Input Technology Research Articles

Winning the 5G Race with China: A U.S.-Japan Strategy to Trip the Competition, Run Faster, and Put the Fix In

executive summary: This article argues that China's 5G wireless information and communications technology (ICT) poses serious risks to privacy and national security and describes a potential U.S.-Japan strategy for countering these threats. main argument Chinese leaders have promoted 5G ICT as a component of both the Belt and Road Initiative and Military-Civil Fusion—efforts intended to extend China's influence around the world for national, commercial, and military advantage. Under Chinese law, 5G ICT firms like Huawei and ZTE are required to grant Chinese authorities access to any data that touches their systems. In response, the U.S. and Japan should consider working to counter the advantages of Chinese firms by cutting off their access to key markets, technology inputs, talent, and capital ("tripping the competition"); build up free-world alternatives ("running faster"); and restructure the global playing field to protect privacy, economic competition, and national security ("putting the fix in"). policy implications • To reduce Chinese firms' market access, the U.S. and Japan have focused on expelling untrustworthy Chinese 5G technology from their ICT markets, tightening foreign investment review processes, enhancing visa screening and working with universities to counter Chinese intellectual property theft and talent recruitment, and ensuring that Chinese 5G firms are unable to draw on allied capital markets to fund their expansion. • To provide alternatives to Chinese 5G ICT, Washington and Tokyo are actively investing in secure and resilient 5G technologies and using these as a bridge to 6G solutions, while leveraging export promotion and development finance tools to help these technologies spread in third-country markets. • To balance privacy, economic competition, and national security, the U.S. and Japan can promote Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) and virtualized core technology solutions to restructure wireless markets, while also working with partners to advocate for data privacy norms embodied in international standard-setting institutions.

Natural silk agroindustry in Wajo Regency

Indonesia’s demand for natural silk is quite high for each year, reaching around 200 tons of raw silk threads and 250 tons of spun silk threads, but domestic production of raw silk threads has only reached 110 tons. This shows that Natural Silk has great potential to be developed, especially in South Sulawesi. This business is generally home industry which is relatively easy to work with, simple technology, labor-intensive, fast production, and high economic value. The research was conducted in Wajo Regency in 6 sub-districts of natural silk development. The time for collecting data and information to be used in this study was planned for March - October 2019. The type of data used is primary data and data (collected through field observations followed by direct interviews with 25 entrepreneurs using a questionnaire. The data collected is then analyzed. using the quantitative descriptive analysis to confirm the analysis. Increasing the production of mulberry plants in Wajo is needed for the long term not only as a food ingredient for silkworms but also as a biopharma plant or a mixture of cosmetic ingredients. However, improvements are needed in the quality of cocoon products as well as more advanced technological inputs and capacity building for farmers and their institutions.

Sustainable Development in Agriculture Through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Smarter India

This research work deals with the potential evidence to influence ICT towards the agricultural sector. Indian agriculture is gradually languishing due to the lack of technological inputs and advancement. Information with use of ICT for farmers should be gathered and processed properly by networking and ICT. The optimum utilization of ICT will be utilized for the farmers which paved the way for upheavals in agriculture development and our farmers too. E-governance is one of the ways to reach all farmers to promote availability of resources through information and communication technology, and it is a tool to promote sustainable agriculture as well. In India, lots of e-governance schemes and programmes are available for agricultural sustainability.

Research on the impact of environmental regulation on water resources utilization efficiency in China based on the SYS-GMM model

Abstract The paper uses the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure the water resources utilization efficiency of 30 provinces in China, and then uses the system generalized method of moments (GMM) model to analyze the impact of environmental regulations on China's regional water resources utilization efficiency. Conclusions as follows. (1) The overall water utilization efficiency is low, and the regions are very unbalanced. The more efficient areas are concentrated in the east, and the less efficient areas are in the west. (2) There is a ‘U’-shaped relationship between the intensity of environmental regulation and water resource utilization efficiency, that is, weaker environmental regulation intensity is not conducive to the improvement of water resource utilization efficiency, but when the intensity of environmental regulation crosses the ‘inflection point’, it can promote the improvement of water resources utilization efficiency. (3) The level of economic development has a very significant positive effect on water resources utilization efficiency, and the coefficient of scientific and technological progress is positive, but the impact of scientific and technological input on water resources utilization efficiency is limited and not significant; industrial structure and water resource utilization efficiency shows a negative correlation; water use structure and water resources efficiency show a negative correlation.

