Enrichment Technology Research Articles

Enrichment of rosmarinic acid from Salvia przewalskii Maxim. leaves using macroporous resin: Adsorption/desorption behavior, process optimization followed by scale-up

To valorize Salvia przewalskii Maxim. leaves as a renewable source of rosmarinic acid, an efficient macroporous resin enrichment technology was established in this work. X-5 resin was considered as the most appropriate adsorbent in view of its highest adsorption/desorption capacity for rosmarinic acid, and the adsorption data were best expounded by Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The influences of sample volume, loading and elution flow rates, eluent type and volume were evaluated to obtain the optimum enrichment procedure, which was as follows: for adsorption, the rosmarinic acid concentration, loading flow rate and sample volume were respectively 0.24 mg/mL, 3 BV/h, and 12 BV; for desorption, the eluent type, elution flow rate and volume were respectively 50% ethanol, 3 BV/h and 9 BV. Furthermore, an enrichment process scale-up of rosmarinic acid was performed under optimal procedure. After one-step large-scale enrichment, the content of rosmarinic acid improved 3.65-fold from 12.41% to 45.30% with a satisfactory recovery of 80.17%. Results suggested that X-5 resin chromatographic enrichment technique developed in the present study offered a feasible scheme for the industrial enrichment of rosmarinic acid from S. przewalskii leaves. • X-5 reisn was the optimum resin for the enrichment of rosmarinic acid. • Adsorption/desorption behavior of rosmarinic acid on X-5 reisn was studied. • An effective resin chromatography to enrich rosmarinic acid was developed. • The enrichment method showed a promising prospect for industrial application.

The Utilization of Augmented Reality Technology for the Development of Tourism Information Media

The industrial revolution 4.0 has brought tourism trends using enriched interactive technology services. Technology in the world of tourism has helped the expansion of the industry through the promotion and mediation of independent tourists to carry out all services and transactions easily, including obtaining tourist information. This study aims to develop promotion media for geography education tourism in Soppeng Regency and test the effectiveness of the media. This study adopted the Alessi & Trollip learning multimedia development model. The developed media was tested on 20 respondents with 10-item usability scale statements and 5 response options ranging from agreeing to strongly disagree. The level of effectiveness of the media developed after being tested using the usability scale (SUS) system is included in the Good category (good) with an average score of 76.5. This level of effectiveness is included in the acceptable to users or acceptable category, with a grade scale of C and an adjective rating in the Good or good category. The results of this study also indicate that users are satisfied with the developed media but are not enthusiastic so that users can switch to other, more interesting media at any time. In the end, based on the final score obtained, it was concluded that the promotion media for geography education tourism in Soppeng Regency (battle city application) was effective and acceptable to users.Â

Прогнозная оценка технологических показателей при обогащении железистых кварцитов

Прогнозная оценка технологических показателей при обогащении железистых кварцитов

Detection of circulating tumor cells using antibody-functionalized microchips to monitor tumorigenesis in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer

Circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based liquid biopsy has been a promising and potentially informative diagnostic approach. However, its clinical application has remained limited until now, in part due to the lack of systematic research to validate the new technologies for CTC enrichment. In this work, we established a 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer recurrence after surgery to evaluate microfluidic-based CTC detection and monitor tumor recurrence. The time point detected by CTC analysis using EpCAM antibody-functionalized chip was first compared with in vivo bioimaging and pathological examination for monitoring metastasis. The CTCs were monitored after tumor resection to evaluate CTC detection for postoperative monitoring of tumor recurrence. Using an antibody-functionalized chip, CTCs can be detected 10-days earlier than being detected with other imaging technologies. The CTC detection assay also showed that EpCAM+ CTC populations increased with tumor growth, whereas EpCAM+ CSV+ CTCs increased first and then decreased, possibly indicating multistep tumorigenesis in this model. Monitoring of CTCs after tumor resection indicated that CTCs were gradually cleared from the blood during mice recovery. These results provide a basis for CTC detection to monitor tumorigenesis and metastasis, as well as a model for validating other liquid biopsy methods.

