The Impact of Globalisation on Technology Transfer: Assessing the Role of Multinational Corporations and International Trade in Driving Technological Innovation in Emerging Economies

Purpose This paper aims to systematically review the directional transfer and low-temperature interconnect packaging of nano metal materials, analyze their sintering mechanism, transfer methods and interconnection performance, overcome the reliability bottleneck of traditional interconnection materials in high-temperature and high-power environments and promote their application in three-dimensional integrated packaging and high-density packaging. Design/methodology/approach Through literature review and analysis, the sintering mechanism of nanometal materials is sorted out, and the reported transfer technologies, including magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, liquid bridge transfer, micro-contact printing, selective wetting and electrohydrodynamic jet printing, are compared and investigated in terms of transfer accuracy, pattern resolution and interconnection performance. Findings Nano metal can be sintered at low temperature to form high-strength interconnection structures with high electrical and thermal conductivity and high-temperature resistance due to the small size effect and high surface activity. Different transfer techniques exhibit different performance in terms of resolution, uniformity and alignment accuracy, among which magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition are suitable for high-coverage deposition, while liquid bridge transfer and selective wetting are suitable for patterned transfer. Originality/value This review provides a systematic comparison and performance evaluation of directional transfer and low-temperature interconnect packaging of nano metal materials, points out the limitations of current transfer technologies in terms of precision, efficiency and reliability and proposes that future research should focus on process optimization, defect control and the study of multi-physical field coupling mechanisms, providing theoretical support and technical references for high-density interconnect packaging.

Currently, smart hydrogel sensors with excellent physicochemical properties and exceptional sensitivity to multiple external stimuli demonstrate considerable potential in various simulations of human skin's functions. In this study, a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)/polypyrrole (PPy) and para-aramid nanofiber (ANF) composite hydrogel (NPAH) was synthesized under ultraviolet irradiation using photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) technology. The incorporation of PPy and ANFs resulted in a substantial enhancement of hydrogel mechanical strength, from 0.1069 MPa for the PNIPAM hydrogel (NH) to 0.9190 MPa for the NP58A4H composite. Furthermore, NP58A4H exhibited remarkable self-healing (91% tensile strength recovery after 6 h healing) and potent adhesive properties (enhanced contact with a material interface) when adhering to various substrates. The NP58A4H sensor demonstrated an effective response to temperature (relative resistance change is 1.2% °C-1) and strain (GF = 1.37) variations, as well as the capacity to detect tension and monitor human movement. Moreover, the photothermal conversion capability of PPy accelerated the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition of PNIPAM to 31.9 °C and it possessed selectivity in transmitting light in the visible band of solar radiation and could facilitate the "transparent-opaque" transition to realize the thermoregulation up to a 9.6 °C temperature difference. The proposed NP58A4H with excellent integrated properties, especially the high mechanical strength, self-healing, self-adhesiveness and sensitive dual-sensing of temperature and strain, shows great potential for simulation of the human skin to perception of touch, pressure and ambient temperature simultaneously, indicating promising applications in the fields of wearable healthcare, human-machine interfaces, and intelligent thermal management.

This study investigates the dynamics of technology transfer in emerging economies such as India, Malaysia, and Turkey, emphasizing the pivotal role of academic institutions in fostering industry collaborations. The primary aim is to identify key factors that promote successful technology commercialization and enhance regional industrial productivity. Employing a qualitative literature review, the research synthesizes empirical data on transfer mechanisms used by universities and firms across various contexts. The findings demonstrate that strategic collaborations, particularly Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), significantly bolster technology transfer. Furthermore, the active involvement of Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) is crucial for aligning academic research with industry needs. The study also reveals that political and governance frameworks heavily influence success; firms with stronger political connections often experience better transfer outcomes. Drawing parallels with models from the USA, Japan, and Israel, the research highlights that foreign direct investment can reinforce domestic capabilities rather than merely substituting them. In conclusion, fostering a conducive environment for technology transfer requires a multifaceted strategy that integrates technical, managerial, and political considerations to bridge the gap between academia and industry.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for approximately 90% of all businesses and nearly 50% of global employment, with a significant share of these jobs held by women. Therefore, evaluating SME performance in business innovation and examining frameworks that integrate sustainability is crucial for addressing poverty and gender inequality in line with international standards. This study focuses on the role of digital innovation and technology transfer in fostering sustainability within the SME sector in Tamil Nadu. SMEs in this region face numerous challenges while simultaneously encountering new opportunities arising from digital transformation. Existing research highlights how digital technologies can enhance operational efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and promote social equity. By analysing relevant literature, conducting surveys, and interviewing key stakeholders, this research examines the current status of digital innovation and technology transfer among SMEs in Tamil Nadu and assesses their implications for sustainable development.

