Technical Conditions Of Production Research Articles

HR-ENGINEERING IN THE ASPECT OF QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT ABILITY OF WORKERS TO WORK

The article presents the main theoretical approaches and practical recommendations for the quantitative assessment of workers’ abilities to work. The essence of the assessment, principles and content of its conduct are revealed. Methodological recommendations have been developed for determining the index of the worker’s ability to work, which is a relative indicator that characterizes the ratio of normative labor costs that are absolutely necessary for a worker of some average ability to work to perform a specified job or a set of jobs in the operation cycle in the given organizational and technical conditions of production. to the labor costs that are actually spent by a specific worker with his inherent labor abilities when performing the same work or a set of works under similar production conditions. A step-by-step method of conducting a quantitative assessment is proposed and thorough methodological recommendations are given for determining the individual workload for each worker at different intervals of time, which he is able to systematically perform according to his work abilities for a certain time in certain organizational and technical conditions of production and exchange for a certain amount salary. It has been proven that the establishment of an individual regulatory workload for each worker requires the simultaneous division into component elements of both technological and labor processes, taking into account the personal abilities of workers to work. The role and significance of the quantitative assessment of workers’ abilities to work in the aspect of the most complete and effective use of each worker’s labor resource and the achievement of the highest labor productivity are highlighted.

Formation of motivation HR-engineering on the base of flexible tariff normation of payment for labor

The theoretical and methodological principles of further development and improvement of the tariff system of labor remuneration were studied. The existing tariff systems for workers' wages have proven highly imperfect. They contain certain rudiments of tariff systems of directive and planned economy. Scientific and theoretical approaches were determined, and the optimal algorithm for the formation of motivational HR engineering based on a flexible tariff was developed. Methodical and practical recommendations for choosing the absolute value of the tariff rate of the first category using reduction on a flexible basis are proposed. Two methods have been developed: calculation-analytical and market, which show the socio-economic vector of the further development of the tariff system and provide a wide choice of the most optimal size of the tariff rate, which, on the one hand, ensures the necessary and sufficient level of wages, and on the other - causes high motivation workers to perform the assigned operation, work or set of results in certain organizational and technical conditions of production. In the first case, it is recommended to take either the average level of wages formed at the enterprise, economic sphere, industry, region of Ukraine or the officially established size of the consumer budget - subsistence, rational, elitist, etc. In the second case, the tariff rate is determined based on the market price of the labor force formed on the local, regional, or national labor markets. A wide selection of indicators enables any enterprise to conduct a balanced tariff policy, considering its financial condition and the need to ensure the appropriate level of wages and motivate workers to work both as a basis for calculating the first-tier tariff rate and as a certain socio-economic reference point for the further development of the tariff system. Keywords: tariff rate, salary, tariff system, HR engineering, motivation, tariff category.

COVID-19 in US Economy: Structural Analysis and Policy Proposals

Based on an input–output framework, this paper analyses the intersectoral structure of the US economy and estimates the COVID-19 multiplier effects on this economy. For this purpose we employ a model of matrix multipliers—which, except for the technical conditions of production, also considers imports, income distribution, savings, and consumption patterns—using data from the input–output table of the US economy for the year 2015, i.e., the latest available data at the time of this research (a few months after the US presidential election). Furthermore, we detect the key commodities that are considered appropriate for implementing economic policies in the short term, i.e., for boosting growth and job creation, as well as the commodities that are suitable for long-term, structural policies. Our findings suggest that short-term policies for a direct recovery after COVID-19 should be based on public consumption expenditures and investments as well as through exports. It is also shown that there is a great variety of short-term and long-term policies that can be adjusted according to the challenges of the US economy. Finally, for reasons of completeness, we estimate the impact of the main plans of the American president’s policy program, i.e., the “American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan”, and we show that both plans would cumulatively increase the US output by about USD 6.07 trillion over the next ten years, not only helping the US economy recover from the COVID-19 shock but also ensuring macroeconomic stability and social cohesion.

