Technological Procedures Research Articles

ՊՏՈՒՂԲԱՆՋԱՐԵՂԵՆԱՅԻՆ ՀՈՒՄՔԱՏԵՍԱԿՆԵՐԸ ՉՈՐԱՑՄԱՆ ՆԱԽԱՊԱՏՐԱՍՏԵԼՈՒ ԱՅԼԸՆՏՐԱՆՔԱՅԻՆ ԵՂԱՆԱԿ

Drying is a fruit and vegetable processing technological procedure as a result of which food products with up to 1 year shelf life can be manufactured. Safety indices of the dried fruits and vegetables should comply with the stated standards. As a novelty, the raw material, to be dried, was treated with sodium pyrosulfite. The latter’s properties and chemical composition was studied, and after drying of fruits, expert examination was conducted. Unlike the sulfur powder, the processing with sodium pyrosulfite is much safer; besides the natural color of processed product is preserved and the drying time is reduced by 2-3 hours.

Određivanje različitih uslova ekstrakcije na efikasnost ekstrakcije i određivanje glijadina ELISA metodom

Gluten refers to a complex mixture of gliadins and glutenins. It can cause numerous foodborne disorders. In sensitive individuals gluten can lead to celiac disease (CD), wheat sensitivity and allergy. Gliadin proteins are one of the gluten fractions. The aim of this paper was to examine how different conditions, mixing time (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 min) of the sample with the most commonly solvent 70% (v/v) ethanol and 70% (v/v) isopropanol and incubation time (15, 20, 25, and 30 min) affect the efficiency of gliadin determination with the ELISA method. A commercial kit was used to determine gliadin concentrations, and absorbance was measured at 450 nm, using the ELISA reader. Based on the obtained results, the optimal mixing time of the sample with the solvents was 5 minutes and the incubation time was 25 minutes. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency is the best, i.e., the highest gliadin concentration is obtained. The results of research can be of fundamental importance in the study of gluten proteins and the impact of technological procedures on their change and the possibility of reducing the allergic effect.

Leaching of gold from flotation waste by thiourea

Throughout human history, gold has been the most sought-after and well-known precious metal in the world. It is synonymous with wealth in the financial market and jewellery. However, its use has a wide range of applicability in biomedicine, electronic engineering and other industries. Primary gold resources are limited and have been significantly depleted in recent decades. To cover the current demand, it is necessary to process secondary sources containing gold such as heaps, tailings, lean ores or electrical waste. New and especially more efficient technological procedures are needed for the processing of these secondary sources. From an environmental point of view, a hydrometallurgical process is considered to be more appropriate than a pyrometallurgical process, in which very toxic fumes enter the air. This work investigates the leaching of gold from flotation wastes using thiourea. It is flotation waste that is the target group of materials that are a source of precious metals. An interesting gold content is present in our waste sample (Hodruša Hámre tailings pond), but its evaluation depends on the setting of suitable technological conditions. In this work, thiourea is used as an alternative leaching agent to toxic cyanide, which is banned in Slovakia and many countries around the world due to its high environmental risk. The results of the study are described with respect to the gold recovery under optimized thiourea leaching conditions.

Influence of technological procedures on viability, probiotic and anti-mycotoxin properties of Saccharomyces boulardii RC009, and biological safety studies

The objective was to evaluate the technological processing (protection strategies and storage conditions) influence on viability, on probiotic properties and adsorbent aflatoxin B1 capacity of S. boulardii RC009. Also, the yeast biological safety was evaluated. Lyophilisation (DL) and encapsulation ​+ ​lyophilisation (EL) were conducted. Yeast protected with maltodextrin (M) or WPC stored at 4 ​°C reduced 1 and 2 log the viability, respectively. Yeast protected with M stored at 25 ​°C reduced 1 log after 70 ​d; with WPC the viability significantly reduced 3 log after 30 ​d. Technological processing improved the coaggregation’s capacity with pathogens and DL process allowed the greatest AFB1 adsorption. S. boulardii 106 ​cells/mL were no toxic to Vero cells (p˂0.05). Saccharomyces boulardii RC009 protected with M or WPC maintained viability after technological processing. It possesses a great capacity for AFB1 adsorption and probiotic properties and could be considered a candidate with proven safety for functional food products development.

