Neuroscience Technology Research Articles

Implicit emotion perception in schizophrenia

Explicit but not implicit facial emotion perception has been shown to be impaired in schizophrenia. In this study, we used newly developed technology in social neuroscience to examine implicit emotion processing. It has been shown that when people look at faces, they automatically infer social traits, and these trait judgments rely heavily on facial features and subtle emotion expressions even with neutral faces. Eighty-one individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 62 control subjects completed a computer task with 30 well-characterized neutral faces. They rated each face on 10 trait judgments: attractive, mean, trustworthy, intelligent, dominant, fun, sociable, aggressive, emotionally stable and weird. The degree to which trait ratings were predicted by objectively-measured subtle emotion expressions served as a measure of implicit emotion processing. Explicit emotion recognition was also examined. Trait ratings were significantly predicted by subtle facial emotional expressions in controls and patients. However, impairment in the implicit emotion perception of fear, happiness, anger and surprise was found in patients. Moreover, these deficits were associated with poorer everyday problem-solving skills and were relatively independent of explicit emotion recognition. Implicit emotion processing is impaired in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Deficits in implicit and explicit emotion perception independently contribute to the patients' poor daily life skills. More research is needed to fully understand the role of implicit and explicit processes in the functional deficits of patients, in order to develop targeted and useful remediation interventions.

Viral delivery of shRNA to amygdala neurons leads to neurotoxicity and deficits in Pavlovian fear conditioning

The use of viral vector technology to deliver short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to cells of the nervous system of many model organisms has been widely utilized by neuroscientists to study the influence of genes on behavior. However, there have been numerous reports that delivering shRNAs to the nervous system can lead to neurotoxicity. Here we report the results of a series of experiments where adeno-associated viruses (AAV), that were engineered to express shRNAs designed to target known plasticity associated genes (i.e. Arc, Egr1 and GluN2A) or control shRNAs that were designed not to target any rat gene product for depletion, were delivered to the rat basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala (BLA), and auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning was examined. In our first set of experiments we found that animals that received AAV (3.16E13–1E13GC/mL; 1μl/side), designed to knockdown Arc (shArc), or control shRNAs targeting either luciferase (shLuc), or nothing (shCntrl), exhibited impaired fear conditioning compared to animals that received viruses that did not express shRNAs. Notably, animals that received shArc did not exhibit differences in fear conditioning compared to animals that received control shRNAs despite gene knockdown of Arc. Viruses designed to harbor shRNAs did not induce obvious morphological changes to the cells/tissue of the BLA at any dose of virus tested, but at the highest dose of shRNA virus examined (3.16E13GC/mL; 1μl/side), a significant increase in microglia activation occurred as measured by an increase in IBA1 immunoreactivity. In our final set of experiments we infused viruses into the BLA at a titer of (1.60E+12GC/mL; 1μl/side), designed to express shArc, shLuc, shCntrl or shRNAs designed to target Egr1 (shEgr1), or GluN2A (shGluN2A), or no shRNA, and found that all groups exhibited impaired fear conditioning compared to the group which received a virus that did not express an shRNA. The shEgr1 and shGluN2A groups exhibited gene knockdown of Egr1 and GluN2A compared to the other groups examined respectively, but Arc was not knocked down in the shArc group under these conditions. Differences in fear conditioning among the shLuc, shCntrl, shArc and shEgr1 groups were not detected under these circumstances; however, the shGluN2A group exhibited significantly impaired fear conditioning compared to most of the groups, indicating that gene specific deficits in fear conditioning could be observed utilizing viral mediated delivery of shRNA. Collectively, these data indicate that viral mediated shRNA expression was toxic to neurons in vivo, under all viral titers examined and this toxicity in some cases may be masking gene specific changes in learning. Therefore, the use of this technology in behavioral neuroscience warrants a heightened level of careful consideration and potential methods to alleviate shRNA induced toxicity are discussed.

Optogenetic activation of neocortical neurons in vivo with a sapphire-based micro-scale LED probe.

