Technological Shifts Research Articles

Technology, automation, and industrial relations: the future of HRM in Ilala municipal, Tanzania

This study investigates the complex impact of automation on Human Resource Management (HRM), focusing on areas such as job security, employee rights and welfare, collective bargaining, policy and regulatory responses, trade unions, and worker skills and training. The research aims to understand how automation influences these aspects and to provide insights for organizations crossing this technological shift. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews. Quantitative data were gathered through structured surveys distributed to employees across various industries, capturing perceptions and experiences related to automation in HRM. Qualitative insights were obtained from in-depth interviews with HR managers, trade union representatives, and employees, offering a comprehensive understanding of the significant effects of automation. The findings reveal that automation has led to significant changes in job security, with 45.2% of respondents reporting alterations due to automated processes. Additionally, 50.0% of participants noted impacts on employee rights, including work hours, leave, and pay structures. Trade unions have been compelled to adapt their strategies, with 11.0% acknowledging a role in addressing automation-driven challenges. Furthermore, 65.1% of employees reported access to training programs aimed at adapting to automation, though the effectiveness of these programs varied.The study concludes that while automation offers efficiency gains, it also presents challenges related to job security, employee rights, and the evolving role of trade unions. Organizations are encouraged to implement strategic workforce planning, invest in effective training programs, and engage in dialogue with trade unions to alleviate negative impacts.

Empowering Human-AI Collaboration: Enterprise Technology Platforms and Human Expertise Synergy in Healthcare, Finance, and Scientific Research

The relationship between professionals and intelligent machines has taken an unexpected turn. Rather than the wholesale job displacement many predicted, a more nuanced reality emerged—one where artificial intelligence becomes a collaborative partner in complex decision-making. A multinational technology corporation exemplifies this shift through platforms that transform how doctors diagnose diseases, bankers assess risk, and scientists make discoveries. Real-world deployments tell compelling stories. Radiologists working with AI catch tumors too small for the human eye alone, yet clinical judgment determines treatment paths. Trading desks employ algorithms that process market data in milliseconds, while portfolio managers apply wisdom no machine possesses about human psychology and market irrationality. Experimental laboratories accelerate discovery through computational analysis of massive datasets, but breakthrough insights still require human creativity and intuition. This technology corporation took a different path when designing its tools. Azure AI offers massive computing power but lets users decide how to apply it. Copilot understands plain English requests rather than forcing people to learn programming languages. Power Platform turns business experts into app developers without writing code. Each choice reflects the same bet: professionals know their work better than any algorithm. The technology should adapt to them, not vice versa. Ethics weren't an afterthought either—built-in safeguards prevent discriminatory outcomes, protect privacy, and explain AI decisions in terms humans understand. Early results validate the approach. Healthcare institutions report improvement in diagnostic accuracy and reduction in physician burnout. Financial firms detect fraud patterns more effectively while maintaining customer relationships that require human empathy. Investigation teams tackle previously impossible problems by combining computational power with scientific creativity. Challenges remain substantial. Privacy regulations constrain healthcare applications. Financial compliance grows more complex as AI systems require new oversight frameworks. Scientific reproducibility demands careful documentation of algorithmic processes. Yet organizations navigating these challenges successfully demonstrate that human-AI collaboration represents not just a technological shift but a fundamental reimagining of professional work itself. The most effective implementations recognize that optimal outcomes emerge when each partner—human and machine—contributes their distinctive strengths to solving problems neither could address alone.

How digital economy shapes older adult care services: evidence from China

BackgroundIn the context of an aging society and the burgeoning development of the silver economy, enhancing older adult care services has emerged as a pivotal concern. The technological advancements and industrial shifts driven by the digital economy have provided a novel solution to this challenge. Besides, social organizations, as institutionalized networks of social relations, are important providers of social support for older adult people.MethodsDrawing on panel data from 30 provinces in China over the period from 2013 to 2023, this paper empirically investigates the impact mechanism through which the digital economy affects older adult care services.ResultsIt is found that the digital economy can enhance the quality of older adult care services, primarily by boosting innovation in older adult care-related corporations and driving the development of the older adult care industry (industrial agglomeration and increase in output value). Meanwhile, the positive impact of the digital economy on older adult care services is further strengthened by the social support provided by social organizations. Additionally, the digital economy can also facilitate the improvement of older adult care services in neighboring provinces to a certain extent through spatial spillover effects.ConclusionThe findings of this paper offer policy insights and confidence for accurately understanding the relationship between the digital economy and older adult care services, and for effectively enhancing older adult care services through the development of the digital economy and the improvement of social governance.