This study aims at investigating the challenges of Knowledge and Technology Transfer (KTT) in support of entrepreneurial and industrial innovation in Rwanda, particularly the University of Rwanda. The Triple Helix Model, which emphasizes university-industry-government collaboration, and the Technology Transfer Process Model are frameworks used to examine the challenges and opportunities associated with knowledge and technology diffusion and commercialization. A quantitative methodology approach (quantitative surveys) was developed to research what works best from a knowledge-translation point KTT mechanism. The results indicate that though some strides have been made, KTT in Rwanda remains demarcated and, above all, deficient in terms of industrial engagement, institutional support, research funding, and scattered application of the policies. The absence of defined collaborative mechanisms has led to poor commercialization and thus weakened the effect of academic research on development in the economy. This study advocates an AI-driven, KTT framework that is policy-wise consistent and features well-structured university-industry partnerships through AI-powered research matchmaking; digital Intellectual property (IP) management and an improved governmental incentive to fill these gaps. According to the recommendations, the establishment of a National Knowledge Transfer Office (NKTO) will be helpful to enhance commercialization grants, industry-academia training programs, and stronger IP protection policies. Therefore, the modification of the knowledge transfer ecosystem towards a more interactive one is to stimulate the rapid commercialization of research and the enhancement of entrepreneurship, as well as giving Rwanda share to innovation-led economic growth.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped the global economy, concentrating technological and economic advantages in the United States, China, and Europe, while widening competitiveness gaps for regions like Latin America. Facing structural challenges in innovation, industrial policy, and digital infrastructure, Latin America must align AI adoption with its development goals. This study examines how to rebalance the AI–driven economy in the region through the interplay of industrial policy, global competition, and regional development. Focusing on Brazil, Mexico, and Chile as case studies, it analyzes innovation ecosystems, research and development (R&D) capabilities, and the integration of AI into public policy and industry. The paper identifies key barriers that hinder the region’s competitiveness and highlights industrial policies that can mitigate global imbalances, particularly those promoting AI investment, technology transfer, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) support. It also explores how AI can boost productivity in manufacturing, agriculture, and services while advancing sustainability. Finally, it proposes a strategic framework for policymakers, emphasizing regional innovation networks, collaboration, and AI–focused workforce training. Overall, the study offers recommendations to reduce the digital divide and foster sustainable growth, positioning Latin America to better navigate the challenges and opportunities of the global AI economy.

Objective To assess the burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Belt and Road Initiative countries from 1990 to 2021 and to predict future trends. Methods Utilizing data from GBD 2021, we analyzed incidence, mortality, and other indicators using Joinpoint analysis, NetDrift methodology, age-period-cohort models, and Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) predictive modeling. Results In 2021, China bore the heaviest IHD burden with an incidence of 7.3 million cases and a mortality rate of 1.96 million. The United Arab Emirates experienced over a tenfold increase in incidence/prevalence rates, while Djibouti saw a fivefold rise in deaths/DALYs. Uzbekistan’s standardized incidence rate increased by 107.2%, and Lesotho’s mortality rate rose by 78.7%. A higher proportion of affected individuals were male or aged over 60 years; aging populations and demographic growth emerged as primary driving factors. Low/medium-low SDI regions exhibited significant potential for improvement; emerging risks included renal insufficiency and low grain diets. Projections indicate that by 2046, the number of IHD cases in China may exceed 14,410,378 individuals, highlighting a severe prevention and control challenge. Conclusion The burden of IHD demonstrates regional disparities characterized by the interplay between traditional risk factors and emerging threats. It is recommended to establish a stratified governance framework that enhances cross-national data sharing and facilitates the transfer of digital health technologies to optimize cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.