New art works made of ivory and bone animals from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kostenki 11 (Russian Plain)

This paper presents the results of the context analysis, technological methods of manufacture and features of the art objects from the new collection of the osseous industry recently excavated at the Upper Palaeolithic site “ Kostenki-11”, Cultural Layer 1a, undertaken by I. V. Fedunin and A. E. Dudin (2014– 2018). These objects are several decorated hoes with a double-bevelled end, a bead made from a mammoth’s tusk and also stylized objects fashioned from pieces of animal long bone walls. All of them bear some traces of use-wear. We identified a number of technological procedures, employed during their manufacture, each of which lent them semantic significance.

Research to build technological procedure for soft ground improvement using sea sand-cement-fly ash column

Sea sand-cement-fly ash column technology for soft soil treatment is a new technology in the process of completing the theoretical basis, the experimental basis, and the construction of the ground treatment technological procedure. The paper presents the results of scientific research on design, calculation, construction, and acceptance of sea sand-cement-fly ash column. The scientific basis for the design of column is to consider the role of the column in composite ground, that is to use the column as soft ground improvement or soft soil reinforcement. The important parameters for the column design are: cement and fly ash content; column length; column diameter; number of columns; distance among columns; load capacity and settlement of composite ground. The sequence of steps of construction and acceptance of column includes: selection of construction equipment, preparation of construction sites, trial construction, official construction, evaluation of ground quality after treatment and preparation of document for acceptance.

Theoretical study of the application of the outlet diffuser of a gas turbine as a steam circuit superheater of a combined gas-steam plant

Currently, thermal insulation of GTU output diffusers uses insulation of their inner surface. This is an expensive and complicated technological procedure. For gas turbines as part of CCGT, in order to reduce the cost of insulation and at the same time increase the useful power of the turbine, cooling the diffuser outer surface with a steam stream of a steam circuit can be an alternative way of internal insulation. Steam and gas parameters of a combined cycle plant with a CCGT-450T, as well as the results of experimental and computational studies of the GTU SGT5-3000E gas turbine exhaust channel model were used. The calculations of the efficiency of the surface cooling of the diffuser with the steam coming from the steam circuit were carried out using the analytical method. A scheme of a superheater located on the outer surface of the GTU outlet diffuser operating in a combined cycle is proposed. Analytic evaluation of its effectiveness showed that the surface area of the GTU diffuser of the type SGT5-3000E is sufficient to provide the necessary overheating of low-pressure steam. Installation of such a heat exchanger using the outer surface of the diffuser provides a decrease of the temperature of its outer wall from 537 to 200 оC. The study validity is confirmed by a patent for an invention. It has been established that the use of the outer surface of the GTU outlet diffuser instead of the heat exchange surface of the low pressure superheater of the utilizer boiler can be applied at CCGT unit to reduce heat and hydraulic losses in the diffuser path and in the utilizer boiler path.

Влияние имплантации ионов As-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=- и последующего отжига на электрические свойства приповерхностных слоев варизонных пленок n-Hg-=SUB=-0.78-=/SUB=-Cd-=SUB=-0.22-=/SUB=-Te

Films of n-Hg0.775Cd0.225Te with near-surface wide-gap layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si (013) substrates. To measure the admittance, metal – insulator – semiconductor (MIS) structures were fabricated on the basis of the as-grown HgCdTe film, films after implantation, and films after implantation and annealing. Using techniques that take into account the presence of graded-gap layers and slow interface states, the main parameters of the near-surface layers of HgCdTe films have been determined after the technological procedures used to create photodiodes.

Non-linear FEM analysis for ship panels under thermal loads

During the past decade, welding remained the main technological procedure for joining steel components in shipbuilding industry. Though it has great benefits, welding is an aggressive process that introduces high stress and strains in the joined materials, causing distortion. Finite element method is an important instrument for predicting how structures are behaving under thermal loads. This paper is focused on studying the behaviour of small thickness ship panels, under straightening treatment, by performing thermal-structural-elastic-plastic analysis in Femap/NX Nastran. The proposed panel is tested under three different thermal loadings in order to study stresses and residual distortion.

Unique, firmest full bricks in Czech Republic

History of ceramic products reach as far as 27000 years back. Discovery of first ceramic products definitely showed ways for first approach in processing plastic materials suitable for production of future ceramic products. When we imagine the method of firing first statuettes, it must have placed the foundations for very first field kilns. Thus if we will push over selves to work harder, fire high-quality bricks and abide technological procedures of production. We will be able to produce unique products which will stay here --with us over centuries.