Review on the Selection of Aptamers and Application in Paper-Based Sensors.

An aptamer is a synthetic oligonucleotide, referring to a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid ligand produced by synthesis from outside the body using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. Owing to their special screening process and adjustable tertiary structures, aptamers can bind to multiple targets (small molecules, proteins, and even whole cells) with high specificity and affinity. Moreover, due to their simple preparation and stable modification, they have been widely used to construct biosensors for target detection. The paper-based sensor is a product with a low price, short detection time, simple operation, and other superior characteristics, and is widely used as a rapid detection method. This review mainly focuses on the screening methods of aptamers, paper-based devices, and applicable sensing strategies. Furthermore, the design of the aptamer-based lateral flow assay (LFA), which underlies the most promising devices for commercialization, is emphasized. In addition, the development prospects and potential applications of paper-based biosensors using aptamers as recognition molecules are also discussed.

TECHNOLOGY OF ENRICHMENT OF YOUNG ARTEMIA NAUPLII AND EFFICIENCY OF THEIR USAGE AS STARTING FEEDS

Enrichment of artemia with biologically active substances has three main ways - through the intestines, gills and integuments. The possibility of enrichment of artemia through the body integuments exists only for the first two days after hatching, when nauplii have soft and thin integuments. Enrichment through the intestines becomes possible only at the stage of metanauplii, which comes after the first molting when the mouth appears and the digestive system is formed. We chose enrichment through the skin of nauplii of the 1st development stage, since early nauplii are an ideal food for fish larvae at the stage of transition to exogenous feeding. The purpose of the research is to develop enrichment technology and to obtain live starting feeds with the vitalizer properties containing biologically active substances: adaptogens, probiotics, a vitamin and amino acid complex that heal the fish body, form intestinal microbiocenosis, increase growth and development rate, endurance, resistance to psychogenic and oxidative stress, increase survivability, reduce the level of cannibalism. As a result, we obtained Artemia nauplii enriched with Sporothermin probiotic, Irkutin adaptogen, Chiktonik vitamin-amino acid complex, which were used to rear larvae and fry of the African catfish. The results of the studies showed that usage of enriched nauplii accelerates fish growth, increases the proportion of "giants" with a mass more than twice the average for the population, reduces the level of cannibalism, increases survivability of fish, retaining these tendencies throughout the entire rearing period.

Containing Technology and Allies Alike: The Cold War, Intra-NATO Relations, and the U.S. Centrifuge Classification Initiative, 1958–1962

Abstract This article discusses how West European governments reacted to U.S. efforts to control the emergence and spread of gaseous diffusion and ultracentrifuge technology for uranium enrichment. The article focuses on Dutch, British, and West German Cold War perspectives on nuclear technological cooperation with the United States. U.S. insistence on maintaining secrecy around the ultracentrifuge was driven not only by technological and nuclear nonproliferation concerns but also by overarching Cold War dynamics at the time of the 1961 Berlin crisis and NATO's nuclear modernization. The Dutch–West German exploration of bilateral nuclear cooperation on gas centrifuges and the subsequent U.S. classification efforts also reveal a story of transatlantic competition over technological ambitions, commercial interests, and Western Europe's strategic potential. The article thus highlights the intersection of the history of science and technology and Cold War diplomatic and nuclear history, combining fresh material from Dutch archives with U.S. and British primary sources.