Optogenetics has proven to be a revolutionary technology in neuroscience and has advanced continuously over the past decade. However, optical stimulation technologies for in vivo need to be developed to match the advances in genetics and biochemistry that have driven this field. In particular, conventional approaches for in vivo optical illumination have a limitation on the achievable spatio-temporal resolution. Here we utilize a sapphire-based microscale gallium nitride light-emitting diode (μLED) probe to activate neocortical neurons in vivo. The probes were designed to contain independently controllable multiple μLEDs, emitting at 450 nm wavelength with an irradiance of up to 2 W/mm2. Monte-Carlo stimulations predicted that optical stimulation using a μLED can modulate neural activity within a localized region. To validate this prediction, we tested this probe in the mouse neocortex that expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and compared the results with optical stimulation through a fiber at the cortical surface. We confirmed that both approaches reliably induced action potentials in cortical neurons and that the μLED probe evoked strong responses in deep neurons. Due to the possibility to integrate many optical stimulation sites onto a single shank, the μLED probe is thus a promising approach to control neurons locally in vivo.

面向脑电数据的知识建模和情感识别

Psychological research relies on physical and psychological data, and emotion has always been an important subject in the field of psychology. Recently, with the development of cognitive neuroscience technology, researchers can study topics such as emotion recognition and the emotional brain using electroencephalogram (EEG) and other physiological signals that reflect brain activity. These physiological signals can generate terabytes or even petabytes of data, and in fact, cognitive research and clinical neuroscience has already accumulated a wealth of data over the past several decades. Knowledge representation of this large amount of data and mining it for information regarding emotion requires more advanced tools. Making a data model that can clearly represent the meaning of data associated with emotion information would create a knowledge-sharing platform for psychological researchers to access the vast amount of data for further scientific research related to emotion. This paper provides such an ontology model that represents the semantics of EEG data with contextual information about the subjects. We used the model in conjunction with a reasoning engine to perform automatic emotion recognition based on EEG signals. Experimental results show that the ontology model reaches an average accuracy of 99.11% in identifying the emotional state of the subjects. Analysis of the results suggests that the most critical characteristic of EEG-based emotion recognition is the absolute power ratio between beta and theta waves.

基于个体差异的大样本脑影像数据在心理学研究中的应用

Psychological research frequently uses cognitive neuroscience technologies to reveal the brain mechanisms underlying the psychological structure of personality, cognition, and emotion. However, previous research has often been constrained by small samples and other features of the experimental design and data analysis. Additionally, individual differences in behavioral responses and cognitive or emotional processing have often been considered confounding factors or random error, so they are usually controlled in data analysis. Human activity is the result of interactions between genes, environment, and the brain. Therefore, the investigation of environmental factors and individual life experiences, the collection of large samples of behavior, and the use of multimodal brain imaging data measuring cognition, emotion, and personality can help to address several questions from an individual differences perspective: (1) the neural basis of personality; (2) the brain mechanisms of emotion; (3) the brain mechanisms of cognition; (4) the construction of a model to predict interactions between the environment, personality, the brain, and behavior. This article summarizes recent domestic and international studies on the relationship between brain imaging and behavior within a large sample, and it is a good way to understand the neural basis of behavior, personality, emotions, and cognitive ability from the perspective of individual differences.

Neuroscience technologies in marketing: a study of gender and TV advertisements using electroencephalography

Marketing research can benefit from the employment of neuroscience technologies and methodologies to better understand consumer attitudes and behaviour, such as that of men and women viewing TV advertisements. In this neuromarketing study, the neural activity of ten female and ten male participants was recorded using high density electroencephalography (EEG), while they were watching video stimuli that integrated an oddball paradigm with a rare-frequent ratio of 25%-75%. Both female and male participants had more activity in the prefrontal, fronto-temporal, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parieto-occipital cortices. However, statistically significant differences between genders were identified for all the electrodes. Further differences were found in the P300 amplitudes, brain-frequencies' power and activity in emotion-related brain areas, particularly the ACC, which were higher for women than men. These findings suggest that men and women have distinct cognitive patterns of neural activity while processing TV advertisements, thus supporting neuromarketing studies as an effective method to assess this type of advertising.

Theoretical Debate and Brain Mechanisms of Repetition Blindness Effect

It has been over a quarter of a century since the repetition blindness(RB) effect was first reported by Kanwisher(1987) and the precise mechanism underlying RB has been extensively debated. Researchers proposed different theories to account for the effect,for example,it has been argued that RP occurs due to a failure at the visual perception level; alternatively,it has also been argued that RP involves failure to memorize the repeated stimulus. Meanwhile,RB is influenced by many factors,such as presentation durations,lags,experimental materials,spatial locations and tasks. The popularization of neuroscience technology such as ERP and f MRI in recent years allows researchers to reveal the brain activity of RB. As a kind of experimental method,researchers have applied RB effect to explore some phenomena of the visual perception. The current paper reviews these basic research topics. However,many aspects of repetition blindness are still worth of further exploration.

