Video Coding Technique Research Articles

Smart collaborative video caching for energy efficiency in cognitive Content Centric Networks

Due to the prosperity of online media, caching video content has become an important measure to improve the user experience and alleviate the link burden in wireless caching networks. However, facing to perceptual requirements of video users, Scalable Video Coding (SVC) technique has been cumulatively utilized in wireless caching networks, which can guarantee acceptable video quality. In this paper, we propose a smart collaborative video caching policy to boost energy efficiency (EE) in Cognitive Content Centric networking (C-CCN), where the spectrum sharing characteristic of cognitive ratio (CR) is integrated into CCN. With consideration of the imperfect channel-state information (CSI), the collision interference exists between the primary users (PUs) and secondary base stations (SBs). Inspired by this, we derive the expressions of successful content delivery rate (SCDR) and total power consumption for the proposed policy. By using these expressions, the optimal EE model under the caching size constraint is formulated as an optimal content placement problem, which can be solved by the standard gradient projection method. Numerical and simulation results show the efficacy and superiority of the proposed policy compared with some traditional caching schemes.

Intelligent Coding Unit Partitioning using Predictive Data Mining

Increasing applications of videos in everyday life demands compressing the videos further. International bodies for Video Coding standards are working toward making it more efficient in terms of reducing bitrate so as to efficiently compress the high-resolution videos. With increasing resolution, the size of the Coding Units increases. Latest Video Coding techniques like High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Versatile Video coding (VVC) proposed Larger coding Units with flexible Quadtree decompositions. In Inter-picture prediction all the sub blocks have to find best partitioning structure during motion estimation. Due to larger coding units finding the best partitioning introduces computational complexity. In the proposed work we present a computational complexity control scheme using predictive data mining. The method helps to predict whether to split or no split the coding unit. The decision tree model trained offline in the proposed work achieves 77.73% saving in encoding time with minimal change of 0.15 in average PSNR and 0.00074 in average SSIM values.

Video Coding of Various Decomposition with Encoding Techniques

In a period of past ten years, Compression or coding of video has been elaborated as a vital role in the part of total communication. Multi resolutions techniques play a vital part in the coding of image and video. Wavelet and curve let transform are one of the popular and efficient technique in video coding. In my paper, I am operate to implement various coding based methods with (EWT)empirical wavelet transform, different wavelets ,curvelets with various encoding techniques. They are video coding with EWT and H.264(VEWH), video coding with EWT and LZW(VEWL), video coding with EWT and Huffman with SPIHT(VEWHS), video coding with mexican hat wavelet transform and SPIHT(VMWS), video coding with dual tree wavelet and SPIHT(VDTS), video coding with 3D dual tree wavelet transform and SPIHT(V3DTS), video coding with curvelet transform and SPIHT(VCTS) and video coding with dual tree complex wavelet fractional transform and modified SPIHT(VDTCWFS). Next we implement these methods with the assist of matlab 2014 and 2015, and then analyze these techniques by using PSNR and compression ratio

Client-Side QoE Management for SVC Video Streaming: An FSM Supported Design Approach

HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) which provides the flexibility of video bit-rate adjustments, is becoming the de facto framework for live and on-demand video streaming services. The flexibility of HAS is further empowered by the scalable video coding (SVC) technique which allows low overhead quality upgradations of transmitted video segments. In this paper, we present a client-side finite-state machine (FSM) supported quality of experience (QoE) centric video bit-rate adaptation and management mechanism. The proposed strategy simultaneously manages three important QoE verticals: 1) providing stutter-free video viewing experience; 2) minimizing flickers in video outputs by controlling and smoothing the rates of encoding quality switches over time; and 3) maximizing aggregate video quality over a video playout session. Based on careful consideration of these QoE verticals, the management policy dynamically decides whether to download a new segment or upgrade the quality of an already downloaded segment in the playout buffer. We have implemented and evaluated the performance of our proposed framework in a multi-client SVC video steaming test-bed. Conducted experiments using real-world network traces reveal that the proposed strategy is able to outperform other state-of-the-art adaptive streaming techniques and deliver satisfactory QoE even in the face of highly varying channel conditions.

Video coding technique with a parametric modelling of noise

This paper presents a video encoding method in which noise is encoded using a novel parametric model representing spectral envelope and spatial distribution of energy. The proposed method has been experimentally assessed using video test sequences in a practical setup consisting of a simple, real-time noise reduction technique and High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC). The attained results show that the use of the proposed parametric modelling of noise can improve the subjective quality of reconstructed video by approximately 1.8 Mean Opinion Scope (MOS) points (in 11-point scale) related to the classical video coding. Moreover, the present work confirms results attained in the previous works that the usage of even sole noise reduction prior to the encoding provides quality increase.

