Technology Exports Research Articles

Navigating sustainability: how export diversification influences ecological footprints in developed and developing countries

Environmental sustainability has become a critical global challenge, driving researchers and policymakers to explore solutions that balance economic growth with ecological preservation. As nations strive to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), understanding the relationship between trade structures and environmental impact is more crucial than ever. To do so, this paper intends to examine the effect of export diversification on the ecological footprint in 87 countries, utilizing annual data from 1995 to 2014. Since per capita ecological footprint of consumption is considered as a thorough indicator of environmental degradation, it has been used as the dependent variable (Ulucak and Bilgili in J Clean Prod 188:144–157, 2018). Additionally, export diversification is measured using the Theil entropy index, along with its intensive and extensive margins, based on data from the IMF. The intensive, extensive, and overall Theil indices were calculated according to the definitions and methods outlined by (Cadot et al. in Rev Econ Stat 93:590–605, 2011). Using a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the findings indicate that both the intensive and extensive margins of export diversification contribute to reducing the ecological footprint. Specifically, in developing economies, diversification in the intensive margin positively impacts the environment. Conversely, in developed economies, export concentration in the intensive margin is linked with a decrease in the ecological footprint. These findings underscore the importance of effective export diversification strategies for sustainable economic development in developing economies, while encouraging developed countries to prioritize the export of green technologies and investments to aid in addressing global environmental challenges. Policies aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are essential in both developed and developing economies to address the interconnections among various SDGs and, in turn, enhance ecosystem sustainability.

Main Directions and Prospects of Cooperation Between Russia and The BRICS Countries in The Agrarian Sphere

The article outlines the main areas of cooperation between the BRICS countries in the fi eld of agricultural development and food security. Based on the analysis of current scientific, methodological and analytical literature, as well as statistical and regulatory information, the work examines the main concepts that reveal the essence and content of agro-food interstate economic cooperation within the BRICS association. The article outlines the role and place of this international association in the system of global economy and interstate relations. It is noted that the BRICS association, integrating about 40 % of the world economy, is the most ambitious and dynamically developing international association with significant global political, economic and geostrategic development prospects. The work also notes that cooperation in the agricultural sector, in the production of basic food products, and in the development of rural areas is of significant importance in the development of relations within the BRICS association. The paper also substantiates the main directions of this interaction, including technology export, digital transformation, project cooperation, ensuring comprehensive security, etc. The article presents a number of recommendations for the creation and development of a food security system for the BRICS countries, ensuring the strategic sustainability of rural areas, and creating conditions and factors for effective international trade in food products between the BRICS countries. The paper also identifies the main problems and contradictions that create difficulties in implementing international economic relations in the agro-food sector within the BRICS association. The article is part of the research and development carried out to ensure the accelerated development of the BRICS economies in modern political and economic conditions.

The price of innovation: Decoding organizational stressors and strains in the lives of software professionals

Pakistan is the fifth-largest global net exporter of Information Technology (IT) services. It requires a workforce that is highly skilled and mentally resilient to support and sustain the country’s rapidly growing IT industry. Despite being the first country to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals, the mental well-being of software professionals remains an underexplored area. This study investigates the prevailing causes of workplace stress (organizational stressors) and their impact (organizational strains) among software professionals in Pakistan. Drawing on insights from 233 literature sources and data from 326 professionals, the study identifies critical organizational stressors and strains. A rank-based analysis revealed that excessive workload (66%) and effort-reward imbalance (63%) were the most frequently experienced stressors, while fatigue (64%) and emotional exhaustion (57%) emerged as the most significant organizational strains. The findings highlight the need to address software professionals’ mental health challenges. Ensuring a supportive work environment is essential for enhancing mental well-being, boosting productivity, and sustaining the vital contributions of software professionals to Pakistan’s local and global economic landscape.