Influence of the Evolution of Marine Industry Structure on the Green Total Factor Productivity of Marine Economy

The 14th five-year plan emphasizes the importance of marine ecology and environmental protection, and the green concept is incorporated into the high-quality development system of the marine economy. This research used the data of 11 coastal provinces and cities in China from 2006 to 2016, based on the super-efficiency slack-based measure model and global Malmquist index model. The objective was to calculate the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the marine economy, to study the impact of the evolution of the marine industrial structure on marine economic GTFP. The study found the following: (1) in general, the upgrade of marine industrial structure promoted the growth of marine economic GTFP and presented an inverted “U” trend of initially promoting and then suppressing. Spatially, only the advancement and rationalization of industrial structure in the Yellow and Bohai Sea regions inhibited the growth of marine economic GTFP. In terms of time, the advanced marine industrial structure promoted the growth of GTFP from 2006 to 2010, whereas that of industrial structure inhibited the growth of GTFP from 2011 to 2016. (2) The GTFP of the marine economy showed an increasing trend, but the conversion rate of production technology is low. Falling into the “efficiency trap” of highly advanced technology input and low-efficiency technology output should be avoided. (3) Affected by the mismatch of regional resources or industrial structure, government intervention showed an “opposite” mechanism in areas with different marine economic strengths. Government intervention in areas with higher marine economic strength was conducive to GTFP growth, whereas government intervention in areas with weaker marine economic strength would hinder GTFP growth.

The role of public loans in financing business R&D through the economic cycle.

Should governments increase their efforts in R&D public funding during recession periods? The objective of the present study is to compare the effect of public aid to business R&D on technological inputs and outputs through the economic cycle. We contribute to this literature by examining the effect of one specific instrument of direct public support: selective loans for firms’ R&D projects. For the analysis, we consider Spanish firms supported through this kind of instrument for the periods 2002–2005 and 2010–2012. Our results suggest that the hypothesis of full crowding out of private R&D is rejected in both cycle periods, expansion and recession: public support has positive effects on the resources devoted to R&D activities. However, the effect of public support on some technological outputs depends on the cycle phase: firms supported by selective loans during the crisis are more likely to obtain product innovations.

Strategies of Two-Level Green Technology Investments for Coal Supply Chain under Different Dominant Modes

We consider a coal supply chain with a coal enterprise and a manufacturer, where the coal enterprise invests in clean coal technology, and the manufacturer invests in carbon reduction technology. The government offers subsidies for the investments of clean coal technology and carbon reduction technology. We examine optimal clean coal technology inputs in a coal enterprise and carbon reduction quantity in a manufacturer under the modes of coal-enterprise-led and manufacturer-led, respectively, using a Stackelberg game theory model. We obtain some interesting results. First, carbon reduction by the manufacturer is restrained when clean coal technology cost and carbon reduction cost are increased, regardless of the dominant modes, and clean coal technology input decreases when clean coal technology cost increases; however, a high carbon reduction cost has no effect on clean coal technology input when the manufacturer leads. Second, the clean coal technology subsidy for coal enterprises promotes clean coal technology inputs and carbon reductions, and the carbon reduction subsidy encourages carbon reduction without supporting clean coal technology input. Last, carbon reduction performance is better achieved under the manufacturer-led model than the coal-enterprise-led model. However, it should be noticed that the capital resource only relies on government subsidy in this article. In the future, this study could be used for green supply chain investment, and could be helpful for sustainability development.

Strategic innovation and entrepreneurial ownership: an analysis using GEM data and fuzzy simulation

PurposeThis paper aims to study entrepreneurial ownership and technological input on product innovation globally and in the Indian context. The data used in this study is collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM).Design/methodology/approachThe study evaluates strategic innovation and entrepreneurial ownership in global and country-level data. The study was extracted from global and country-level data by the GEM. One of the methods used is ordinal regression analysis to examine the importance of entrepreneurial ownership and technology usage on product innovation. Another technique used is the fuzzy-based simulation to simulate the scenario of entrepreneurial ownership and usage of technology in business processes impacting product innovation.FindingsResults from statistical analysis indicate that entrepreneurial ownership is high in India compared to the globe. The usage of technology and its excellence is still lower than the global level and in other countries. In India, product innovation is achieved because of strong entrepreneurial ownership but, globally product innovation is achieved because of the higher level of technological excellence and technology usage in innovation activities. The fuzzy-based simulation shows that product innovation is at peak only when both technological input and entrepreneurial ownership are high.Originality/valueThis paper's original contribution is that the fuzzy-based simulations are applied to GEM data to study the relationships of entrepreneurial ownership and technological input on product innovation through simulation. The study has shed light on how entrepreneurial ownership and usage of technology are influential in product innovation.