New Approach to Drug Delivery in Ophthalmological Practice: Development of Composite Ophthalmological Solution for Drug Loading of Soft Contact Lenses

Introduction. This article provides a tentative justification of use of soft contact lenses as a carrier of ophthalmological solutions to eye tissues.Aim. The aim of the research is to develop the composition of the ophthalmic transport system for the treatment of glaucoma. Also, the proposed manufacturing algorithms were proposed for drug loading ophthalmological solutions.Materials and methods. Preparation of sodium hyaluronate solution was carried out based on the methodology described in EP 7.0 [01/2011:1472] (Sodium hyaluronate).Results and discussion. The conducted investigation with the purpose to justify a concentration of sodium hyaluronate helped to determine its concentration that gives the viscosity level as close to the upper limit stated in Russian Pharmacopoeia as possible. Buffer solution was chosen with criteria to use as less components in ophthalmological solution as possible. Also, it was found out that the more components are added to the viscous solution, the more viscosity level is decreased. Thus, initial viscosity of solution containing sodium hyaluronate was 149.59 mm2/s, and after addition of active pharmaceutical substance it dropped down to 88.49 mm2/s and 81.36 mm2/s for model solution number 1 and 2, respectively. After addition of citric acid and disodium hydrophosphate, the viscosity of model solution was found to be 78.11 mm2/s and 75.28 mm2/s for model solution number 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusion. As a result of the studies, two alternative model compositions of an ophthalmic solution for the saturation of soft contact lenses for the treatment of glaucoma were proposed. The choice of active pharmaceutical substances, and excipients has been justified. Technological procedure of preparation of model solution was described and explained, where the most attention was paid on dissolving of sodium hyaluronate in purified water.

Analysis of the Results and Prospects for the Further Complex Modernization of the Pelletizing Plant of AO A.V. Varichev Mikhailovskii GOK with OKM-520 Calcining Machines

A modernization version of OKM-520 calcining conveyor machines of AO A.V. Varichev Mikhailovskii GOK has been suggested, which is a continuation of the step-by-step comprehensive modernization of the pellet production technique at the MGOK pelletizing plant and the thermal circuit of OKM-520 calcining machines no. 1 and 2. The improvement of the technological procedure and the scheme of gas-air flows allows one to increase the productivity of the units, improve the environmental situation at the industrial site, and reduce the consumption of energy resources.

Chilean Guitar Music: Violeta Parra’s “Anticuecas”

The relevance of the article is to increase knowledge about the most important figures of the world of guitar art on the example of studying the legacy of the famous guitarist, composer and artist Violeta Parra in the context of the formation of the Chilean academic guitar art of the twentieth century.Main objectives of the study is to identify ethnic sources and determine the nature of their radical linguistic transformation in the composer’s creative legacy of Violeta Parra on the example of the guitar cycle “Anticuecas”.The methodology is based on the methods of historical, cultural, comparative, phenomenological, as well as structural and functional analysis (for considering the historical and cultural context of the composer’s creative activity, studying the genre and stylistic elements of Chilean musical traditions and comparing them with European models).Results and conclusions. The legacy of the famous Chilean performer, composer and artist Violeta Parra is considered, her significant influence on the development of national musical culture is indicated. The guitar cycle “Anticuecas” was studied, the polymetric core of the Chilean cueca was determined as the general genre model of the entire opus. The features of the structural organization of the dance are indicated, its source and leading rhythmic formula is founded as the bolero rhythm in comparison with other Latin American genres — the Paraguayan polka, Venezuelan waltz, horopo or meregne. The stylistic features of the composer’s work, the national genre roots of thematic phenomena, the gravitation towards modern musical vocabulary, formed thanks to the resources of the guitar performing technique, are characterized. An analytical study of the author’s audio recordings and musical scores transcribed by famous Chilean performers, musicologists and composers revealed a high level of contrasts of modern sound lexemes, which differ significantly from traditional cueca. The radical renewal of the linguistic resources of Chilean dance is due to a number of author’s creative and technological procedures: deconstruction of short melodic cueca’s patterns; nesting them inside modern dissonant sound complexes formed according to choosing a positional guitar configuration; variety transposition playing with models with shifted positions along the frets and strings of the neck. The versatility and typicality of the use of numerous versions of the chosen performance technique testifies to the generalization of individual samples of specific guitar thinking in the process of creating music. It is concluded that in the cycle “Anticuecas” by Violeta Parra it was the technique of playing the classical guitar that turned out to be the conductor of the author’s modernist consciousness. The study of the opus is carried out in the context of pictorial analogies between the composer’s musical works, her paintings, tapestries and other artifacts of decorative and applied art