Y-chromosome target enrichment reveals rapid expansion of haplogroup R1b-DF27 in Iberia during the Bronze Age transition

The Y chromosome can yield a unique perspective into the study of human demographic history. However, due to the repetitive nature of part of its sequence, only a small set of regions are suitable for variant calling and discovery from short-read sequencing data. These regions combined represent 8.9 Mbp or 0.14% of a diploid human genome. Consequently, investing in whole-genome sequencing to resolve Y-chromosome questions is poorly efficient. Here we use, as an alternative, target enrichment technology to greatly increase sequencing effectiveness, validating and applying the technique to 181 males, for 162 of whom we obtained a positive result. Additionally, 75 samples sequenced for the whole genome were also included, for a total sample size of 237. These samples were chosen for their Y chromosome haplogroup: R1b-DF27. In the context of European populations, and particularly in Iberia, this haplogroup stands out for its high frequency and its demographic history. Current evidence indicates that the diffusion of this haplogroup is related to the population movements that mark the cultural Bronze Age transition, making it remarkably interesting for population geneticists. The results of this study show the effects of the rapid radiation of the haplogroup in Spain, as even with the higher discriminating power of whole sequences, most haplotypes still fall within the R1b-DF27* paragroup rather than in the main derived branches. However, we were able to refine the ISOGG 2019–2020 phylogeny, and its two main subbranches, namely L176.2 and Z272, which present geographical differentiation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Iberia.

DIGE Analysis of ProteoMiner™ Fractionated Serum/Plasma Samples.

The discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers using gel-based proteomics has proven extremely challenging, principally because of the large dynamic range of protein abundances in biofluids such as blood and the fact that only a small number of proteins constitute the vast majority of total blood protein mass. Various separation, depletion, enrichment, and quantitative developments coupled with improvements in gel-based protein quantification technologies, specifically fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), have contributed to significant improvements in the detection and identification of lower abundance proteins. One of these enrichment technologies, ProteoMiner, is the focus of this chapter. The ProteoMiner technology utilizes hexapeptide bead library with huge diversity to bind and enrich low-abundance proteins but at the same time suppresses the concentration of high-abundance proteins in subsequent analysis.

USE OF BIOGAS AS A RAW MATERIAL AND ENGINE FUEL IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORT

In the article, based on existing global trends, legislative incentives for climate-friendly development of economic sectors, the place of biogas as a raw material and engine fuel in the decarbonization of energy and transport in Ukraine is substantiated. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, most countries are making the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. In EU countries, renewable energy with a Green Deal label was equated with energy obtained from the combustion of natural gas. In Ukraine, biomethane is legislated as an alternative gas fuel similar to natural gas. The raw material for biomethane is biogas. In Ukraine, biomethane is not produced on an industrial scale due to the lack of special purification and enrichment technologies at biogas stations. In Ukraine, it is necessary to start producing biomethane on an industrial scale and use the natural gas infrastructure for transporting biomethane. An existing quantity and quality of treatment technologies of biogas plants allow the use of biogas as an independent fuel in cogeneration plants in the immediate vicinity of biogas plants. Calculation of the heat balance of the drive gas engine (8-cylinder, 100 mm cylinder diameter, 88 mm stroke) showed that in addition to generating 30 kW of electrical energy, it is possible to obtain additionally up to 162 MJ of thermal energy without taking heat from the lubrication system. When generating only electrical energy, the efficiency installation in nominal mode is about 30%, and with cogeneration – it increases to 75%. The next step is – the use of biogas as an additive to natural gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines on cars, buses and special agricultural machinery at the local or regional level. The results of research on the 8Ch10/8.8 gas combustion engine ensured the transition from quantitative to qualitative regulation of the fuel mixture of natural gas with biogas additives. An interdependent regulation algorithm has been developed for mixed fuel. With an increase in load, the share of biogas decreases, the mixture is enriched with natural gas. At a load of 75% or more, the enrichment of the fuel mixture occurs more intensively.

Development of GABA enrichment technology for rough rice by water and optimized temperature application

本研究では, 籾の加水･適温GABA富化技術の開発について検討を行い, 以下の知見が得られた.