Industry-Level Export Impacts on China’s and Pakistan’s Economic Growth

This study investigates the comparative advantage of disaggregated industrial exports, including agriculture, manufacturing, services, and technology on the economic growth of China and Pakistan using linear ARDL models. The findings confirm significant long-run relationships between industrial exports and economic growth in both countries. In China, agricultural, manufacturing, and technology exports contribute positively and significantly to economic expansion in both the short and long term, reflecting its strong comparative advantage, driven by advanced technology, robust infrastructure, and effective government policies. Conversely, agricultural and manufacturing exports in Pakistan show a positive but comparatively weaker impact, while technology and service exports remain largely insignificant. The results highlight Pakistan's need to enhance its technological capabilities, diversify its export base, and improve its infrastructure to strengthen its international competitiveness. Policy recommendations include investing in research and development, improving export quality standards, facilitating market access, and supporting human capital development. Drawing on China's successful experience, Pakistan should adopt export-oriented strategies emphasizing innovation, industrial diversification, and global integration to achieve sustainable economic growth. Overall, the study underscores the critical role of disaggregated industrial exports in driving economic performance and suggests that adopting targeted reforms could help Pakistan bridge the gap and strengthen its position in global trade.

Assessment of the Relationship Between Higher Education and Innovation Development in Kazakhstan

Currently, Kazakhstan’s higher education system is undergoing drastic transformations due to the transition of the national economy to digital technology platforms. Practice shows the need for such a transition, which is related to the training of qualified specialists with innovative knowledge who can adapt to the new conditions of the labor market. This study aims to assess the relationship between the development of the higher education system and the level of innovative development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research uses correlation and regression analysis, modeling of linear equations, structural, functional, and comparative analysis, and the grouping method. Statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and international sources for 2013-2023, covering over 80 countries in terms of education and high technology exports, were used as an empirical base. The results of the correlation analysis showed that such factors as the gross domestic product (correlation coefficient - 0.95), the number of students in higher education institutions (0.66), as well as the number of innovation costs in the industry (0.61), have the greatest impact on internal R&D costs in Kazakhstan. At the same time, despite the positive dynamics of quantitative indicators, several systemic barriers remain in Kazakhstan, hindering the transformation of academic knowledge into market innovations. Future research paths may include a deeper analysis of the role of digital technologies in the transformation of higher education, as well as the development of indicators for assessing the innovative potential of universities.

Authoritarian Surveillance Trends: Structural Racism and Transnationalism

This paper extends the “authoritarian surveillance as a practice” (Topak, Mekouar, and Cavatorta 2022) perspective by focusing on the major trends that shape authoritarian surveillance in three different contexts. It draws on authoritarian surveillance practices implemented by Turkey, Israel (in Palestine), and the European Union (EU) (at Africa-Europe borderzones) and observes that, despite different contexts and regime types, authoritarian surveillance is driven by structural racism and transnational associations. In Turkey, racialized Kurdish populations and pro-Kurdish dissident groups have been the major recipients of authoritarian surveillance practices, even though mass authoritarian surveillance has impacted large segments of the society. The Gülen community, which is a Turkey-origin transnational movement, played a major role in the intensification of authoritarian surveillance, while the EU provided indirect support because of its reliance on Turkey for stopping migrants trying to reach Europe. The EU implements authoritarian surveillance not only through responsibilizing external actors (such as in Turkey and Libya) for border policing but also through the deployment of its own border surveillance technologies. The EU drones, provided by Israeli companies, surveil and facilitate the return of black African migrants to Libya where they are subjected to crimes against humanity. The long history of European colonialism in Africa shapes the current racist use of EU drones as an authoritarian surveillance practice, which is implemented through the EU’s transnational associations involving Libyan militia groups and Israeli drone companies. In Palestine, the legacies of Israel’s settler-colonial racism against Palestinians have culminated in the current genocidal surveillance by Israel. Israel has been committing genocide within a network of transnational associations and is also one of the major exporters of authoritarian surveillance technology, ranging from spyware to drones. Through examination of these contexts, the paper argues that authoritarian surveillance is practiced by both liberal and authoritarian regimes, is driven by structural racism and is implemented through the involvement of various transnational actors.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Export Technology Complexity of Manufacturing Enterprises: Based on Empirical Evidence from China