Factors affecting the commercialization of food legumes in North Cameroon

The study focused on factors affecting the commercialization of food legumes-cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), bambara groundnuts(Vignasubterranea), groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and soybeans (Glycine max) in two departments (Benouéand Mayo-Louti) of the North Region of Cameroon. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data. Qualitative methods involved focus group discussions and direct observations. A structured interview guide was administered in major peri-urban and urban markets to get supportive quantitative data. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. A content analysis was conducted and quantitative data was analyzed with the aid of XLSTAT 2007 software and Excel. A cross-section of the age and gender population was involved in the marketing of food legumes. Women constituted more than 80% in the retail sector on peri-urban markets. The study found that 100% of the vendors had never got any form of training on business management before engaging into the sector. Socio-cultural factors were determinant factors that impacted negatively in promoting an entrepreneurial culture among women. The marginalization of women, the restriction of land ownership by traditional tenure and poor distribution of land for agriculture were some of the main constraints faced by women. The impediments of women’s empowerment include their lack of access to the decision-making process, low participation in local governance and limited access to technology inputs and credit. Traditional practices forbid women and girls to have or manage large amounts of money. Such restrictions have serious consequences on agricultural production. Instead of exploiting the productive capacity of women at all levels, including food production and transformation, some of the traditions simply stifle their potential energies. In addition to socio-cultural factors, major bottlenecks faced in the production and commercialisation of food legumes includes social structural and institutional, agronomic, natural(biotic and abiotic stress)and climatic factors. Development of intervention strategies through exogenous innovation techniques might act as an incentive for smallholder farmers to invest more of their land and energy in cultivation of food legumes. More attention should be focused on market research and development with crop improvement programmes that are economically profitable, if food legumes are to continue making a greater contribution to the household income, nutrition and sustainable development in North Cameroon.

Production decision-making system for manufacturing enterprises constrained by carbon reduction policies

This paper studies the optimal low carbon production decision system with considered the constraints of carbon emission reduction policy for manufacturing enterprises producing two kinds of products in the free market. Firstly, The research proved the optimal production combination exists and it is unique under the carbon emissions limits, and next, the research analyzed the low-carbon production decision-making system in three situations, which are carbon emission trade decision, green technology input decision, and joint decision. The research results showed that carbon emission permits trade can increase more flexibility to manufacturing enterprises and increase their profits as well. However, the carbon emissions limits set by the government would have an important impact on the production decision system of manufacturing enterprises. Carbon emission permits trade and green technology investment can optimize and improve the production decision system of manufacturing enterprises to a certain extent. Meanwhile, the government's scientific and reasonable formulation of initial carbon quotas would mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of manufacturing enterprises to participate in carbon emission reduction. The government should also guide and encourage enterprises to invest in and develop low-carbon emission reduction technologies through tax relief, so as to improve carbon emission reduction technologies and its innovations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Integration of manufacturing and pricing for downward substitution products decision-making

With a cap-and-trade policy and green technology as inputs, we built a manufacturing ordering and pricing joint decision-making model for two downward substitution products to identify the conditions for optimal order quantities and prices of products under the additive demand case. Considering the case of a single period model, the conditions required for optimal manufacturing quantities and pricing were discussed, and the construction of the model was analyzed; furthermore, a study of the tactical choices between green technology inputs and manufacturing decisions was conducted, and the conditions required for green technology manufacturing input were obtained.

Aromatic plants based environmental sustainability with special reference to degraded land management

Land resources are under severe threat to meet its present demand due to unsustainable land use practices worldwide, industrialization, urbanization and pollution. In the present era of limited fertile land, degraded land including polluted and marginal lands are focal to meet the global needs of population. Degraded land restoration and marginal land utilization are vital for economical, environmental and social point of view including all aspects of ecosystem services of present and future. The present technologies for degraded land restoration include costly and unsustainable physical, chemical and biological methods which cannot be imposed without proper technological input. Aromatic crops are in high demand for industries like aroma, food, cosmetic, perfumery, toiletary etc. Certain perennial and annual aromatic crops are adaptable to the harsh environmental conditions of degraded lands. In the present literature, we recommend the adoption of aromatic plants for sustainable management of degraded and marginal lands to achieve the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs), boost circular economy and in situ restoration of degraded and marginal lands to achieve various tangible and intangible benefits including ecosystem services.