Sustainability assessment of alternative energy power generation pathways through the development of impact indicators for water, land, GHG emissions, and cost

Sustainability indicators are helpful factors to comparatively assess power generation pathways. This paper develops sustainability indicators for sixty alternative energy pathways. The selected indicators reflect the quantitative impacts of power generation on water, air, land, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Indicators are harmonized at a specific conversion efficiency, developed per a functional power generation unit (MWh), and covering the cradle-to-gate boundary. The power generation stage of hydroelectricity has the most negative impact on the water consumption indicator of 68.18 m3/MWh, the highest land use indicator of 7.76 m2/MWh, and is simultaneously associated with the lowest GHG emissions indicator of 1.9 kg of CO2 eq./MWh. Sustainable scenarios are conducted in this study to identify the optimum pathways that have the lowest impacts on natural resources, GHG emissions, and the LCOE. The sustainable scenarios are executed under the annual power generation range 1–44 TWh to quantify the minimum required constraints of water, land, GHG emissions, and the LCOE. Power generation from geothermal flash technology with cooling tower and bio-oil with dry cooling showed the most sustainable pathways based on the boundaries of the cradle-to-gate and power generation stage, respectively. Centrifugal enrichment technology with dry cooling is the most sustainable among nuclear energy pathways, while flat-panel photovoltaic has shown the best sustainability among solar energy pathways.

Large-scale extraction, enrichment and separation of paeoniflorin and albiflorin from the oil tree peony seed cake

The purpose of this study is to establish a simple and efficient process for the extraction and purification of albiflorin and paeoniflorin from oil tree peony seed cake (OTPSC) in large-scale. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was employed to extract albiflorin and paeoniflorin from OTPSC, and the extract was enriched by D-101 macroporous adsorption resin and then separated by silica gel column chromatography . The conditions for extraction, enrichment and separation of albiflorin and paeoniflorin were optimized, and the optimum process conditions were obtained. The optimal extraction conditions were: liquid-solid ratio 20 mL/g, extraction time 15 min, extraction temperature 38 ℃, ethanol concentration 75 %, optimal enrichment conditions were: sample loading 2BV, mass concentration 6 mg/L, adsorption The flow rate was 2 BV/h, the ethanol concentration of the eluent was 25 % and 35 %, respectively, and the amount of the eluent was 6 BV. Through the whole process, 1.14 g albiflorin with purity of 95.91 % and 5.01 g paeoniflorin with purity of 99.58 % were obtained from 20 g extract. In this study, the technology of rapid extraction, enrichment and separation of albiflorin and paeoniflorin from OTPSC in large-scale was established with the outstanding advantages of simple method, high extraction rate and purity. • A simple and efficient process for the extraction and purification of AF and PF was obtained. • AF and PF were obtained from OTPSC with high purity in large-scale for the first time. • The total yields and extraction rates of AF and PF were high. • OTPSC could be used as a main source of AF and PF.

Research on Three-level Enrichment Method Based on 222Rn.

Various low-concentration inert gases, including 222Rn, 133Xe, and 85Kr, pollute the atmosphere near nuclear facilities (e.g., nuclear power plants or reprocessing plants). Owing to the detection limits of instruments, it has become urgent to determine the concentration of these gases efficiently and perform their online monitoring. However, current technologies are limited by low enrichment efficiencies. In this study, a high-pressure, low-flow, large-volume, and high-efficiency adsorption method has been proposed along with a high-temperature, low-pressure, high-flow, and small-volume rapid desorption and collection method, which are based on the gas enrichment principle of activated carbon. The results demonstrated that when dynamic adsorption was implemented using a two-level enrichment method, the final desorbed gas concentration was proportional to the volume ratio of both the large and small activated carbon beds. At a volume ratio of 15:1, 222Rn concentration increased from 110 to 21,016 Bq m-3 after the two-level enrichment; meanwhile, 222Rn concentration increased from 110 to 42,012 Bq m-3 after three-level enrichment. The three-level enrichment technology provides technical support for the enrichment of low-concentration inert gases in the environment, while offering an important technical foundation for improving the monitoring of low-concentration inert gases in specific environments as well as the atmospheric environment.