Industrial Waste in Poland (2010–2020): A Sectoral View Using Input-Output Models and Structural Decomposition Analysis

This study examines the evolution of industrial waste generation within the Polish economy over the decade of 2010–2020. Rapid economic growth, structural shifts among sectors, and growing environmental awareness have influenced waste production patterns. While numerous studies have addressed related topics in other contexts, a gap remains in assessing how technological changes and shifts in final demand jointly shape industrial waste generation in Poland. The article aims to investigate how changes in technology and final demand affected the volume and composition of waste in the Polish economy, thereby providing insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to enhance sustainability and resource efficiency. The research uses Environmental Extended Input-Output (EEIO) models combined with Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). Using Input-Output tables for Poland from 2010 and 2020 along with waste generation data aggregated into 17 sectoral clusters, the study decomposes changes in waste output into waste intensity, technological shifts, and final demand components. Further disaggregation captures the effects of product-mix adjustments, changes in demand composition, and sector-specific technological innovations. Results show that final demand is the dominant driver of increased waste generation. Technological changes produced mixed effects across sectors: the Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply sector recorded the largest reduction in waste generation, while the Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal Activities; Materials Recovery sector experienced a significant increase. Additionally, Mining and Quarrying along with Construction played key roles, with the former undergoing notable technology-driven shifts, and the latter influenced by adjustments in both technology and final demand. These insights provide policymakers with a valuable reference for targeted waste reduction strategies while enhancing the understanding of how economic dynamics and technological progress shape environmental sustainability.

Modernizing Montreal’s household travel survey: adapting to evolving travel trends and technological shifts

ABSTRACT Despite the rise of new data sources from smartphones and the internet, household travel surveys (HTS) are still crucial for transportation and urban planning. Traditional methods, especially Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), face declining participation and demographic biases, especially underrepresenting younger, tech-savvy individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic has further complicated accurate tracking of travel demand due to rapid shifts in mobility patterns, underscoring the need to modernize survey methods. In response, the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM) conducted pilot surveys in Montreal in 2021 and 2022, testing innovations such as postal invitations, web-based surveys, and a redesigned questionnaire to simplify flow and integrate new mobility topics like remote work. The blend of Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) and CATI increased response diversity and data quality, resulting in more representative data that better captures travel behaviors in the Montreal region.

When Institutions Cannot Keep up with Artificial Intelligence: Expiration Theory and the Risk of Institutional Invalidation

As Artificial Intelligence systems increasingly surpass or replace traditional human roles, institutions founded on beliefs in human cognitive superiority, moral authority, and procedural oversight encounter a more profound challenge than mere disruption: expiration. This paper posits that, instead of being outperformed, many legacy institutions are becoming epistemically misaligned with the realities of AI-driven environments. To clarify this change, the paper presents the Expiration Theory. This conceptual model interprets institutional collapse not as a market failure but as the erosion of fundamental assumptions amid technological shifts. In addition, the paper introduces the AI Pressure Clock, a diagnostic tool that categorizes institutions based on their vulnerability to AI disruption and their capacity to adapt to it. Through an analysis across various sectors, including law, healthcare, education, finance, and the creative industries, the paper illustrates how specific systems are nearing functional obsolescence while others are actively restructuring their foundational norms. As a conceptual study, the paper concludes by highlighting the theoretical, policy, and leadership ramifications, asserting that institutional survival in the age of AI relies not solely on digital capabilities but also on the capacity to redefine the core principles of legitimacy, authority, and decision-making.

Posthumanist Insights into the Adoption of Diffusion Dynamics in Vocational Education and Workforce Transformation

Vocational education operates within dynamic socio-technical assemblages shaped by rapid technological shifts, algorithmic governance, and evolving labour market demands. Traditional, anthropocentric models of diffusion fail to account for the distributed agency across human and non-human actors. A posthumanist reconceptualization of diffusion dynamics reveals innovation as a relational, emergent process shaped by intra-actions among learners, technologies, institutional logics, and digital infrastructures. Through the development and validation of the Academia-Industry Diffusion Dynamics Scale, three key dimensions of capability: Effective Utilisation of Resources, Sensing Capabilities, and Innovativeness, are identified. These dimensions reflect how vocational institutions adapt through entangled processes rather than linear decision-making. Factor analysis confirms the co-constitutive nature of capability formation, highlighting how institutions do not merely implement innovations but are reconfigured through them. Posthumanist theory thus offers a critical framework for understanding diffusion as an ontological transformation, positioning vocational education as a site of continuous reassembly within complex human–non-human ecosystems.