Influence of material interest of transportation personnel on the growth of labor productivity

The article discusses the issues of material interest of transportation personnel in the results of labor and their labor activity as a key factor in the growth of labor productivity. Given the limited nature of all types of resources, optimal growth rates and labor productivity in the short term can be achieved through the use of low-cost, but no less significant tools. The latter are a set of economic and managerial tools and methods of labor productivity management at the enterprise in the specific organizational and technical conditions of production. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for increasing labor productivity by increasing labor activity and material interest of transportation personnel in the results of activities. The basis of this study was the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors and practical experience in the application of low-cost methods of increas-ing labor productivity, which are an obligatory part of doing business. The article presents the author’s structural and logical scheme for improving the organization of material incentives and its impact on the growth of labor productivity through the realization of the material interest of transportation workers. The sequence of stages is determined, their concretization is given, their interconnection is established. The article presents the results of the study of the motivational profile of the personnel of the Samara transport enterprise and the algorithm for the development of a new system of material incentives.

Challenging the working time reduction and wages trade-off: a simulation for the Spanish economy

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect of working time reduction (WTR) on the Spanish economy. Using microdata from the Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS) and the Wage Structure Survey (WSS), we estimate the changes in employment, worked hours, wages and salaries, and the labour share driven by a 5-hour reduction of the ordinary work week in full-time contracts (from 40 hours to 35 hours), without a wage reduction. According to our results, this WTR would mean the liberation of private sector hours that are equivalent to 1.2 million full-time jobs. To calculate job creation, we consider the occupations and technical conditions of production (based on the European Working Conditions Survey). Consequently, had the WTR taken place in 2017, it would have created 560 thousand jobs, thus causing the unemployment rate to fall by 2.6 p.p. Moreover, women are found to be the group most affected by this measure. As for the effect on wages, these would have increased by 3.7%, implying a labour share increase of 2.1 p.p. Finally, we study the macroeconomic effects, through an extended version of the single-equations Bhaduri–Marglin model using quarterly data from 1995Q1 until 2017Q4. Our results show that a WTR of 5 hours leads to an increase of 1.4% in GDP.

Engineering and experimental testing of prototypes of biogas equipment

Abstract The testing production of equipment that allows making biogas is based on standard techniques and methods for implementing the principle of biogas production. The main differentiation between samples of equipment is to sell products on the market as quickly as possible and with a large number of products. However, the basic methods, forms and methods of biogas production using modern equipment require the development and improvement. The relevance of the work is in the fact that there is a need to improve equipment for biogas production under standard technical production conditions. The novelty of the research is that an improved model of work and the production of biogas using the methods of fermentation in biogas plants based on the work of microorganisms with the release of methane has been proposed. A model for applying the results obtained in standard technical conditions was considered and ways for improving methods of producing biogas under conditions of resource shortages were established. The practical application of the research results is determined by the fact that increasing the level of productivity of biogas plants will help to develop an understanding of the need for eco-friendly fuels on the world market.

Addressing organic viticulture environmental burdens by better understanding interannual impact variations

Consumer demand and state incentives in certain EU countries are driving the rapid development of organic viticulture. However, compared with conventional viticulture, it has shown higher interannual variability in its environmental impacts. Improved understanding of this variability would help organic winegrowers better address their environmental impacts. This two-part study examined interannual variability of environmental impacts of four vineyards with contrasting pedoclimatic and technical production conditions. First, life cycle assessments were performed on each of these four vineyards for two contrasted years in terms of both climate and pest and disease pressure. Next, for one of these vineyards located in Mediterranean conditions, life cycle assessments were completed on a chronosequence of six consecutive years. Life cycle assessments of organic wine grapes were calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Interannual variations were considered to be the deviation between the impact results of two production years. In all the vineyards, diesel combustion was the main impact contributor. For the four vineyards, the impacts that varied most were generally freshwater ecotoxicity, soil ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The intensity/range of interannual variations differed between plots. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were from disease management of climate-related disease pressures. The 6-year chronosequence analysis showed that certain years were very similar in terms of impact results. The impact that varied most was surprisingly terrestrial acidification. The chronosequence analysis brought to light that the choice of active ingredient could be a greater source of impact variations than interannual climatic conditions and disease pressure. This study provides an overview of the hotspots and variability of organic viticulture environmental impacts in contrasted climate years and a climatic chronosequence. The main pathways for environmental performance improvements are (i) reducing fuel consumption by either limiting the number of operations, using more fuel-efficient machines or different energy sources or/and adjusting tractor speed; (ii) reducing the doses and emissions of copper products and choosing the less impacting types of copper; and (iii) limiting nitrogen and heavy metal emissions through the choice of fertiliser type and management.