Designing thermal functional materials by coupling thermal transport calculations and machine learning

Advances in materials informatics (MI), which combines material property calculations/measurements and informatics algorithms, have realized properties in the nanostructures of thermal functional materials beyond what is accessible using empirical approaches based on physical instincts and models. In this Tutorial, we introduce technological procedures and underlying knowledge of MI combining thermal transport calculations and machine learning using an optimization problem of superlattice structures as an example (sample script available in the supplement). To provide fundamental guidance on how to use MI, we describe practical details about descriptors, objective functions, property calculators, machine learning (Bayesian optimization) algorithms, and optimization efficiencies. We then briefly review the recent successful applications of MI to design thermoelectric and thermal radiation materials. Finally, we summarize and provide future perspectives about the topic.

An Approach for Mathematical Modeling and Investigation of Computer Processes at a Macro Level

In the digital age, the role of information technology and computer processes is growing. This requires refining the development of software by optimizing the communications between program components and seeking effective interaction in the implementation of processes. Complex module structures are usually developed, which require high compatibility between components and their proper functioning. The purpose of this article is to propose an approach for investigation of a set of connected computer processes executed on a macro level by using deterministic modelling. A formal technological procedure for conducting a deterministic investigation of the interaction between processes was developed. It allows for the transition from the object-original to an adequate mathematical model with its program realization. The core of the constructed procedure is the phases “mathematical formalization”, “mathematical description”, and “program realization”. The goal was to present an application of the procedure to investigate all possible realizations of connected processes, presented as nodes in a directed graph scheme of algorithms by determining the reachability. The program language APL2 was used as a tool for program description of the defined mathematical models, which were realized in the software system TryAPL2 for research automation. A preliminary mathematical formalization of interacting processes was made by presenting an example graph scheme and its transformation into an ordered structure. On the basis of the mathematical description, we developed two program models for automation of the transition to an ordered graph scheme and determination of all possible paths in it for activation of sequences of processes. The proposed models are part of a generalized environment for program investigation of the computer processing organization.

Casting Tool Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing

Abstract Designing a casting tool and choosing materials technology parameters calls for special requirements both for workpiece and tool side. After designing the technological steps and procedures I select the cutting tools. Industrial developments take priority in cloud system engineering. I used this system in the casting tool manufacturing process. It is not easy to make a comprehensive and detailed design following technological steps. The allowances and joints were made on the M2L CNC milling machine. The CAM program was made with EdgeCam software. Defining the casting parameters accurately is still a challenge, but in our major it is not the most important. For the future we are planning a most complicated casting tool.

Evaluation of the physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological characteristics of three Serbian traditional dry-fermented sausages.

Three Serbian traditional dry-fermented sausages, Sremski kulen (S), Lemeški kulen (L) and Petrovačka kobasica (P), were compared for physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological properties, in order to provide complex overview of their quality and safety. The sausages were produced and analyzed within two production seasons in traditional practice. Water activity, color, texture and proximate composition varied significantly (P < 0.05), particularly due to moisture, protein and fat content, what indicated differences in basic formulation of raw sausage mixture, type of casing and some technological procedures. Based on the fatty acid profile the most favorable PUFA/SFA ratio was obtained in sausage P (0.68), while the obtained results for acid value (15.2-22.4mg KOH/g lipid) and TBARS value (0.27-0.55mg malondialdyde/kg) indicated low level of lipid degradation and oxidation in all samples. Regarding the microbial and biogenic amines (BA) analysis, positive outcome of this research is the total absence of all pathogenic microorganisms examined, while the registered levels of BA showed a great variability among the sausages. In particular, total BA content in L attained level that is approx. 50% higher than the recommended one. Hence, special care should be implemented regarding the future production and consumption of this type of sausage. Overall results of this study may be useful to define complete distinctive features of these sausages, to determine relations among them, as well as to improve some phases of traditional manufacturing process.