Optimization of video steganography with additional compression and encryption

Currently, data such as text, images and video are very important. Therefore, data must be secured from unauthorized parties. In this paper, we propose a number of security levels, first using compression techniques on the data that will be hidden to reduce the size of the data, second using encryption techniques on data that has been compressed so that data is more secure, third using video steganography techniques on compressed and encrypted data so that unauthorized parties are increasingly difficult to extract data. Measurement of differences in quality of cover-video and stego-video using MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), evolution histogram of video tags, and video playback. The results show that the proposed algorithm gives better results than the previous algorithm which has a smaller MSE, larger PSNR, smaller histogram evolution of video tags, and play video without distortion.

A novel SPN-based video steganographic scheme using Sudoku puzzle for secured data hiding

Video steganography is the method of hiding the presence of data within the cover video. In this paper, a novel video steganography technique is revealed, where with the help of Sudoku puzzle of order 9 × 9, extracted image frames of a cover video are utilized to hide encrypted data. The novelties of the work imply that as the input information is first encrypted into cipher text using a new modified substitution and permutation network (SPN)-type block cipher, then, that cipher text is embedded in the video using Sudoku puzzle as a key. This new and robust encryption model is like a block cipher in comparison with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) that provides enhanced resistance in case of fault attack. This new SPN-type architecture differs with AES architecture in the step of round key mixing function. Its computation complexity is much higher compared to original AES to find 128 bits of tenth round key. Therefore, our proposed work combines both cryptographic and steganographic technique and Sudoku puzzle to enhance the security in maximum level with optimal computational complexity and good embedding capacity rate.

Improved Video Coding Technique for Next Generation Communication System

Improved Video Coding Technique for Next Generation Communication System

Sparse data encoder and decoder to improve security in video steganography

SummarySteganography is a technological art to hide text, audio, digital image,s and videos in secret communication, and in the past decade, much research has been carried out the respective field. Currently, secret communications through video steganography are focused on numerous applications due to emerge of social communication networks such as whatsApp, twitter, and Facebook. In video‐based steganography, the video with any format have been separated into number of frames associated to the dividing speed and select few frames for embedding purpose. The existing video steganography techniques have some advantages and limitations in information hiding and so to design a well‐intentioned steganography algorithm for improving security and robustness are significant task. The experimental results show that the proposed block‐based transform domain sparse data encoder and decoder video steganography method provide high security with improved PSNR.

Radio Resource Allocation for Multicast Services Based on Multiple Video Layers

Mobile broadcast/multicast video services have become highly demanded in mobile networks and require effective and low-complexity radio resource management (RRM) strategies. This paper proposes an RRM strategy based on multicast subgrouping and the scalable video coding (SVC) technique for multicast video delivery that focuses on reducing the search space of solutions and optimizes the aggregated data rate (ADR). The results in terms of ADR, spectral efficiency, and fairness among multicast users, along with the low complexity of the algorithm, show that this new scheme is adequate for real systems.

Robust secure video steganography using reversible patch-wise code-based embedding

During the process of data hiding for secure transmission, there is possibility of easy accessing of secret data due to availability of various issues in video steganography techniques. The large size of video file is divided into different number of frames in order to process the large amount of data. By using the embedding process, the secret data is easily embedded on the cover video for either large or small amount of information. The process of encryption and decryption is performed to provide high security in data hiding algorithm. In the transformation technique, the effective decryption process arises an issue during the video encryption process. The ineffective restoration of compression process involves in the encryption of input video frames by using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) transformation. Also, the pixel information are lost due to processing of frame conversion and encoding in transformation technique. Thus, the encryption efficiency is affected by lossy pixel information. Hence, the flexible φ-correction filtering method with Blind Pixel Algorithm (BPA) technique is proposed in this paper to hide secured data without degrading the information. The pixel grouping is performed by replacing the relevant and recurrent pixels with the message information during the encryption process in order to reduce lossy pixel information. Also, the flexible φ-correction filtering method is developed as preprocessing method to remove noise information on cover and secret video by analyzing the pixel value in terms of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) after performing the pixel optimization with the help of different boundary coefficient value. Thus, the preprocessing and pixel grouping stage in the proposed technique reduces lossy pixel information. Based on the Least Significant Bit (LSB) concept, the pixel value of secret message embeds on pixel value of cover frame sequentially by using the BPA algorithm and the disadvantage of LSB approach is overwhelmed by embedding the set of random pixel value between cover and secret video. The Patch Wise Code Formation (PWCF) algorithm is utilized as video encoding process to provide high security during data hiding process. The BPA algorithm utilizes in reversible manner to achieve efficient working of decryption process. The performance of the proposed Blind-Pixel Based Secure Data Embedding (BPSDA) technique is evaluated for various video sequences in terms of Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Compression Rate (CR), and Bits Per Pixel (BPP).