Something slippery: A speculative history of Calcutta cinemas through court-room documents

ABSTRACT This article refers to legal documents, of the Calcutta High Court, to show how the history of cinema is entangled with matters of land, property, and labour issues, in which the subject of gender plays a decisive role. On one hand, much of the readings of the celluloid-era and single-screen cinemas are smeared with tints of nostalgia and are laced with mourning of sorts; on the other, more thorough studies of cinemas, cinema-going and viewership often consider technological shifts as a dominant reason for the so-called ‘death of cinema’. Legal documents, however, demonstrate in what ways transfer of property, monetary disputes, complicated contracts, losses, tax-evasion, unpaid bills, loans, labour rights’ movement – the question of Capital and more – led to the closure of many cinemas across India, and formation of new commercial spaces. The legal papers also illustrate in what way neighbourhoods of Calcutta, like the North and Centre, were dotted with manifold industrial networks including those of the Bazaar, cinema, and sex-work. It is within such disputed and dis-reputed contexts that the cinemas became a site of longing and belonging, and a range of para-legal activities. This article addresses the hydra-headed nature of the cinematic in the city, and elsewhere, and stitches multiple narratives via a single keyword, the ‘cinema’, to underscore how cinemas became a historical ‘alibi’ – a place to be.

Exploring emerging psychopathological characteristics and challenges of novel depression subtypes: insights from the literature.

Depression is a widespread global health issue, significantly impacting all areas of life and is a leading cause of disability. Societal changes, including technological and cultural shifts, and the emergence of new psychoactive substances, have influenced how depression manifests, introducing new clinical dimensions and challenges in its understanding and treatment. This review summarizes from a psychopathological and clinical point of view the most important features related to novel depression subtypes, specifically: I) Early-onset depression; II) Depression and social disconnection; III) Depression and Alcohol/Substance Use Disorder; IV) Depression and Gender Dysphoria; V) Depression, stressful events, and other environmental factors. For each domain, the available research evidence is summarized, starting from theoretical contributions to the relevant psychopathological descriptors with special attention to issues relevant for the clinical practice. Overall, the phenomenology of depression is currently enriched by new symptomatology entities, including the dimensions of boredom, shame, fatigue, alexithymia, and emotional dysregulation. Those symptoms prevail in different novel subtypes of depression deserving in the clinical practice special attention and focused interventions.

A green leap forward: Environmental efficiency amidst natural resource and technological shifts

A green leap forward: Environmental efficiency amidst natural resource and technological shifts

Corrugated tubes as a paradigm shift in solar PV thermal system technologies: Numerical insights into performance

Corrugated tubes as a paradigm shift in solar PV thermal system technologies: Numerical insights into performance

Pursuit of “Absolute Battery Safety, Fear-Free Energy and Mobility” - A Technology Roadmap Toward a Fail-Never Battery Future