Separation of gliadins from wheat flour by capillary gel electrophoresis: optimal conditions

Introduction. Gliadin proteins are one of the gluten fractions. They are soluble in alcoholic solution and divided into four groups (α + β, γ, ω1.2, and ω5-gliadins). In this paper gliadins were extracted from wheat flour, and optimal conditions for their separation were determined.&#x0D; Study objects and methods. The separation was performed by capillary gel electrophoresis on Agilent apparatus, CE 7100 (a capillary with an inner diameter of 50 μm, a total length of 33 cm, and an effective length of 23.50 cm). In order to determine the optimal conditions, different solvent concentrations (50, 60, and 70% ethanol), capillary temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), and electrode voltages (–14.5, –16.5, –17.5 and –18.5 kV) were applied. Migration time and relative concentration of each protein molecules within gliadin fractions in the electrophoregram were analysed using Agilent ChemStation Software.&#x0D; Results and discussion. The optimal conditions for gliadin separation were: solvent 70% (v/v) ethanol, capillary temperature of 25°C, and electrode voltage of –16.5 kV. Under these conditions, the total proteins were indetified as Xav = 23.50, including α + β gliadin fraction (Xav = 7.50 and relative concentration RC = 28.29%), γ-gliadins (Xav = 5.00, RC = 26.66%), ω1.2-gliadins (Xav = 4.33, RC = 14.93%), and ω5-gliadins (Xav = 6.67, RC = 30.98%).&#x0D; Conclusion. The results of the research can be of fundamental importance in the study of gluten proteins and the influence of technological procedures on their change and the possibility of reducing the allergic effect of gluten during processing.

Legal Technology and the Future of Women in Law

Much has been written about how automation will change the legal profession as a whole, less so about how automation might affect women in legal practice. This paper briefly maps the likely changes that legal tech (legal technology) will bring to the provision of legal services, and explores how these changes might affect the barriers to advancement that women face in the profession. It determines that, while the use of legal tech may improve women’s work/life balance and overall job satisfaction by bringing about more flexible working hours, positive changes to the billing hours’ system, and fairer hiring and promotion mechanisms, an unfettered inclusion of legal tech might lead to increased working hours for less wages, increased competition for case files among associates, and the perpetuation of existing gender biases when using algorithms in the hiring and promotion process. Finally, the paper makes several recommendations on how law societies, bar associations and other relevant regulatory bodies could ensure that legal tech promotes rather than hinders Equality &amp; Diversity in the legal profession. It proposes that: (1) detailed data on men and women lawyers should be collected to better inform equality and diversity policies; (2) law firms should be required to report on their progress in pursuing equality and diversity; (3) management techniques to promote work/life balance and more flexible pricing systems should be encouraged; (4) female entrepreneurship in legal tech should be promoted; and, (5) technological due process procedures should be required when using algorithms in law firm management to ensure fairness, accuracy and accountability.

Directions for the development of the meat processing industry in Republika Srpska

Meat is a food that has been consumed by humans throughout the history of its existence. Meat and meat products consumption will continue to grow over the coming decades, which requires additional efforts to increase raw meat production and develop technological procedures to extend the shelf life of finished products. Several new sources of protein are being explored, which may be an alternative to conventional meat production systems: raw materials of plant origin, raw materials of microbial origin, algae, rabbits, insects, molluscs, seafood, etc. In the coming decades, science is expected to produce results that will allow the commercial production of artificial meat. Meat of all kinds of animals which have myoblast cells in the skeletal muscle can be artificially produced. In this way, pork and chicken are most likely to be produced, but fish meat production is also possible. 3D printing technology has been used so far to produce several types of nutritional materials. However, there is still insufficient research on the possibility of printing fibrillar meat products (for example, pork, chicken, turkey or fish meat while there are no data for printing beef ). Further research is needed on the possibility of improving the rheological and physical properties of materials (raw materials) and optimizing the conditions for subsequent processing of printed products. Consumers require meat products of high nutritional and sensory quality, which will in no way jeopardize their health. There are more functional meat products on the market and further development of this type of products is expected. Manufacturers will continue to take measures to improve microbiological food safety and the development of technological processes that will prevent the formation of toxic and harmful substances, and prevent contamination of products with environmental chemicals. The application of new packaging materials (biopolymers and nanocomposites) and new meat and meat products packaging systems (active and smart packaging) will facilitate the implementation of plans for improving the safety of meat and meat products.