IF-RD optimisation for bandwidth compression in video HEVC and congestion control in wireless networks using dolphin echolocation optimisation with FEC

At present, the latest standard for coding the videos is high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) technique. Owing to limitations of wireless channels on time variability and bandwidth, video transmission to multiple mobile users is difficult. Inter frame-rate distortion (IF-RD) is the technique used in this paper, and it provides more clear videos with a reduction in motion signal by compressing bandwidth and enhancing optimisation in HEVC. First, the multi-resolution encoder encodes the video by employing a fusion strategy called IF-RD optimisation strategy. In order to improve performance and achieve noiseless transmission, the forward error correction (FEC) and dolphin echolocation optimisation techniques are integrated. Token-based congestion control (TBCC) reduces messages that are dropped due to congestion in the network. It also provides computation time. By adopting HEVC, the system performs well and achieves better compression in bandwidth and saves better Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) data rate with no extra time for encoding.

Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) of the Hybrid Adaptive Rood Pattern Search (ARPS) Based on Its Motion Speed

There are several numbers famous proposed Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) in video coding technique and among it, the ARPS is a well known BMA technique that produce lower computational complexity and higher quality of the encoded video at the same time. In general, a video will has a lot of temporal redundancy among its neighborhood frames especially for a low motion video which make encoding a low motion video with smaller MB and bigger p size seemed impractical and vice versa. In this paper, the hybrid version of ARPS technique is used depending on its motion video type either low, medium, or high motion video. Basically this hybrid model works by setting the Macro Block (MB) and Search Range Size, p according to the motion type. Low motion video will be use higher size of MB and smaller size of p, medium motion has medium size of MB and p, and high or fast motion video will use smaller MB and bigger p size. The experimental result shows that by using the hybrid BMA technique, it can produce a better quality of the constructed frame and also it achieve less computational complexity at the same time.

EVALUASI PENGIRIMAN VIDEO MENGGUNAKAN PENGKODEAN SKALABILITAS SPASIAL DENGAN GANGGUAN PADA KANAL INTERNET

Video transmission over the internet can be a great possibility of the existence of lost packets (packet loss) and load variations in a large bandwidth. This is a source of network congestion can interfere with the rate of data communication. In this paper the proposed planning optimal error control in scalable video transmission to a video coding technique FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability), which is an improvement on the MPEG-4 video coding, which has outputs are scalable base layer and layer Enhanchement that have different sizes and rates, which the application will be adapted to the transmission network conditions, the ultimate goal is to minimize any distortion from the source to the destination. In the simulation yields a value Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) on the base layer of 29, 683 dB and 78,917 dB enhancemenet layer and the base layer for the MSE of 69,998 dB and 0,000834417 dB enhancemenet layer, Means Square Error (MSE) as the performance of the network system performance on video quality for both the base layer and layer Enhanchement.

ZLBM: zero level binary mapping technique for video security

In recent days, providing security to data is a crucial and critical task in many image processing applications. Specifically, video security is an important and demanding concept. For this purpose, some of the embedding, encoding and decoding techniques are mentioned in existing works, but it has some drawbacks such as increased time complexity, computational complexity and memory consumption. Moreover, it does not provide high security during video transmission. To overcome all these issues, a new technique, namely, Zero Level Binary Mapping (ZLBM) is proposed in this paper for video embedding scheme. The motivation of this paper is to provide high security during video transformation by using the video steganography technique. At first, the cover and stego videos are given as the inputs and it will be converted into the video frames for further processing. Here, the Fuzzy Adaptive Median Filtering (FAMF) technique is employed to remove the impulse noise in the video frames. Then, the pixels in the filtered frames are grouped by using the block wise pixel grouping technique. After that, the frames are embedded with the help of ZLBM technique and encoded based on the patch wise code formation technique. On the receiver side, the inverse ZLBM and block wise pixel regrouping techniques are applied to get the original cover and stego videos. The novel concept of this paper is the use of ZLBM and patch wise code formation techniques for video embedding and compression. The main advantages of the proposed system are high security, good quality and reduced complexity. The experimental results evaluate the performance of the proposed video embedding technique in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Compression Ratio (CR), Bits Per Pixel (BPP) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).