Optimizing the Flow Velocity of the Assembly Line: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

Human resource is an indispensible element of industrial engineering. Based on Neuro-Industrial-Engineering, we combine the cognitive neuroscience and information technology with cybernetics, and advance a new intelligent human-machine system. Starting with neurophysiological signal (such as electroencephalogram) collection, the system is capable of real-time monitoring and online assessment of the workers’ physiological states. Based on the physiological information and the production information, the system could detect the bottleneck of the assembly line and realize automatic control of the assembly line’s flow velocity. It largely enhances the response speed of the system, and increase the productivity as well as product quality, which is much more effective than the Toyota system in which the assembly line is only stopped when a specific production accident has been detected during production.

Complex relationship between BOLD-fMRI and electrophysiological signals in different olfactory bulb layers

Blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI), one of the most powerful technologies in neuroscience, measures neural activity indirectly. Therefore, systematic correlation of BOLD signals with other neural activity measurements is critical to understanding and then using the technology. Numerous studies have revealed that the BOLD signal is determined by many factors and is better correlated with local field potentials (LFP) than single/multiple unit firing. The relationship between BOLD and LFP signals under higher spatial resolution is complex and remains unclear. Here, changes of BOLD and LFP signals in the glomerular (GL), mitral cell (MCL), and granular cell layers (GCL) of the olfactory bulb were evoked by odor stimulation and sequentially acquired using high-resolution fMRI and electrode array. The experimental results revealed a rather complex relationship between BOLD and LFP signals. Both signal modalities were increased layer-dependently by odor stimulation, but the orders of signal intensity were significantly different: GL>MCL>GCL and GCL>GL>MCL for BOLD and LFP, respectively. During odor stimulation, the temporal features of LFPs were similar for a given band in different layers, but different for different frequency bands in a given layer. The BOLD and LFP signals in the low gamma frequency band correlated the best. This study provides new evidence for the consistency between structure and function in understanding the neurophysiological basis of BOLD signals, but also reminds that caution must be taken in interpreting of BOLD signals in regard to neural activity.

Hypoxic-State Estimation of Brain Cells by Using Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a modern measuring technology in neuroscience. It can be used to noninvasively measure the relative concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (DeoHb), which can reflect information related to cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygen saturation. Therefore, it has the potential for noninvasive monitoring of cerebral ischemia. However, there is still a lack of reliable physiological information on the relationship between the concentrations of OxyHb and DeoHb in cerebral blood and the exact hypoxic state of brain cells under cerebral ischemia. In this study, we describe a wireless multichannel NIRS system, which we designed to noninvasively monitor the relative concentrations of OxyHb and DeoHb in bilateral cerebral blood before, during, and after middle cerebral artery occlusion. By comparing the results with the lactate/pyruvate ratio measured by microdialysis, we investigated the correlation between the relative concentrations of OxyHb and DeoHb in cerebral blood and the hypoxic state of brain cells. The results showed that the relationship between the concentration changes of DeoHb in cerebral blood and the hypoxic state of brain cells was significant. Therefore, by monitoring the changes in concentrations of DeoHb, the wireless NIRS can be used to estimate the hypoxic state of brain cells indirectly.

Debating New Theory in Neuroscience

Launching a new journal in the field of neuroscience is a formidable task. With thousands of articles being published yearly in a number of existing journals, what can another journal add to the field that is not already available? What can attract neuroscientists to submit their best articles to an unproven journal when so many exist with clear track records? Rigorous standards in what is considered acceptable are necessary if a journal is to have true impact on the field, but who wishes to consider subjecting one’s work to such standards when the journal’s future is unknown? Can a new journal actually set any kind of new standard that does not already exist? When we were asked to lead AIMS Neuroscience, these questions and many more caused us to hesitate. We had to choose a goal and navigate a course toward a niche not filled by any other journal. When surveying the landscape based on recent developments, there was one consistent aspect we saw. The massive European Union Human Brain Project, the US BRAIN project, and the Research Domain Criteria emphasis of NIMH each seem focused on producing new technologies and massive amounts of data. However, we had to agree with the observation made by many others. Where is the theory to guide all of these activities? This is the niche we hope to fill. Our goal is a lofty one in that we wish to provide a forum in which to expedite the speed with which theoretical neuroscience progresses toward generating testable hypotheses. In the presence of current and developing technology that offers unprecedented access to functions of the nervous system at all levels and the ability to analyze data via supercomputers, we want to serve the role of providing the widest variety of the best theoretical views leading to suggested studies to facilitate “intelligent” use of that technology. In the past, dominant theories tended to result in direct and indirect suppression of newer ideas. Criticism of the peer review process have been made [1], noting that anonymous reviewers may have a conflict of interest. Common sense says that the theories of the most influential scientists in the field are those that tend to be perpetuated, and the “Good Old Boys” club related to funding agencies is familiar to all. However, the introduction of new technologies in neuroscience has resulted in quite