Optimising Indian Railways Infrastructure by AI

The pressure on the Indian railway (IR) networks has increased due to higher demand for mobility and growth in India’s population over past several decades. In order to meet the higher demand, IR has put priority in capacity building by increasing the number of coaches per train, running more trains, and building more tracks. Building more tracks or increasing the number of coaches or increasing the number of trains have the potential to solve the problem with high infrastructure cost. Unfortunately, it also comes with added vulnerability in safety in running the system. IR with its investment of over 5,00,000 Cr is presently struggling to make its Operating ratio (expenditure / earning) below 100 %. During the last 166 years of its operation, much technological input has been made on its Infrastructure, Locomotives and Rolling stock but its Train Control practices have remained Conventional – locally controlled and experience-based. The developments in the area of signal processing, communication systems, and artificial intelligence (AI) etc. have great potential for applications in Indian Railway right from ticketing to movement of trains, maintenance etc. The potential of AI has been felt in different applications like predicting delays, preventive maintenance of tracks and rolling stocks, forecasting algorithm for the railway systems. The use of AI in the operation of IR will improve performance by using clever algorithms with efficient software and hardware. This in turn will provide lower latency with information sharing and the use of AI in rail operation will surely improve the efficiency in train operation. This paper highlights the potential contributions of AI in improving the operation of India’s railway system and how the application of recent technological advancement in Information Science and Artificial Intelligence can bring a change in the train operation scenario at a railway station and Control Centre and add to the profitability of Indian Railways.

Business plan for the establishment of seaweed nursery in Poteran Island: a case study in fish farmers group

The potential of seaweed in Sumenep is quite vast; however, it is not followed by efforts to develop nursery support units. Even though the supply of edible seeds with "affordable" selling prices is crucial to the success of seaweed farming. To produce quality seaweed seeds technology input is needed, which affects the price of seedlings. The purpose of this study is to analyze the methods of determining the cost of seaweed nursery production and formulate alternative selling price policies that are appropriate for a seaweed nursery business. Data collection methods used were direct interviews, filling out questionnaires and observations within three months. Data analysis uses the costing method (HPP) by determining the full cost (full costing) and variable costs (variable costing). Use these two methods to compare the cost of production, which gives the lowest unit price. To determine the sales pricing policy that is suitable for seaweed nursery business, we use the cost-plus pricing method approach and the break-even analysis method. The results showed that the determination of the HPP of seaweed seeds using the Full Costing method and the Variable Costing method differed per kg, where the lowest HPP value was obtained from the Variable Costing method. The selling price policy for seaweed seeds produced is lower than the price of seaweed seedlings produced by farmers (market price).

On the Academic Value of "The Textile Weekly"

“The Textile Weekly”, as an academic witness of Chinese textile industry throughout the 20th century, is a significant legacy recording the development of China’s domestic textile industry. Under the contemporary context of high-tech industrialization and “Belt and Road” Initiative, the study on “The Textile Weekly”, is of great referential significance for learning today’s industry policies and market status. Therefore, this paper, based on multiple literature reviews and substantial textual analysis, has built up the argument that “The Textile Weekly” mainly sheds light on social policy construction, establishing the foundation for comparative academic research, contemporary textile talent development, as well as the improvement on the overall R&D ability of China’s domestic industry. Studying “The Textile Weekly”, from both academic and practical point of view, will help us better understand how the domestic textile industry had been developed with the challenge and opportunities imposed by the increase of technological input into global textile production.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in Wildlife Habitat Quality in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River from 1980 to 2100 Based on the InVEST Model

The Yangtze River (YZR) regions have experienced rapid changes after opening up to economic reforms, and human activities have changed the land cover, ecology, and wildlife habitat quality. However, the specific ways in which those influencing factors changed the habitat quality during different periods remain unknown. This study assessed the wildlife habitat quality of the middle and lower YZR in the past (1980–2018) and in future scenarios (2050, 2100). We analyzed the relationships between habitat quality and various topological social-economic factors, and then mapped and evaluated the changes in habitat quality by using the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The results show that the slope (R = 0.502, P < 0.01, in 2015), elevation (R = 0.003, P < 0.05, in 2015), population density (R = –0.299, P < 0.01, in 2015), and NDVI (R = 0.366, P < 0.01, in 2015) in the study area were significantly correlated with habitat quality from 2000 to 2015. During the period of 1980–2018, 61.93% of the study area experienced habitat degradation and 38.07% of the study area had improved habitat quality. In the future, the habitat quality of the study area will decline under either the A2 scenario (high level of population density, low environmental technology input, and high traditional energy cost) or the B2 scenario (medium level of population density, medium green technology and lack of cooperation of regional governments). The results also showed that habitat in the lower reaches or north of the YZR had degraded more than in the middle reaches or the south of YZR. Therefore, regional development should put more effort into environmental protection, curb population growth, and encourage green technology innovation. Inter-province cooperation is necessary when dealing with ecological problems. This study can serve as a scientific reference for regional wildlife protection and similar investigations in different areas.