Time as a Critic Factor in Architecture

Time is the most important concepts associated with architecture. Architecture is realized through testing, selection, evaluation and judgment through time, it has many different images overtime, as if time overturn the many faces of the architectural text to show its weakness and strongest points, which will produce many images of architecture text that appear and disappear at the same period time. The Processes of testing, evaluation and selection makes time play the role of critic to architecture as the reader or critic examines a text, as such time relates to architecture. The research focuses on the concept of time as a Critic factor to architecture, which highlights the problem of the absence of a clear conception of time as a Critic factor to architecture. The research aims at constructing a theoretical framework and then applying it to selected projects, which leads to the conclusion that time as a critic shows and hides aspects of the creative architectural text gradually recognized in short or long-term according to the social, cultural, economic and technical conditions of production, which resulting in new interpretations of modern readings. This makes time a sustainable factor in architecture

A NOTE ON CAPITAL UTILIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

This article integrates the analysis of durable capital utilization in the theory of international trade. Variations in capital utilization are analytically accounted for in the form of shift work. Accordingly, producers normally choose the combination of the system of operation of durable capital and labor input that minimizes costs. The choice of the system of operation of durable capital is shown to affect the terms of trade and thereby the structure of production in such a way as to make it desirable, following changes in income distribution, to adopt a new combination of capital utilization and labor input. On certain simplifying assumptions associated with the properties of Sraffa models, linear technologies, long period positions, and steady growth, these possibilities affect, in an unpredetermined manner, the inducement to trade and the direction and extent of the resulting specialization. The results are independent of any differences in the technical conditions of production of the trading countries or the existence of heterogeneous capital goods.

The Ricardo Debates: A Comment

In a recent contribution to this journal, Evelyn Forget (1990) perpetuates the misunderstandings that have surrounded Sraffa's reconstruction of classical economics. Forget contends that the interpretation of Ricardo endorsed by Sraffa (1951, 1960) and Garegnani (1984) fails to appreciate a crucial logical point concerning the relationship between outputs and long-period prices of production. From this premise she draws two conclusions: (1) that the prices established by the equations contained in Sraffa's Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities cannot coincide with Ricardo's natural prices; and (2) that the interpretation associated with Sraffa and Garegnani must therefore be wrong. But Dr Forget's premise is unfounded, and the reasoning by which she derives her conclusions is flawed. The analytical core of the classical surplus approach, as outlined by Garegnani (1984), is comprised of a set of logically necessary and mathematically exact relationships that link relative prices, the real wage and the profit rate when the technical conditions of production, the wage (or profit) rate, and outputs are specified; these relationships are summarized in the equations found in parts I and ii of Production of Commodities. By contrast, the forces that determine the real wage, the technique of production, and the social product cannot be described with the same degree of formal precision, since the magnitudes taken by the wage, the input coefficients, and the outputs do not have the status of logically necessary inferences; hence the analysis of these forces belongs more properly to a secondary stage of investigation outside the core.1

Dynamics of farm income dispersion in the Belgian Loamy region

This article analyses the dynamics of income dispersion between farms from 1962 to 1975. It sets out to determine the direction of the trend in income dispersion, its importance, and its determining factors. The latter include the development of the technical conditions of production and the price policies adopted. The statistical material consists of farm accounting data from a sample of farms situated in the Belgian Loamy region. Income dispersion has been measured by the coefficient of variation and its trend has been explained by means of multiple regression. The results of the analysis show that during the period 1962 to 1975 price policy has had a very marked effect in reducing income dispersion, whilst the changes in the technical conditions of production have had an opposite effect. Family income dispersion has overall been reduced by 5.1% which verifies the equalising role price policy can play in agriculture.

The outcome of the Pasinetti process reconsidered: A note

By introducing into the Pasinetti model the plausible assumption that workers and capitalists, respectively, maximize their consumption over time, it has been shown, that only with a “well-behaved” production function may the long-run outcome of the Pasinetti process be considered as an equilibrium position. In all other cases capitalists can increase their steadystate level of consumption without sacrificing any consumption today. As the maximal capitalists' consumption per head is determined by the technical conditions of production, the profit rate isnot independent of those conditions. We have not taken into account all problems of stability of the steady-state paths or the question of utility maximization over time, i. e. optimal saving; the former because the analysis of the transition processes are very difficult, the latter because of the dubious assumptions, which are necessary to get some convenient results.