Emotion Regulates Correspondence between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

Different emotional experience shapes different mental environment in the expression of implicit attitude and explicit attitudes, and regulates correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes. Positive emotion increases correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude, however the effects of specific negative emotion are inconsistent. The single dimension of emotion is insufficient to explain the different effects of specific emotion. The emotional certainty and interaction between emotion and trust in intuition, also play important roles in regulating correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes. This paper systemizes the theoretical basis covering associative–propositional evaluation model(APE) and feelings–as–information model. Finally some issues which are worthwhile regarding in the domain are put forward. For example, we can explore specific emotion effects on correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes, emotion effects on correspondence between implicit and explicit stereotype, and use cognitive neuroscience technologies to reveal the neural mechanism of correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes.

Change, Challenge, and Opportunity: Psychiatry Through the Looking Glass of Research

Change, Challenge, and Opportunity: Psychiatry Through the Looking Glass of Research

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by <em>In utero</em> Electroporation and <em>In vivo</em> Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at ≥6 months after birth. We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by <em>In utero</em> Electroporation and <em>In vivo</em> Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at ≥6 months after birth. We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

The dynamic connectome: towards large-scale 3D reconstruction of brain activity in real-time

What does large-scale connectivity tell us about whole-brain activity and neural circuits? In this work, we present a virtual reality based large-scale dynamic simulation for 3D reconstruction of whole-brain activity over the cortical connectome in real-time. Using DTI structural connectivity data from [1] we built an interactive 3D visualization of the human connectome network in an immersive virtual reality environment (Figure ​(Figure1A)1A) using the Unity 3D gaming engine. Further, the virtual reality brain network in Unity is coupled to a real-time neuronal simulator, iqr [2]. As we see, coupling structural connectivity data with detailed enough neuronal population dynamics is sufficient in predicting functional correlations and large-scale activity patterns. We model neuronal dynamics by a linear-threshold filter (as work in progress, we are currently implementing population dynamics from mean-field models [3]). Each population module is stochastic, having Gaussian noise. The user can stimulate any region or simultaneous regions of the network with external input currents. The simulation then reconstructs reverberating neural activity propagating throughout the network in real-time. As an explicit example, we stimulate the superior parietal areas and observe causal activity propagation in the parietal lobe, indicative of visuo-motor integration (Figure ​(Figure1B).1B). This is a first step to simulating and mapping large-scale brain activity in real-time. Figure 1 (A) snapshot of the cortical connectome network in virtual reality. (B) activation in the parietal lobes just after stimulation of the superior parietal area. Activity persists for about 5 secs after stimulation. Results and conclusions As quantitative analysis methods and data-recording technology in neuroscience make improvements, it is becoming evident large-scale dynamics and whole-brain quantitative measures play an important role. For instance, oscillations across large brain regions are precursors to several cognitive functions. Moreover, the causal map in these interactions is crucial. Compared to functional correlations, large-scale temporal activity maps across directionally connected brain structures serve as a more powerful tool to unravel mechanisms of large-scale neural circuits. Our results show that stimulating brain areas triggers a sequence of causal activations in associated network loops that represent cognitively related functions.