Image style transfer is an emerging image processing technique that generates an image while preserving the structural content of the original image and incorporating the visual style of another image. This technology is widely applied in digital art, photography, animation, and visual media. Traditional methods of style transfer rely on manual modeling based on texture synthesis and physical rendering. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the development of image style transfer technology, thoroughly reviewing the technical evolution from early optimization-based methods to modern deep learning frameworks. It begins by introducing traditional approaches based on texture synthesis and manual rendering models; then focuses on convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods, represented by Gatys et al.'s neural style transfer approach; followed by an in-depth analysis of generative adversarial network (GAN)-based style transfer models, including representative works such as Pix2Pix, CycleGAN, NICE-GAN, and StyleGAN. These methods have demonstrated excellent performance in paired, unpaired, and controllable style transfer tasks. Additionally, the paper discusses the latest research advancements in diffusion models, particularly high-fidelity controllable image generation methods like latent space diffusion models and Stable Diffusion. Furthermore, it systematically summarizes commonly used network architectures, loss functions, evaluation metrics, and benchmark datasets in style transfer. Finally, it analyzes the main challenges and future research directions of current technologies from perspectives such as content consistency, semantic alignment, computational efficiency, and objective evaluation. This paper can provide researchers and practitioners in the field of image style transfer with structured references.

Currently, the business “MELQUIAS AUTOMOTRIZ,” located in Salamanca, Gto., is facing serious operational difficulties due to poor inventory control and errors in order management, despite having a digital system in place. The lack of accurate records leads to mistakes when fulfilling orders, resulting in financial losses and customer dissatisfaction. To address this issue, the development of a web-based system for inventory control and order management is proposed. This system will allow for the registration of incoming and outgoing products, efficient order handling, and the generation of detailed reports on sales, suppliers, and customers. The proposed solution aims to improve inventory accuracy, customer service, and overall business profitability. This research seeks to demonstrate that the adoption of appropriate technologies can positively transform the operations of automotive parts businesses.

This study considers social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the national innovation ecosystem. The social entrepreneurship is becoming a tool for solving socio-economic problems. The task addressed in this study is to improve ways in order to increase the sustainability of social entrepreneurship through the effective use of its institutional and technological potential and the introduction of technology transfer mechanisms. The results have shown that social entrepreneurship has regional and sectoral inequalities, but its overall development dynamics demonstrate a steady growth. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that the relationship between the national development of social entrepreneurship and innovational and institutional factors was weak; that proved the complexity and non-homogeneity of the factors that have an impact on social business. In addition, the two-level model proposed suggests mechanisms for integrating social entrepreneurship into the national innovation environment and describes possible ways to improve the efficiency and economic effectiveness of social projects. The results involve providing the adaptive mechanisms for integrating social entrepreneurship with technological and institutional support systems. These, in turn, contribute to the formation of technological innovations, social entrepreneurship, innovatory solutions to social problems, efficiency, the scalability, and financial sustainability. The findings have shown that the implementation of a technology transfer model in the development of social entrepreneurship could promote the design of innovative platforms that create both an economic and social value.

This study examines the impact of remittance inflows on economic development in Nigeria between 1986 and 2022, using GDP per capita income as the primary indicator of economic welfare. Specifically, it investigates the effects of remittances, exchange rate, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on per capita income. Secondary time-series data were obtained from the World Development Indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to estimate both short-run and long-run relationships among the variables. Empirical findings revealed that remittance inflows have a positive but statistically insignificant effect on per capita income at the 5% level, indicating that remittances largely support consumption rather than productive investment. Conversely, exchange rate depreciation has a significant negative impact on per capita income, suggesting that currency instability reduces real income and purchasing power. FDI, however, exerts a positive and significant effect, implying that foreign capital inflows stimulate long-term economic growth through investment and technology transfer. The study concludes that while remittances are an important financial inflow, stable exchange rates and sustained FDI inflows are more crucial for achieving sustainable economic development in Nigeria. It therefore recommends policies that enhance the productive use of remittances, promote exchange rate stability, and strengthen the investment climate to attract more FDI.