Evaluating Technological Innovation of Media Companies from the Perspective of Technological Ecosystem

The evaluating indicators on the benefits of innovative technology to media companies are preliminarily analyzed and evaluated, according to the research review and evaluating criteria of self‐organization and ecosystem selection. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used to further explore and select the indicators. According to the results, from the perspective of technology ecosystem, innovative technology performance of media companies can be measured through a two‐factor structure—the input of innovative technology and its output. On this basis, ANP (analytic network process) is used to establish a weighted evaluation of indicators. At the end of the paper, a complete set of evaluation systems was created to measure the performance of technology innovation.

A spatial study of rubber plant health using sentinel 2-A imagery in Cibungur Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java

Rubber plants are one of the plantation commodities which occupy an important position as a source of non-oil and gas foreign exchange for Indonesia. Rubber production is currently experiencing a decline due to reduced productivity in rubber plantations. Rubber plantation problems related to land resources require effective and efficient technological input to determine the health of rubber plants so that they can increase rubber production. Remote sensing technology is one input that can be used as a decision maker to decide problems spatially and quickly, accurately, and dynamically. This study aims to determine the health condition of rubber plants in Cibungur Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java by using high-resolution satellite imagery, namely Sentinel 2-A images processed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method in monitoring the spatial health of rubber plants. The results of this study indicate that the level of distribution of NDVI values in Cibungur Plantation is quite high and rubber plants with very good health conditions have the largest area of 5,365.98 hectares. The NDVI method and Sentinel 2-A image processing used in this study can be used to determine the health of rubber plants in Cibungur Plantation.

Production Orientation of KVK Adopted Farmers: The Socio-Ecological Estimation and Interpretation

Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established initially to impart training to the different stakeholders of the farming community as a method of technology delivery system. As the time passed by this grass root institution has undergone a tremendous change, starting from technology generation, testing, verification and ultimately onwards transmission to the end users for the enhancement of the productivity in particular and for the overall socio- economic development of the rural people in general with its mandated programmes. The work was conducted with 10 independent variables and one dependent variable-.i.e. Production orientation (y). Purposive as well as simple random techniques were adopted for the study. Among 50 adopted KVK farmers of the selected villages only 22 adopted farmers have been randomly selected and more 22 non adopted farmers and thus altogether 44 farmers have been randomly selected for the study. The results revealed that adoption of improved and newer technology requires decision by farmers, and scientific orientation is a degree to which respondents can orient to the use of scientific methods in relation to adoption behavior. It is an important psychological factor in decision making process. It is concluded that people with progressive attitude will always try to involve themselves in all activities through which more annual income can be achieved and education plays a vital role for adoption process. Training plays important role for improvement of KVK. In the last phase of stepwise regression analysis it is seen that mechanization in family has got some functional impact on production orientation. Mechanization in family determines the adoption of new technology which increases farm production. So it is clear that KVK is an institutional project of ICAR to demonstrate the application of science and technology input of agricultural research and education in the farmers field in the rural areas.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF LITERACY IN NALGONDA DISTRICT OF TELANGANA

The purpose of this study is to build up capacity for developmental planning at Nalgonda district of Telangana through application of the Geo-informatics tools. The study area comprises a total of 7 settlements (Villages) has a total population of 16,767 and a total of 4,443 households (based on Field survey). This work covers part of two Mandals - Devarakonda and Chandampet. The three villages of Mynampally, Tatikole and Kacharam fall in Devarakonda Mandal. The four villages of Guntipalle, Polepalle, Gagillapuram and Mudidandla which form part of the study area fall in Chandampet Mandal. The data thus collected covers 10 variables which relate to Literacy (2001-2011). The present study area is to build a high resolution data base for a cluster of seven villages to create easy information retrieval system to serve as a Decision Support system for the planners and administrators to facilitate G Governancespecifically pertaining to Literacy. It is a demonstration of a socio-economic application of GIS. A reform of village institutions with appropriate technological inputs will help in arriving at quick decisions and help with planning and problem solving with a clear perspective.