In the context of increasing external competition uncertainty and the growing maturity of digital information technology applications, digital transformation has become the crucial pathway for manufacturing enterprises to respond to market changes, enhance comprehensive competitiveness, and achieve sustainable development. In order to promote the effective implementation of the digital transformation strategy of manufacturing enterprises and enhance their export technological complexity, this paper, based on data from Chinese manufacturing listed companies and customs trade data, uses a multiple fixed effects model to explore the impact of digital transformation on the technological complexity of manufacturing exports. The results show that digital transformation significantly improves the export technological complexity of manufacturing enterprises, with innovation capability and production efficiency as the mediators. Further analysis of the research results reveals that supply chain integration and dynamic capabilities amplify these effects, exhibiting significant heterogeneity in terms of firm ownership, technological intensity, industry competition, geographic region, and stages of digital transformation. The research conclusions of this paper are of great significance for manufacturing enterprises to enhance their competitiveness in international markets and achieve sustainable development through digital transformation. However, its dependence on single-country data and fixed-period analysis limits its universality and applicability. These insights highlight the necessity of future research on the global applicability and long-term sustainability of digital transformation strategies in the manufacturing industry.

Variety of cyber democracies based on the Asian view of humanity

This paper explores the diverse forms of digital democracy in the West and Asia from a human perspective. In particular, it analyzes the differences in the approaches to data governance in the US and the EU, the different strategies for democratization in the Middle East, and the rise of digital authoritarianism in China. Furthermore, it proposes an Asian approach to cyber governance based on Confucian thought, and advocates the creation of a collaborative global digital order with diverse stakeholders that emphasizes a balance between individual rights and the well-being of the community. Next, the paper highlights the rise of digital authoritarianism, particularly in China’s “Great Firewall” system and its export of surveillance technology to developing countries. This trend underscores fears that centralized AI and big-data analytics could enable “digital dictatorships,” manipulating citizens’ information flows and curtailing liberties. Meanwhile, Western democracies themselves grapple with election interference through social media. Drawing on Confucian thought and the Kyoto School, the author proposes that an Asian approach to cyber governance could balance individual rights and communal well-being. Instead of imposing Western models, careful, incremental integration of democratic ideals—such as personal “right of certification”—into digital frameworks might avoid the pitfalls that plagued abrupt Middle East interventions. The paper concludes by urging a pluralistic, multi-stakeholder approach to setting fair cyber norms and privacy standards, aiming to foster a more stable, inclusive global digital order.

Analysis and Comparative Study of Industral Design Patent Layouts of Automobile Manufacturers in Overseas Markets

In the context of globalization, the international development of the automotive industry has become an inevitable trend. As China has become the world’s largest automobile exporter, automotive companies are gradually shifting from product export to technology export. During this transition, the protection of industrial design patents, which are crucial for brand image and market competitiveness, becomes particularly important. This study focuses on the layout of industrial design patents, a key area of intellectual property in the automotive industry’s international expansion. It examines major global automotive markets and key regions for Chinese automotive brands' international ventures. We selected 23 automotive manufacturers from the Fortune 2023 Global 500 list as research subjects and developed a comprehensive analysis system encompassing key indicators such as patent family size, number of authorized countries, and major countries/regions of patent layout. Through a co-linearity relationship network matrix and visual analysis using Gephi software, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the design patent layout of automotive companies. The aim is to offer robust theoretical support and practical guidance for the intellectual property strategy of Chinese automotive brands in the global market, further advancing their internationalization process.

Finland’s New Children’s Hospital and resurgent charity in a Nordic post-welfare state

Finland’s New Children’s Hospital (NCH) opened in 2018 after a high-profile charity campaign. Through an analysis of the campaign, we illustrate how debates about children’s hospitals and charities are simultaneously...

The impact of ESG on firms’ export technology complexity

The impact of ESG on firms’ export technology complexity

Perception of Chinese Respondents Towards the Impact of China’s High-Speed Rail Development on International Economy

This paper examines the development of China’s high-speed railway and its impact on the international economy. Through questionnaire surveys and statistical analyses of 108 respondents, the paper verifies the role of high-speed rail in enhancing the efficiency of international trade, attracting foreign direct investment, and promoting technology export. The findings show that the development of China’s high-speed rail improves logistics and transport efficiency, reduces trade costs, and significantly boosts the volume and flow of trade between China and other countries. As a modern means of transport, high-speed rail connects more global markets, becomes an important bridge in international trade, and enhances China’s position in the global economy. The construction of high-speed railway projects has significantly increased foreign direct investment (FDI) in the regions along the routes and injected new impetus into local economic development. China’s successful implementation of high-speed railway projects in the international market, such as the Yavan high-speed railway and the Mocha high-speed railway, has demonstrated China’s advanced high-speed railway technology and management capability and has gained wide recognition and positive evaluation from the international community. The export of high-speed railway technology has not only enhanced China’s competitiveness in the international market but also promoted the development and progress of global high-speed railway technology.