This research aims to manage biomass raw materials in line with industrial needs by developing a platform that links stakeholders in the rubberwood biomass supply chain in southern Thailand. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was applied to build a database and estimate rubber plantation areas. The trees were grouped by age into three categories: 14–20, 21–27, and over 27 years. The platform also provides information on garden and factory locations, including sawmills, rubberwood processing plants, biomass production plants, and biomass power plants in 14 southern provinces. The system, available on Android and iOS, supports users in making decisions about transportation costs such as distance, time, and fuel. Results from the technology transfer show that the platform is practical, matches user requirements, and is used effectively. The average user satisfaction scores were 4.538 for function and 4.504 for overall use, reflecting the platform’s usefulness and acceptance among stakeholders.

COVID - 19 exposed significant vulnerabilities in global supply chains, prompting both the EU and US to initiate policies aimed at reshoring critical goods production. This paper examines three illustrative case studies - semiconductors, medical supplies, and electric vehicles - to assess the extent and nature of transatlantic collaboration. Recent initiatives such as the EU Chips Act, US CHIPS and Science Act, as well as joint efforts via the Trade and Technology Council (TTC), strategic stockpiling of medical goods, and comparative industrial incentives for battery and EV supply chains are analyzed. The findings reveal that while both blocs aim to enhance strategic autonomy and resilience, coordination varies: strongest in the semiconductor space; nascent in health; and competitive in green technologies. The paper includes policy recommendations to deepen EU - US industrial cooperation, including shared standards, coordinated procurement, and technology transfer frameworks.

The global market and its drive for competition for the creation and operation of technology transfer offices that established for me between India and industry. It fills an important role of carefully filtering through ideas that can be ass produced for commercial viability. It also fills in the role for saving financial and regulatory collapses that could potentially lead to risks; hence risk mitigation is an indirect role for these offices. Though the idea of relatively new but has found traction at an accelerating pace. The objective of this study is to find out common successful strategies from different technology transfer offices (TTOs)in three countries from i.e. USA, India and Kenya. Their choice reflects a case where extreme ends of the spectrum will be evaluated (USA and Kenya) and India in the middle with some infrastructure that remains in place while a lot of work remains pending. The paper critically identified the diverse strategies implemented by these TTOs, aiming to discern the variations in their approaches and uncover the elements that prove effective. The research covering above jurisdictions also have a focus on TTOs from academic Institutions. It is important to understand the public funded academic Institutions from selected jurisdictions, as the success strategies would be a key learning factor for TTOs from various other academic institutions.

A diverse panel of 110 rice genotypes, comprising 56 landraces, 42 local cultivars, and 12 released varieties, was initially evaluated for streptomycin sensitivity using the bleaching index (BI) as a proxy indicator of stress adaptability. Based on BI responses, 22 genotypes exhibiting zero BI, 21 genotypes with BI of one, along with a drought-tolerant check, were selected for field evaluation, as lower BI values are indicative of greater adaptability and potential resilience to abiotic stress. A total of 44 rice genotypes were subsequently assessed for drought tolerance under normal (irrigated) and stressed (non-irrigated) conditions at the Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (RRTTS), Bhawanipatna, under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, located in Kalahandi district of Odisha. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) to ensure the robustness and consistency of results. Across genotypes, moisture stress induced earlier flowering and maturity by 5–10 days compared to irrigated conditions. Drought stress significantly increased the number of chaffy spikelets (10–60 per panicle) and reduced 1000-grain weight by 0.5–10.0 g. However, select genotypes, including Karpurabas, Parbatjeera, Ganjam Local-2, Basumati, and Acharmati, exhibited an increase in grains per panicle under stress, suggesting compensatory yield mechanisms. Yield reduction under drought ranged from 6.9% to 67.8% among genotypes. Notably, Kalajeera, Karpurabas, Nua Acharmati, Nua Kalajeera, Acharmati, Barikunja, Ganjam Local-2, and Chatianaki recorded less than 20% yield reduction, reflecting superior drought adaptability. The significant association between low BI values and reduced yield loss under drought underscores the effectiveness of streptomycin-induced bleaching as a rapid preliminary screening tool. Integrating laboratory-based BI screening with multi-season field evaluation offers a pragmatic strategy for identifying resilient rice genetic resources to enhance drought tolerance and yield stability in upland rice ecosystems.