The Pursuit of “Absolute Battery Safety, Fear-Free Energy, and Mobility”—A ”Technology Roadmap Toward a Fail-Never Battery Future As the electrification of transportation and energy systems accelerates globally, battery safety has emerged as a critical challenge. Despite significant advancements in battery technology over the past decade, incidents involving thermal runaway, fires, and explosions—especially in electric vehicles (EVs)—continue to undermine public trust. These safety failures are not mere technical glitches; they jeopardize the credibility, scalability, and sustainability of the entire clean energy transition. To fulfil the promise of electrified mobility and grid resilience, the industry must transcend the notion of "safe enough" and adopt a standard of “absolute safety” – a standard envisions a scenario where battery failures are not just rare but practically impossible. Achieving this vision of fail-never energy storage necessitates a bold technological and philosophical shift in battery design, operation, and lifecycle management. Five Core Pillars of Absolute Battery Safety Thermal Runaway Management: Contain, Warn, Prevent: The roadmap to absolute battery safety is built upon five core pillars. First, thermal runaway management is crucial, requiring batteries to provide a minimum two-hour delay between the onset of thermal instability and any external fire. This includes incorporating real-time thermal and gas sensors for early warning, utilizing fire-resistant casings, and ensuring that fire propagation is inhibited even under mechanical abuse or electrical faults. Safe Fast Charging with Zero Degradation: Second, the future of fast charging must prioritize safety and longevity. A safe, fast-charging environment should allow for over 300 ultra-fast charge cycles without structural or electrochemical degradation, supported by active thermal management systems and AI-optimized charging algorithms that consider battery age, usage history, and ambient conditions. Smart, Predictive Battery Management Systems (BMS): Third, smart and predictive battery management systems (BMS) are essential. Unlike legacy systems that react to anomalies, future BMS must anticipate them by fusing data from various sensors, employing predictive failure analysis through AI and machine learning, and enabling automated safety interventions. Cloud-based monitoring will facilitate fleet-wide health management and over-the-air firmware updates. Fire-Safe and Eco-Friendly Materials: Fourth, the use of fire-safe and eco-friendly materials is fundamental to the development of fail-never batteries. This involves transitioning to non-flammable and biodegradable electrolytes, ensuring chemical stability under stress, eliminating toxic components, and utilizing fully recyclable materials to create circular manufacturing ecosystems. Long Cycle Life with Uniform Safety: Lastly, ensuring long cycle life with uniform safety is vital. This can be achieved through durable chemistries, additives to reduce electrode degradation, and uniform wear balancing across all cells. Additionally, end-of-life recognition and soft shutdown protocols via BMS are necessary to maintain safety throughout a battery’s lifecycle. The Technological Roadmap - 2025 to 2035: The technological roadmap from 2025 to 2035 outlines a transition from incremental safety improvements to fundamentally safer platforms. Current technologies like Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries, which are stable but limited in energy density, will evolve into sodium-ion batteries, semi-solid batteries, and ultimately all-solid-state batteries, which promise non-flammable electrolytes and longer cycle life. By 2030 to 2035, fail-never architectures will integrate AI, be 100% recyclable, and eliminate fire risks. The path to absolute battery safety is also a roadmap of chemistry and architecture evolution. The next decade will see a transition from incremental safety improvements to fundamentally safer platforms. Comparative Safety Roadmap: Current to Fail-Never Vision: A comparative safety roadmap illustrates the journey from the current state to the fail-never vision. Key features such as thermal runaway delay, fast charging tolerance, failure detection latency, fire-resistant electrolytes, and material recyclability will see significant improvements by 2035, culminating in universal adoption of biodegradable and non-toxic materials. A New Paradigm for Safer, Cleaner, Smarter Energy Achieving absolute battery safety transcends engineering goals; it is a societal imperative that aligns safety, performance, environmental responsibility, and consumer trust. The transition to fail-never battery systems will require breakthroughs in material science, smart systems integration, advanced predictive analytics, and a commitment to lifecycle sustainability. By 2035, the industry must deliver batteries that are energy-dense, high-performing, unconditionally safe, fully recyclable, and environmentally benign, paving the way for a future characterized by fear-free energy and mobility. ARAI Journal is a key resource for anyone interested in the world of mobility. It keeps readers informed about the latest developments and innovations in the automotive field. This journal is especially helpful for researchers and industry experts, as it encourages discussions on new technologies, safety standards, and sustainable practices. In this issue, it explores important topics like electric vehicles, battery technologies, intelligent transport systems, automated guided vehicles, control systems, and internal combustion engines. I believe that the articles in this journal will provide valuable insights and help advance the automotive industry. I wish all our readers an enjoyable and informative experience!

