission lines in 1855. But then nothing was done to further the science until Heaviside took up the problem of high-speed signaling on undersea cables, which he published in 1878. This book describes in a very readable style the contributions that Heaviside made to the creation of electrical engineering as a science, his life story, and how he was the cause of many of his own problems. Heaviside believed that his work should be judged on its own merit, not discounted because of personal issues, and indeed he was correct. The author intends to provide the reader with insights into Oliver Heaviside without including a lot of mathematics, and at this he succeeds. He does so by referencing other fine books that can be consulted if the reader wishes to understand more about Heaviside and his mathematics. This book describes Heaviside’s difficult childhood, which shaped his interactions with the world. It goes on to explore his only formal employment, as an undersea cable telegraph operator. He held that position at a time (1868-1874) when operating an undersea cable for consistent performance was still an area of mystery and operators had laboratories where they performed experiments to better understand such things as fault locations and techniques to maximize transmission speed.

The great enrichment: a humanistic and social scientific account

ABSTRACTThe scientific problem in explaining modern economic growth is its astonishing magnitude – anywhere from a 3000% to a 10,000% increase in real income, a ‘Great Enrichment.’ Investment, reallocation, property rights and exploitation cannot explain it. Only the bettering of betterment can, the stunning increase in new ideas, such as the screw propeller on ships or the ball bearing in machines, the modern university for the masses and careers open to talent. Why, then, the new and trade-tested ideas? Because liberty to have a go, as the English say, and a dignity to the wigmakers and telegraph operators having the go made the mass of people bold. Equal liberty and dignity for ordinary people is called ‘liberalism,’ and it was new to Europe in the eighteenth century, against old hierarchies. Why the liberalism? It was not deep European superiorities, but the accidents of the Four R's of (German) Reformation, (Dutch) Revolt, (American and French) Revolution and (Scottish and Scandinavian) Reading. It could have gone the other way, leaving, say, China to have the Great Enrichment, much later. Europe, and then the world, was lucky after 1800. Now China and India have adopted liberalism (in the Chinese case only in the economy) and are catching up.

The Carrington solar flares of 1859: consequences on life.

The beginning of September 1859 was the occasion of the first and unique observation of a giant solar white light flare, auroral displays were observed at low latitudes and geomagnetic observatories recorded exceptional storms. This paper reviews the impact of the event on the earth system with a special emphasis on living processes using the historical record and current scientific analysis. The data used includes reports from the telegraph operators, mortality and morbidity records, proxies as agricultural production. Comparisons with later solar flare events will be attempted on the basis of the record and the consequences of an event of comparable magnitude to the 1859 set of flares will be discussed.

Early Earthquake Detection and Warning Alarm System in Iran by a Telegraph Operator: A 116-Year-Old Disaster Prevention Attempt

According to an article printed in 1909 in a local Iranian newspaper, the New Iran ( Irān‐e Nau ; Fig. 1), a telegraph operator at the remote desert town of Kermān in southeast Iran, using coils of a single wire with return circuit through the ground of his telegraph instrument, picked up the Earth’s movement as an unusual electromagnetic signal on the magnetic needle, which gave a few seconds warning of an earthquake. Apparently, the operator was using a Wheatstone/Cooke‐type needle magneto‐electric telegraph built in the late nineteenth century. Figure 1. Yusef the telegraph operator’s 1909 account of his observations of unusual electromagnetic signals detected just before earthquakes in 1897 and 1909. He first noticed this anomaly on his telegraph instrument during an earthquake in 1897. Two medium‐magnitude earthquakes during that year were strongly felt and documented in Kermān. These were (1) the 22 May 1897 MMI∼VII+ M S∼5.5, Kuhbanān earthquake with its epicenter about 145 km northwest of Kermān; and (2) the 27 May 1897, MMI∼VIII M S∼>5.5 Chatrud earthquake located about 25 km north‐northwest of Kermān (see fig. 3 in Berberian, 2005). The telegraph operator observed that the first earthquake took place during the evening, suggesting that he was referring to the 27 May 1897 event. His second observation of a seismically induced disturbance was during the 27 October 1909, ∼ M S>5.5, MMI>VII+, Jowshān earthquake, with its damage zone located about 58 km to the east‐southeast of Kermān (fig. 5 in Berberian, 2005). The article, translated below from Persian into English, is signed by “Yusef Telegerāfchi va Tahvildār‐e Telegerāf‐khāneh‐ye Kermān” (“Yusef /Joseph, the telegraph operator and cashier of the Kermān Telegraph Office”). The article was printed nine months after the occurrence of the …

Next Accreditation System: The Need for Separate Evaluators

The Next Accreditation System will focus graduate medical education on outcomes and competency rather than months and years.1 As we shift to performance-based evaluation of trainees, an equally important change in the faculty structure is needed. Improvement is not always a steady climb to a milestone. Dating back to Bryan and Harter's series in the 1890s on telegraph operators, studies show that new skill acquisition progresses with periods of large increases in performance interrupted by short plateaus or decrements.2,3 How, then, do we view a trainee that has a plateau or decrease in performance? Are these trainees “falling off the growth curve” and in need of remediation, or adjusting to a new skill that will take time to be perfected? Progression in overall performance may not depend on improvement of a single isolated skill. A trainee may be able to improve performance by compensating for a weakness or improving a strength. By refining strong skills while leaving weak skills weak, the trainee may be able to show improvement in the short term, but hinder his or her long-term development. However, improving a weaker skill may lead to a higher ceiling of performance at the cost of short-term plateaus and a much longer time interval before performance gains can be noticed. If performance becomes the focal point of evaluations, a trainee may choose to hide his or her weaknesses as much as possible from all evaluators and concentrate his or her efforts on short-term gains and small improvements in strengths. This may lead to a false perception that the trainee is advancing appropriately and leave little opportunity to improve weak skills during the training period. The potential for hiding weaknesses will be more likely if the same evaluator is responsible for both formative and summative feedback. A system of evaluators with a dual role would encourage the trainee to either purposefully reveal or purposefully hide weaknesses that may influence the summative evaluation negatively. One way to avoid this is to separately define mentors responsible for formative assessments and guidance from supervisors responsible for summative evaluations. While first-hand knowledge of the trainee would be crucial for both mentor and supervisor, mentors would need to keep all conversations with the trainee confidential from supervisors. Confidentiality between mentor and trainee would allow trainees to feel more free to confront their weaknesses in a safe environment without a fear of failure. Only time will tell if these will prove to be valid concerns, but a carefully designed evaluation structure may enhance the learning environment and separate any potential biases in the evaluation processes, allowing for the greatest benefits of the Next Accreditation System.