CO2 enrichment in greenhouse production: Towards a sustainable approach.

As the unique source of carbon in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO2) exerts a strong impact on crop yield and quality. However, CO2 deficiency in greenhouses during the daytime often limits crop productivity. Crucially, climate warming, caused by increased atmospheric CO2, urges global efforts to implement carbon reduction and neutrality, which also bring challenges to current CO2 enrichment systems applied in greenhouses. Thus, there is a timely need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly CO2 enrichment technologies as a sustainable approach to promoting agricultural production and alleviating environmental burdens simultaneously. Here we review several common technologies of CO2 enrichment in greenhouse production, and their characteristics and limitations. Some control strategies of CO2 enrichment in distribution, period, and concentration are also discussed. We further introduce promising directions for future CO2 enrichment including 1) agro-industrial symbiosis system (AIS); 2) interdisciplinary application of carbon capture and utilization (CCU); and 3) optimization of CO2 assimilation in C3 crops via biotechnologies. This review aims to provide perspectives on efficient CO2 utilization in greenhouse production.

Genetic dissection of fruit maturity date in apricot (P. armeniaca L.) through a Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) approach

BackgroundSingle primer enrichment technology (SPET) is an emerging and increasingly popular solution for high-throughput targeted genotyping in plants. Although SPET requires a priori identification of polymorphisms for probe design, this technology has potentially higher reproducibility and transferability compared to other reduced representation sequencing (RRS) approaches, also enabling the discovery of closely linked polymorphisms surrounding the target one.ResultsThe potential for SPET application in fruit trees was evaluated by developing a 25K target SNPs assay to genotype a panel of apricot accessions and progenies. A total of 32,492 polymorphic sites were genotyped in 128 accessions (including 8,188 accessory non-target SNPs) with extremely low levels of missing data and a significant correlation of allelic frequencies compared to whole-genome sequencing data used for array design. Assay performance was further validated by estimating genotyping errors in two biparental progenies, resulting in an overall 1.8% rate. SPET genotyping data were used to infer population structure and to dissect the architecture of fruit maturity date (MD), a quantitative reproductive phenological trait of great agronomical interest in apricot species. Depending on the year, GWAS revealed loci associated to MD on several chromosomes. The QTLs on chromosomes 1 and 4 (the latter explaining most of the phenotypic variability in the panel) were the most consistent over years and were further confirmed by linkage mapping in two segregating progenies.ConclusionsBesides the utility for marker assisted selection and for paving the way to in-depth studies to clarify the molecular bases of MD trait variation in apricot, the results provide an overview of the performance and reliability of SPET for fruit tree genetics.

Mixed cation transport behaviours in electrodialysis during simultaneous ammonium enrichment and wastewater desalination

This study explored using electrodialysis (ED) to simultaneously enrich ammonium from wastewater for post nutrient recovery and desalt wastewater to enhance post-treatment for water recovery. It focused on the investigation of various factors affecting the efficiencies of ammonium concentration and cation removal and the elucidation of the mechanisms of mixed cation transport behaviours in ED. It was found that using an ED stack with the typical membrane arrangement (i.e., the cation exchange membranes (CEMs) are adjacent to electrode chambers), increasing applied current density and dilute solution/concentration solution volume ratio can generally increase the efficiency of ammonium concentration and the selectivity of NH4+ over other cations (i.e., Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) by CEMs. However, the extent of such increases was constrained by severe ammonium leakage from the feedwater into the electrode solution. A total net transport number quantifying ion transport across ion exchange membranes was introduced to analyze ammonium leakage, which revealed that the less competitive migration of NH4+ than Na+ leads to the substantial accumulation of NH4+ in the electrode solution. To reduce ammonium leakage and increase the ammonium concentration efficiency, altering the membrane arrangement with the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) adjacent to the electrode chambers was demonstrated to be an effective strategy. This study provides important implications for developing ED-based technologies for nutrient enrichment and wastewater desalination.