Not by money alone: the emotional wallet and talent management

PurposeThe conventional talent management approach views human relationships as transactional, akin to the commodities that traverse through the supply chain maze. In short, there is a quid pro quo relationship between wage and services, depriving any role for other non‐monetary influences on this relationship. This naïve view of human behavior has distracted the fundamental purpose of talent management – to unlock the value of talent to organizations. Two fundamental drivers that have challenged this transactional view espoused by HR include technology and advances in neuroscience. The technological advancements have created a demand for highly skilled professionals who value autonomy and meaningful engagement. This has brought employee engagement within the focus of managers – a topic that had less significance in earlier decades. The transactional view of workplace relationships has been challenged by discoveries of human behavior by neuroscience. Human beings are wired to have emotions and perceptions, and a workplace is no exception. Reframing the issue through a simple‐yet‐powerful framework, fundamentals of talent management can be restored, paving the way for a meaningful design of organizations. This paper seeks to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachUsing rigorous in‐depth secondary research about current talent practices, the report offers a novel framework to unlock the drivers of employee's motivation and performance. The framework serves as a diagnostic leadership tool to identify breakdowns and foster a meaningful conversation to restore the organization back to equilibrium. A holistic alternative that is agnostic to the rank of the employee, job role, and geography offers promise over the current practice of dealing with employee issues in fragmented manner.FindingsThe proposed framework helps identify the sweet‐spot that lies at the intersection of three fundamental drivers; employee's preferences on the type of work, employee's core competency and activities that are value‐adding to the organization. The sweet‐spot is the employee's emotional wallet that the organizations must proactively capture to unlock the true drivers of motivation and performance. The proposed framework serves as a diagnostic tool to meaningfully tackle breakdowns and restore organizations to equilibrium. The sweet‐spot provides the clue to design an effective organizational structure, identify the enablers and catalyst that can unlock employee motivation and performance.Practical implicationsThere is a compelling need for today's organizations to refocus their energies to unlock the value of their talent to drive higher performance and motivation. Deploying the proposed framework will empower organizations to capture the “share of emotional wallet” that is critical to drive higher levels of employee engagement and motivation. Smarter organizational structures and job role can be meaningfully designed.Social implicationsThe proposed framework challenges conventional talent management views of human relationships as transactional akin to the commodities that traverse through the supply chain maze. This blind spot has deprived the organizations in unlocking the drivers of employee motivation and performance. Overcoming this blind spot empowers talent management to capture the emotional share of wallet instead of trying to perfect the delivery supply chain.Originality/valueDespite new organizational complexities, the fundamental focus for talent management is to unlock the value of its resource. Despite the pristine appeal of this fundamental tenet of talent management, it is ironic that HR has drifted its focus from its core. Reframing the issue through a simple‐yet‐powerful framework, fundamentals of talent management can be restored, paving the way for a meaningful design of organizations. This is a paradigm shift for talent management to get back to basics of what really matters to the organizations.

A Python test suite for statistical properties of probabilistic networks with and without spatial structure

A Python test suite for statistical properties of probabilistic networks with and without spatial structure

Emergent Leadership and Team Engagement: An Application of Neuroscience Technology and Methods

Although the topic of employee engagement has gained increasing attention, little is known about engagement in team settings. In the current study, we examined individual engagement, emergent leadership, and team-level engagement in 31 teams of MBA students who attempted to solve a case problem dealing with corporate social responsibility. A feature of this study is the use of diverse methodologies to measure our key constructs. Individual engagement was measured psychometrically through self-ratings. Then for each team, an emergent leader and non-leader were identified based on ratings (primarily in terms of transformational leadership) from fellow teammates. Members were also assessed neurologically using electroencephalogram technology to determine their level of engagement during the team process. Our findings show that when individuals are highly engaged, there is a tendency for teammates to view them as leaders, rather than non-leaders. Further, emergent leadership is associated with a higher level ...

Meeting Highlights on Psychiatric Clinical Challenges and Advancing the Science of Treatment: The 3 rd Annual Chair Summit

Health care providers encounter many patients who have a typical, bread-and-butter symptom presentation and illness course, and for whom developing a treatment plan is relatively straightforward. However, some patients have cases that are challenging because 1) their illnesses are atypical, severe, or treatment-refractory in nature; 2) their conditions are less frequently encountered in the clinical setting; or 3) optimal treatment has not yet been well-studied and clearly defined. In the neurosciences, such challenges often seem to be the rule more than the exception. Continuing medical education (CME) can help clinicians address these challenges and promote clinical competence regarding innovations in neuroscience technologies. In August 2010, psychiatry and neurology health care providers participated in a comprehensive neuroscience CME conference— The 3 rd Annual Chair Summit, The Master Class for Neuroscience Professional Development— that featured faculty chairpersons of psychiatry and neurology departments. This 4 th article of 5 in a CME-certified companion series presents meeting highlights on managing the complexities of neuropsychiatric care and on scientific advances, especially technology-based innovations. Specifically, clinical topics focus on recognizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder that persists into adulthood; differential diagnosis of rage and aggression; treating borderline personality disorder; preventing suicide; and implementing care strategies for physician addiction. Rounding out this attention to difficult cases, technology highlights pertained to advanced diagnostic innovations in functional magnetic resonance imaging and to brain stimulation treatment strategies (ie, electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation). This article contains several patient cases and summary points connecting research to clinical practice.