Pardon the Constant Interruption

Prior to the introduction of the telegraph system, information moved from one place to another at the speed of a steam locomotive, a dashing pony express, or a lumbering ocean liner. Letters, newspapers, books, and scientific papers required months to create and distribute. With this paucity of new information, the advantage went to those who had the mental ability to use information in interesting and unique ways. In a world in which information moved slowly, the competition was not the person who had more information--everyone had more or less the same information--but the person who could do more with the information he or she held. The telegraph opened the door for rapid delivery of textual information. The fastest Pony Express took days to carry a message across the country; a telegraph operator could send the same message in minutes. The telegraph gave birth to the Information Revolution, but it is now the pony express of modern communication. The speed record for sending Morse Code was set in 1942 by Harry Turner, who succeeded in sending a message at an average rate of 40 words per minute. Even assuming that it was possible to maintain this speed for a 24-hour period, this would amount to only 57,600 words in a day, about 140 printed pages. How many thousands of pages of information does the Internet publish in any given day? How much information can you access in just a few seconds from your smartphone? The frantic pace of information dissemination has real advantages. The person who knows what to do with information has easier access to a wider field of knowledge than ever before. We have tools and sources that provide information both passively, waiting for a user to go and find it, and actively, pushing it into users' hands with an announcement of its arrival. We can cast a wide network in search of new information, bringing more information and a more diverse set of opinions to every question. But there are very real disadvantages, as well. Most of us were programmed to assume that a ringing telephone signifies something important, requiring a response; too often, we apply that same mental model to the constant flood of e-mails, text messages, tweets, social network updates, and RSS feeds. Our lives too easily become a constant round of frantic activity whose only aim is to keep abreast of an unending stream of important interruptions. Attending to these interruptions becomes a full-time job, the sole object of our attention, with the (apparently unreachable) goal of the empty inbox--or multiple inboxes on different information services. This frantic routine leaves no time for inner reflection or the long, slow consideration of difficult problems. And with so little time to consume the flow, we are able to respond to it with only brief and quickly composed answers. We no longer create long treatises on a single topic, but publish dozens or hundreds of short, shallow answers daily on a wide variety of topics. With this condensation we all begin to think like consumers of information, rather than as its creators. We strive to create only the information that an audience will remember later; the sound-bite--or, perhaps, memory-bite becomes the medium of choice. The summary or the witty rejoinder becomes the work itself. This is hardly an environment that encourages the sort of deep thinking that produces great works of art, insightful solutions to complex problems, or breakthrough new technologies. Nobel-quality problems cannot be solved in 15-minute chunks wedged between electronic interruptions. The Great Escape What we all need--especially research scientists and those grappling with large, complex problems--is an uninterrupted space of time, thought, and energy in which to reflect and to take action on the new information flooding in. It is not the digital connection, interruption, or contribution that creates a better product, but the reflection and deep thinking that follow it (Powers 2010). …

Kişi-Kültür Uyumunun Kariyer Planlaması Üzerindeki Etkileri

The research aims to find the harmony between the newly employed employee’s personality characteristics and organizational culture. These variables may also be effective on employee’s career choice (Boundaryless Career, multifaceted carreer). It is considered that if the organization directs these newly employed personnel on their career route, their job satisfaction, job involvement and intention to stay at job will be effected in a positive way. In this respect, a survey has been made among the employees who were employed within last five years to determine their personal and career choices in Izmir Postal Telephone and Telegraph (PTT) operation. The results are quite impressive. The new employees believe that Izmir Postal Telephone and Telegraph (PTT) operation has a hierarchical structure. However, even though they accept the organization as a hierarchical structure they argue that it should turn into “Market or Adhocracy Culture”. The majority of the sample are “target-oriented” people and they prefer to fallow “multifaceted career”.

Random Evolutions Are Driven by the Hyperparabolic Operators

We resolve the long-standing problem of describing the multidimensional random evolutions by means of the telegraph equations. This problem was posed by Mark Kac more than 50 years ago and has become the subject of intense discussion among researchers on whether the multidimensional random flights could be described by the telegraph equations similarly to the one-dimensional case. We give the exhaustive answer to this question and show that the multidimensional random evolutions are driven by the hyperparabolic operators composed of the telegraph operators and their integer powers. The only exception is the 2D random flight whose transition density is the fundamental solution to the two-dimensional telegraph equation. The reason of the exceptionality of the 2D-case is explained. We also show that, under the standard Kac’s condition, the governing hyperparabolic operator turns into the generator of the Brownian motion.

"Everything is Fair in War": The Civil War Memoir of George A. "Lightning" Ellsworth, Telegraph Operator for John Hunt Morgan

"Everything is Fair in War": The Civil War Memoir of George A. "Lightning" Ellsworth, Telegraph Operator for John Hunt Morgan