U.S. Export Controls Across Time: Knowledge, Technology, and China

Today export controls are all over the news. The so-called October rules regulating U.S. advanced semi-conductor chip exports to China represent a significant expansion of U.S. efforts to control the export of upstream advanced technology where the direct military applications remain unknowable. The U.S. sanctions and export control policy against Russia involve the most far-ranging and internationally coordinated export control regime since the end of the Cold War. If the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party get their way, export controls will become even more central to U.S. economic policy vis-à-vis China, and even more trade and research-collaboration restrictive. Not for the first time, U.S. export control policy is being called an act of economic war.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА РАЗВИТИЕ ВНЕШНЕЙ ТОРГОВЛИ КИТАЯ

This article reflects the importance of digital technologies and the digitalization of the economy for the countries of the global space, and defines China’s place in foreign trade, including with regard to the IT sector and digital technology exports. The existing problems of China in the development of foreign trade in digital equipment are identified, as well as ways to solve them within the country and their impact on international cooperation in the field of digitalization of the economy. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of digital technologies on the development of China’s foreign trade.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND TRANSFER OF DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL SECURITY

In recent years, international technology transfer has been complemented by the export of weapons production technologies and the formation of international consortia that have used these technologies to launch licensed production of foreign weapons and military equipment in developing countries. Mechanisms for coordinating the activities of countries in the production and purchase of weapons and military equipment have emerged. This has strengthened and increased the sustainability of international flows of military goods and services. The transfer of weapons and military equipment production technologies and foreign experience in managing military production to foreign countries has also accelerated. International production and sales structures have emerged. For Ukraine, international technology transfer is one of the vectors of innovative development of the national economy, which is why there is an active scientific and practical interest in studying the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of international technology transfer, its features and development trends, in particular in the military-technical sphere. The development of international scientific and production cooperation in the field of military products leads to the further expansion of military-economic preparations beyond national borders, as a result of which the share of the national military industry is increasingly determined by the level of development of foreign economic relations. A powerful market for military-technical products (MTP) has formed, including weapons; military equipment and property, military and dual-purpose technologies, and military-technical services. At the same time, military spending contributes to an increase in the rate of accumulation, technological development of the economy, reduction of unemployment, and economic growth.

The impacts of the Eastern Opening strategy on the bilateral trade and investment between Hungary and on the Asian economies

Background and introduction: The East and Southeast Asian newly industrialized economies have shown spectacular economic development by their export-oriented development policies during recent decades, which resulted in not only economic wealth but enabled them to be technology exporters and investors. Their products, their flagship brands today are well-known and recognized throughout the world. It is not surprising that the Hungarian government—by its Hungarian Eastern Opening strategy—intended to focus on these economies, even though that with most of them there were intensive and broad co-operation in the fields of business, investment, culture, education and tourism. The new strategy gave a focus on increasing the diplomatic and trade relationship with the wider region, new embassies and trade representation offices were opened or re-opened in several locations with the view of intensifying the business and the people-to-people contacts. Even though the pandemic of Covid 19 and the energy crisis caused disruption in international trade, it can be said the trade and investment relations with these economies have still been growing, especially on the import side. The prospects of the growth of Hungarian exports to these destinations are modest which is hindered by the huge geographic distance, the peculiar consumer preferences, the merely different market conditions and the sharp competition. Objective: The aim of this paper to illustrate by statistical figures the state of the trade and investment relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Methodology: Bibliographic and data analysis, focusing on the relevant international and Hungarian literature and databases, especially the trade and investment statistics of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO/KSH).