Systematic bio-fabrication of aptamers and their applications in engineering biology.

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that have high affinity and selectivity to bind to specific targets. Compared to antibodies, aptamers are easy to in vitro synthesize with low cost, and exhibit excellent thermal stability and programmability. With these features, aptamers have been widely used in biology and medicine-related fields. In the meantime, a variety of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technologies have been developed to screen aptamers for various targets. According to the characteristics of targets, customizing appropriate SELEX technology and post-SELEX optimization helps to obtain ideal aptamers with high affinity and specificity. In this review, we first summarize the latest research on the systematic bio-fabrication of aptamers, including various SELEX technologies, post-SELEX optimization, and aptamer modification technology. These procedures not only help to gain the aptamer sequences but also provide insights into the relationship between structure and function of the aptamers. The latter provides a new perspective for the systems bio-fabrication of aptamers. Furthermore, on this basis, we review the applications of aptamers, particularly in the fields of engineering biology, including industrial biotechnology, medical and health engineering, and environmental and food safety monitoring. And the encountered challenges and prospects are discussed, providing an outlook for the future development of aptamers.

MINERAL EXTRACTION WASTES: CURRENT STATUS AND EXISTING WAYS OF REDUCING THEIR ACCUMULATION

In the process of extraction and processing of minerals, waste is always generated, and secondary products can accumulate. The waste of the mining and processing industry accounts for the largest amount of waste among all existing branches of human economic activity. The most rational area of application of by-products of mining enterprises is the industry of non-metallic building materials. This is mainly due to their relative environmental safety. Man-made deposits, as the enrichment technology and the corresponding equipment are improved, already have and may in the near future acquire significant industrial importance. Taking into account their negative impact on the environmental where they are located and the lack of free territories and funds for the construction of new dumps and tailings storage facilities, it can be argued that solving issues related to the development of man-made deposits is becoming particularly relevant. Considering this, one of the possible fields of their use is environmental technologies. Ecological engineering allows the introduction of biological and chemical methods and systems that exist in nature for the study and design of engineering systems and modern approaches and technologies. Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences. Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems". The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems.

Recent Developments in Mutation Enrichment and Detection Technologies.

Presence of excess unaltered, wild-type DNA (wtDNA) providing information of little clinical value may often mask low-level mutations containing important diagnostic or therapeutic clues. This is a recurring hurdle in biotechnology and medicine, including cancer, prenatal diagnosis, infectious diseases, and organ transplantation. Mutation enrichment techniques that allow reduction of unwanted DNA to enable the detection of low-level mutations have emerged since the early 1990s. They are continuously being refined and updated with new technologies. The burgeoning interest in liquid biopsies for residual cancer monitoring, detection of resistance to therapy, and early cancer detection has driven an expanded interest in new and improved methodologies for practical and effective mutation enrichment and detection of low-level mutations of clinical relevance. Newly developed mutation enrichment technologies are described and grouped according to the main principle of operation, PCR-blocking technologies, enzymatic methods, and physicochemical approaches. Special emphasis is given to technologies enabling pre-PCR blockage of wtDNA to bypass PCR errors [nuclease-assisted minor-allele enrichment assay with overlapping probes (NaME-PrO) and UV-mediated cross-linking minor allele enrichment (UVME)] or providing high multiplexity followed by next-generation sequencing [Minor allele enriched sequencing through recognition oligonucleotides (MAESTRO)]. This review summarizes technological developments in rare mutation enrichment over the last 12 years, complementing pre-2010 reviews on this topic. The expanding field of liquid biopsy calls for improved limits of detection (LOD) and highly parallel applications, along with the traditional requirements for accuracy, speed, and cost-effectiveness. The current technologies are reviewed with regards to these new requirements.