Novel video steganography algorithm based on secret sharing and error-correcting code for H.264/AVC

In this paper, we analyze the video steganography technique, which is used to ensure national security and the confidentiality of the information of governmental agencies and enterprises. Videos may be used to transmit secrets and conduct covert communication. As such, we present an algorithm based on a secret sharing scheme and an Error-Correcting Code (ECC), which combines Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) with a partition mode in video compression standard H.264/AVC. First, we process secret information by secret sharing, and then use an ECC to process the obtained information. Moreover, we choose the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) blocks using GRA, and then use rules to hide the pretreated information in DCT coefficients of the video frames. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm has good invisibility, better robustness, good anti-steganalysis ability, and little influence on the bit rate of the video carrier. In addition, the bit error rate is low after attacks such as noise, filtering, or frame loss in the simulation environment.

Interactive Fault Extraction in 3-D Seismic Data Using the Hough Transform and Tracking Vectors

The exploration of reservoir regions has a close relationship with the localization of faults. Although faults can be labeled in seismic volumes by experienced interpreters, such manual interpretation is inefficient when dealing with a dramatically growing amount of collected seismic data. To speed up the interpretation efficiency of faults, in this paper, we propose a method that semiautomatically detects fault surfaces by using the Hough transform as well as tracking vectors. In the proposed method, we classify seismic sections into reference and predicted ones by borrowing the concept of I- and B-frames in video-coding techniques. For these two types of seismic sections, we introduce different strategies to delineate faults. In reference sections, we first highlight likely fault regions from corresponding coherence maps and apply the Hough transform to extract the features of faults. After removing false features, we optimally connect remaining features under the constraints of coherence maps. Since the accuracy of fault detection in reference sections depends highly on several parameters, to avoid replicating the tweaking of parameters in all seismic sections, we propose tracking detected faults in reference sections through remaining predicted sections, in which faults are labeled based on estimated tracking vectors and geological constraints. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we introduce a fault similarity (FauSIM) index that describes the similarity between detected faults and manually picked faults. The FauSIM index based on the Frechet distance focuses on both the local and global comparisons of faults. Experimental results show that the proposed method has the capability to accurately detect faults in seismic sections, and the tracking process improves interpretation efficiency by eliminating tweaked parameters. In addition, comparisons between faults delineated by various methods and faults manually picked show that the FauSIM index is highly correlated with interpreters’ subjective perception.

Toward Encrypted Cloud Media Center With Secure Deduplication

The explosive growth of multimedia contents, especially videos, is pushing forward the paradigm of cloud-based media hosting today. However, the wide attacking surface of the public cloud and the growing security awareness from the society are both calling for data encryption before outsourcing to cloud. Under the circumstance of encrypted videos, how to still preserve all the service benefits of cloud media center remains to be fully explored. In this paper, we present a secure system architecture design as our initial effort toward this direction, which bridges together the advancements of video coding techniques and secure deduplication. Our design enables the cloud with the crucial deduplication functionality to completely eliminate the extra storage and bandwidth cost, which would have been incurred by hosting encrypted videos from different entities. The design is also carefully tailored to the scalable video coding (SVC) techniques to support heterogeneous networks and devices for high-quality adaptive video dissemination. We show fully functional system implementations with structure-aware encryption design and structure-aware deduplication strategies that are both completely compliant with the video format in SVC. Extensive security analysis and experiments via our prototype deployed on Azure cloud platform show the practicality of the design. Our work can also be easily extended to support other media applications that employ media files with scalable structures.

Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform Based Video Steganography

Now the world became more digitalized and the digital communication over the internet increases day by day. At present days the digital data is widely transfer over the internet and the whole information of living being has been uploaded on the server. With the increase of internet use, the misuse of private data also increases. There exist are many hackers and they may easily hack our private data too. So now a days security of private data has become major part of concern. For the prospective of security, cryptography and steganography of secret data can be used. In cryptography the original secret message is converted into ciphertext that is understood. While in steganography technique the secret data is hiding in cover media. Cover media may be multimedia file such as data, images, audios and videos. In this paper we are introducing video steganography technique using discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT). Additional security can be achieved by using combined cryptography and steganography for better security of secret information. Result shows that the video steganography using discrete wavelet transform provide better performance parameter as compare to other technique of steganography.

Multi-layers Video Steganography: A Novel Technique for Image Hiding

Steganography is hiding of a secret message within an ordinary message. Both secret and ordinary data can be of different type such as document, digital image or digital video. As videos are transmitted more frequently over the internet we imposed a large impact on video steganography. In this work, we are presenting a novel video steganography technique to hide greyscale image inside a colored video. Our proposed technique consists of five stages that take the 6 most significant bits from each pixel of the secret image and hide it in different layers in the cover video using the least significant 2 bits from each color in each pixel in the selected frame. We proposed a selection procedure of video frames to improve the technique security. The experimental results are promising.