Exports of Renewable Energy Goods among RCEP members: Potential and Constraints

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Objective: The paper, specifically examines whether the recently formed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) can potentially facilitate minimising the constraints to renewable energy goods exports at the regional level in Asia. Data, Methodology and Findings: Using the panel data from 11 RCEP members from 2006 to 2014, this study has applied the ‘meta frontier stochastic gravity frontier’ methodology and confirms that the establishment of RCEP has the potential to improve trade in renewable energy commodities within the RCEP region. Policy Implications: The policy implication is that when countries work together, it will lead to enormous benefits for national, regional, and worldwide prospects of a more sustainable energy future. Practical Policy Implications: In terms of practical policy implications, the developed RCEP member countries should actively engage in promoting R&D activities and protecting intellectual property rights concerning renewable energy production, which are essential for countries to integrate with the world market and to lift the export frontiers of both the developed and developing RCEP member countries to reach the unrestricted export of renewable energy technology.</span></p>

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R&D INDICATORS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE PROCESS OF TÜRKİYE’S FULL MEMBERSHIP TO THE EUROPEAN UNION

The main purpose of this study is to comparatively investigate the existence, direction and size of the possible relationship between R&D indicators and growth as a result of innovation and R&D policies in Türkiye's EU full membership negotiation process and to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between innovative R&D policies and economic growth. For this purpose, annual data for the period 2005-2021 on growth and five R&D indicators (R&D expenditures, number of researchers, number of patents, high technology exports, number of scientific publications) for Türkiye and the general average of 27 EU countries were compiled from the World Bank and Eurostat databases and their course was interpreted through figures. In addition, in accordance with the trend in applied studies, in this study, firstly, stationarity (KPSS unit root test) and cointegration (ARDL bounds test) analyzes from time series analyses were performed for the variables and then the relationship between R&D indicators and growth was estimated with a multiple regression model. According to the findings, it was determined that all series for the EU and Türkiye (except LnGSYHt for Türkiye) comply with the I(1) process and there are no long-term relationships between them.

Trade in the Face of Terror: Examining Turkey’s Export Dynamics

Abstract In the preceding 11 years, Turkey has witnessed 925 terrorist incidents, resulting in the unexpected passing of 1,439 people. Concurrently, the neighbouring nations, Syria, and Iraq, have also experienced a multitude of terrorist activities. This study’s main objective is to explore how these events have affected Turkey’s exports and intra-industry trade. The investigation is centred on Turkey’s trade relationships with 71 countries, representing its primary trading partners, employing a one-way trade model. Utilizing the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator, the study spans 2012 to 2022. The findings underscore the adverse impact of domestic terrorist incidents, casualties in other countries, and the global terrorism index on Turkey’s exports. Surprisingly, the investigation finds a positive connection between Turkey’s exports and terrorist incidents in both neighbouring and non-bordering countries. Furthermore, the empirical analysis sheds light on Turkey’s engagement in intra-industry trade concerning manufacturing industry and GDP similarities. However, the scenario changes for information and communication technology (ICT) exports, revealing an inter-type of industry trade.

Renewable Energy, Financial Growth and Technological Progress: Analyzing the Dynamics of Sectoral Emissions in Pakistan

The study examined the role of renewable energy, financial growth, and technical progress in Pakistan's industrial, manufacturing, and service sector emissions. The study collected consistent time series data from 1975 to 2022 and employed the ARDL-Bounds testing approach to estimate the short- and long-term parameter estimates. The study assessed three broad models. The first model linked renewable energy to carbon emissions in the cement industry. Carbon emissions and renewable energy were negatively related. Further, a negative relationship exists between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and carbon emissions, with a one-unit increase in ICT reducing CO2 emissions by 0.135 units. A substantial and positive association was found between GDP per capita and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. At the same time, the square term decreases carbon emissions, supporting a country's environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. In the second model, high technology exports were positively connected with manufacturing CO2 emissions, while energy use's interaction term had a significant negative impact. Manufacturing CO2 emissions were positively correlated with renewable energy in the short and medium term. Financial development is assessed by money supply, which directly affects carbon emissions to support financial-led emissions in a country. The third model used GHG emissions as the dependent variable and focused on the service sector. The interaction term between energy consumption and clean fuel technology (CFT) was negative and significant, although GHG emissions and CFT were positively correlated. Non-renewable energy raised GHG emissions, while renewable energy decreased them.