Fog Computing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Applications: A Survey of Challenges and Scope

The use of computationally intensive applications requiring substantial storage resources in vehicular adhoc networks is on the rise due to the technology shift from smart, intelligent vehicles to autonomous vehicles. Cloud computing addresses this problem to some extent by providing computational and storage facilities for the significant amount of data generated by vehicular nodes. However, it still cannot meet the stringent requirements of highly dynamic vehicular nodes in a real-time environment. The delay-sensitive applications of vehicular ad hoc networks instill the need for computing facilities in the closest possible proximity to the vehicular nodes. Therefore, fog computing has found potential in vehicular ad hoc network applications. Fog computing brings storage and computing resources closer to vehicles. Fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks can help improve the issues of first-generation vehicular ad hoc networks, such as latency, location perception, and concurrent response. Based on existing research, using fog computing decreased the delay by 50-60% and 60-70% in vehicular ad hoc network safety and entertainment and commercial applications, respectively, compared to cloud computing. An extensive study of the amalgamation of fog computing and vehicular ad hoc networks should be conducted to understand the underlying challenges of fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks. Existing surveys only include specific applications of this technology. However, we present an extensive survey focusing on the architecture of these two technologies, their integration, use cases of fog vehicular ad hoc networks, simulation tools, important performance metrics, the challenges in multiple contexts, and the gaps that need to be addressed, as well as suggest prominent journals in this field. This paper will not only impart knowledge to researchers in this area but also provide them with insights to identify the challenges and pursue their work further in fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks.

Impact of Digital Leadership on Organizational Resilience in the Face of Crisis: A Study of the Netherlands

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of digital leadership on organizational resilience in the face of crisis: a study of the Netherlands. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Digital leadership significantly enhances organizational resilience during crises in the Netherlands. Leaders who foster innovation, agility, and data-driven decision-making helped organizations quickly adapt, ensuring continuity through digital tools like remote working and e-commerce. The findings stress the importance of investing in digital leadership development to strengthen resilience and prepare for future disruptions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational leadership theory, dynamic capabilities theory & contingency theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of digital leadership on organizational resilience in the face of crisis: a study of the Netherlands. Organizations in the Netherlands should prioritize the development of digital leadership competencies at all levels. Leaders should be equipped with the skills to lead digital transformations, promote innovation, and manage technological shifts that are critical in ensuring organizational resilience. The government of the Netherlands can support the development of digital leadership through policy initiatives that promote the adoption of digital technologies across industries.

Revisiting public open space and physical activity: What we know, what we still don't, and emerging issues-A decade later.

Revisiting public open space and physical activity: What we know, what we still don't, and emerging issues-A decade later.

I Hear You: On Human Knowledge and Vocal Intelligence

This interview explores embodied agency and the evolving dynamics of knowledge creation through practical and experimental engagement with conversational artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Drawing on media archaeology, media theory, and science and technology studies, it examines how the emergence of language interfaces destabilize distinctions between user and system, collapsing the boundaries between human and artificial modes of expression and understanding. Framed within an artistic research methodology, the project critically engages with the ongoing shift toward machine- and voice-based forms of inquiry, analysing how these technologies reshape the epistemic, linguistic, and ontological conditions of knowledge and research. Departing from keyboard-based interaction, the process emphasizes the decoupling of the body from the machine interface and the increasing fluidity of human-computer correspondence through voice technology. While acknowledging the growing uncertainty of origin and autonomy resulting from this technological shift, it foregrounds indeterminate authorship as both methodological challenge and theoretical pivot, underlining the implications for academic accountability and data ethics. The employment of practice-based experimentation is used as a tool to trace the infrastructural, affective, and rhetorical vectors through which intelligent automated speech influences knowledge production. By examining this process, the study contributes to ongoing debates on verification, trust, and the social negotiation of information induced by advanced conversational AI agents. Overall, the paper argues that voice technologies do not merely transmit content but actively configure the conditions under which knowledge is produced, authenticated, and circulated.

Analyzing the Impact of Social Media on the Development of Personality Speech at Different Stages of Ontogenesis

Aim. This study explores the impact of social media on modern language, focusing on vocabulary, grammar, language complexity, and communication patterns. Language complexity is understood as a multifaceted concept that includes syntax, semantics, pragmatics, phonetics, phonology, and morphology. As language continually evolves alongside cultural and technological shifts, social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok have become influential spaces where language adapts and changes. This research examines how digital communication promotes the use of slang, abbreviations, emojis, and informal expressions, reshaping how users interact and express ideas online. Employing a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, the study analyzes language use on these platforms and identifies significant trends. Methodology. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to explore the dynamic relationship between language and digital communication across social media platforms. Guided by an applied linguistics orientation, the research prioritizes real-world language use, with a focus on discourse features, code-switching, pragmatic functions, orthographic variation, and textual abbreviation patterns. These elements are examined through both qualitative and quantitative lenses to generate a nuanced understanding of linguistic behavior in online settings. Results. Results show that social media is especially popular among younger users’ particularly teenage females with lower secondary education and that informal language dominates digital communication. However, users often adjust their language style depending on the platform, audience, and purpose, balancing clarity with creativity. Formal language remains reserved for professional and specific contexts. The findings suggest that social media fosters linguistic flexibility and cognitive efficiency by encouraging users to adapt their language to different contexts and audiences. This environment supports language creativity and innovation but also challenges traditional norms of grammar and communication clarity. Overall, the study highlights the dual role of social media as both a catalyst for linguistic change and a space where language complexity is negotiated and redefined.