This study examined the commercialization of intellectual property (IP) rights within Kenyan universities, focusing on the level of IP awareness among university staff, as well as the current state of institutional IP policies. With declining government funding and an increasing demand for innovation-driven revenue, universities faced mounting pressure to transform research outputs into commercially viable products. However, several challenges, such as limited awareness, inadequate policies, and weak institutional linkages, continued to hinder this process. A mixed-method research design was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire administered via the KoboCollect Toolbox. A total of 52 respondents from both public and private universities participated, resulting in a 94.5% response rate. Findings revealed that 59.6% of staff reported the existence of Technology Transfer or IP offices and formal IP policies within their institutions. Regular IP seminars were uncommon (21.2%), and only half of respondents rated their IP knowledge as “good.” Commercialization activity was modest and skewed toward books (28.8%) and software sales (30.8%). Private universities outperformed public counterparts in securing patents, trademarks, and copyrights, whereas public institutions showed relative strength in industrial designs and traditional medicine protections. Among the recommendations is the need for a longitudinal study to assess the developmental trajectory of universities towards embracing IP fully.

The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the foundations of modern economic growth enabling the formation of capital, the transfer of technologies, employment, and integration into the value chains worldwide . The competition between the states is growing to have quality FDI with the help of stable legal system, predictable policies, and effective institutions . This paper contributes to a comparative legal and policy study of the Singapore investment regime in order to derive lessons that can be transferred to Pakistan. This is because it posits that the Singapore success can not be narrowed down to incentives, but to the system, coordinated architecture of rule-based governance, integrity in institutional coordination, believable dispute resolution, and discipline in anti-corruption enforcement. In comparison, the Pakistani disjointed investment laws, unstable policy, and lax enforcement appear to destroy investor confidence, even with obvious liberalization. The article also presents a novel contribution by showing how selective legal transplantation in place of wholesale imitation would improve the investment governance of Pakistan without compromising regulatory autonomy and sovereignty . It ends with context-related reforms that are based on codification of the investment law, institutional empowerment, arbitration capacity and treaty rationalization that is in line with the current international investment law tendencies.

The use of foreign workers in Indonesia not only affects the dynamics of the labour market, but also contributes fiscally through the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund (DKPTKA) as part of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP). Regulatory provisions, as stipulated in Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021, Articles 33-35, direct the DKPTKA to support the enhancement of Indonesian workers' competencies through training, certification, and the strengthening of vocational training institutions. However, this study found that the current utilization of the DKPTKA is not yet fully in line with these strategic objectives, as most of its allocation is still directed towards job expansion programs and administrative activities. This article aims to provide a factual overview and policy analysis related to the utilization of DKPTKA, examine its compliance with regulatory provisions, and formulate relevant policy recommendations for optimising the use of DKPTKA in a more effective and oriented towards improving the competence of the Indonesian workforce.Through policy analysis and comparison with practices in several countries such as the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the UAE, this study shows that foreign worker compensation funds have the potential to be a strategic instrument for local workforce capacity building. Based on these findings, this article recommends reorienting the allocation of DKPTKA towards competency development, integrating technology transfer in the use of foreign workers, providing incentives for local governments, diversifying sources of non-tax state revenue from employment, and strengthening impact-based monitoring and evaluation systems.

Drawing on the practical experience of senior technology managers, this paper distinguishes between the concepts of "technology transfer" and "commercialization of scientific and technological achievements” in China and abroad, and links them to the specific technology demands of Belt and Road (B&R) partner countries. It then examines the strategic value of transforming Chinese scientific achievements into productive forces in B&R economies. Using recent cases in photovoltaics, new energy vehicles, agricultural machinery and infrastructure, the paper identifies three key challenges in crossborder commercialization: insufficient technological adaptation, discrepancies in technical standards, and shortages of qualified technology transfer professionals. In response, it proposes an integrated "technology screening–local adaptation–collaborative commercialization” pathway that combines China's domestic industrialization experience with international technology transfer practices. The findings aim to provide practical implications for making better use of Chinese scientific and technological achievements in support of highquality B&R cooperation.