Digital Transformation in Complete Denture Production: CAD/CAM COMPLETE DENTURES

The integration of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems into dentistry has profoundly transformed the fabrication processes of prosthetic devices. Specifically, in the context of complete denture applications, this advanced technology offers significantly greater precision, efficiency, and reproducibility compared to traditional manual methods. One of the primary advantages of CAD/CAM systems in the production of complete dentures lies in their ability to enhance the aesthetic, functional, and biomechanical properties of the prosthesis. Furthermore, CAD/CAM systems enable the standardization of production, minimizing the variability inherent in traditional techniques, which often depend on the expertise and skill level of individual technicians. This ensures that patients consistently receive high-quality and precisely manufactured prostheses. The benefits of CAD/CAM technology—such as improved accuracy, expedited workflows, and enhanced patient comfort—have facilitated its growing adoption in routine dental practice. As the technology becomes more accessible and cost-effective, its widespread implementation in dentistry is anticipated. This technological shift has also spurred an increasing number of studies investigating the use of CAD/CAM systems for complete denture fabrication. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases, employing search terms such as "CAD/CAM complete denture," "acrylic resin denture base," "denture base," "complete denture" and "intraoral scanning." Articles and materials available in full text in both English and Turkish were included in the analysis. This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of production systems and critically examine the current literature on the use of CAD/CAM technology in the fabrication of complete dentures.

THE IMPACT OF THE CORPORATE FARMING PROGRAM ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME OF THE BAROKAH FARMERS GROUP'S RICE FARMING BUSINESS

Rice is a major food commodity that consistently draws attention, particularly in efforts to increase productivity and farm income. Various initiatives have been undertaken by both the government and the private sector to boost rice productivity in order to meet food demands. One such initiative is the Corporate Farming (CF) program, an agricultural institutional model based on the principle of consolidating land owned by members of farmer groups by removing the boundaries (galengan) between rice fields. The aim of the program is to enhance productivity through the use of better technology and to achieve more effective and efficient farming practices. This study aims to examine the impact of the CF program on the productivity and income of rice farming within the Barokah Farmer Group. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, with the t-test used as the analytical tool. Data collection was conducted through surveys, with productivity and income serving as the main variables. The results show that the average productivity and income per hectare per season before and after the implementation of the CF program were significantly different. However, the changes had a negative value, indicating that the program did not have a positive impact. The average value of rice productivity per hectare per planting season after the implementation of CF was 2.455 tons per hectare, smaller than after the implementation of CF of 3.480 tons per hectare. Rice farming income per hectare per planting season after CF was IDR5,298,994.02, which was smaller than before CF, which was IDR12,433,806.81. This outcome is attributed to a shift in farming technology from conventional to organic methods which affected both productivity and farm income before and after the implementation of the CF program

Application of Cashier Applications in the Traditional Retail Digitalization Process: A Literature Study

Background. Digital transformation in the micro-retail sector has become an inescapable necessity, particularly in the face of technological advancements and shifts in consumer behavior. Aims. This study aims to evaluate how the application of cashier applications as a form of digitalization affects the effectiveness of marketing in grocery stores in Kasihan District, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Method. This study uses a systematic literature study approach to describe how cashier applications play a role in supporting the digital transformation of grocery stores, especially in marketing strategies. Data was analyzed from 12 relevant scientific journals, covering issues such as transaction efficiency, customer management, and data-driven decision-making. Result. The study's results show that the use of cashier applications supports the effectiveness of promotions, fosters consumer loyalty, and facilitates digital stock and price management. The analysis was carried out thematically to identify the main patterns that appear in the literature. Conclusion. This research makes theoretical and practical contributions to the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the context of digitalization in micro-retail