Technical Assumptions Research Articles

Flight Deck Simulation of Complex Clearance Information Entry During Relative Spacing Arrival Operations

Interval management (IM) uses Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast to provide greater air traffic system throughput and efficiency by improving inter-aircraft spacing precision. The IM Dependent Staggered Approach (DSA) application enables aircraft within a pair to achieve a spacing objective when arriving to parallel, dependently scheduled runways. These operations may require lengthier or more complex IM clearance communications that, coupled with manual entry of ownship route information and forecast winds, can result in a more challenging setup task than has been previously examined. An experiment with 16 pilots was conducted to examine the flight crew acceptability, feasibility, and technical assumptions related to conducting IM DSA operations in a metering environment with voice communications. Results show flight crew errors during entry of the clearance elements into the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information traffic display, especially with a long and highly complex IM clearance. The manual entry of ownship route and forecast wind information also appeared to increase the complexity of the entry task and the potential for errors. Recommendations are made to the Federal Aviation Administration and equipment manufacturers regarding IM communications and the design of related flight deck displays to avoid entry errors and, when they occur, indicate the source to pilots.

The misuse of regression-based x-Scores as dependent variables

Researchers often use regression-based x-Scores (e.g., conservatism C-Score, misstatement F-Score) from a stage 1 model as a dependent variable in stage 2. We argue that this x-Score analysis can cause coefficient biases and interpretation problems because (1) x-Score does not capture new sources of variation, and (2) the estimates often hinge on unacknowledged technical assumptions. Instead, we recommend that researchers include the test variables and the relevant controls in stage 1, obviating the need for an x-Score. In replication analyses, some important published findings change after we remove the coefficient bias caused by the use of x-Score as a dependent variable.

On the mod p cohomology for GL2

Let p be a prime number and F a totally real number field unramified at places above p. Let r‾:Gal(F‾/F)→GL2(Fp‾) be a modular Galois representation which satisfies the Taylor-Wiles hypothesis and some technical genericity assumptions. For v a fixed place of F above p, we prove that many of the admissible smooth representations of GL2(Fv) over Fp‾ associated to r‾ in the corresponding Hecke-eigenspaces of the mod p cohomology have Gelfand–Kirillov dimension [Fv:Qp]. This builds on and extends the work of Breuil-Herzig-Hu-Morra-Schraen in [2] and Hu-Wang in [12], giving a unified proof in all cases (r‾ either semisimple or not at v).

A Functional Bayesian Model for Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry.

Proteins often undergo structural perturbations upon binding to other proteins or ligands or when they are subjected to environmental changes. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) can be used to explore conformational changes in proteins by examining differences in the rate of deuterium incorporation in different contexts. To determine deuterium incorporation rates, HDX-MS measurements are typically made over a time course. Recently introduced methods show that incorporating the temporal dimension into the statistical analysis improves power and interpretation. However, these approaches have technical assumptions that hinder their flexibility. Here, we propose a more flexible methodology by reframing these methods in a Bayesian framework. Our proposed framework has improved algorithmic stability, allows us to perform uncertainty quantification, and can calculate statistical quantities that are inaccessible to other approaches. We demonstrate the general applicability of the method by showing it can perform rigorous model selection on a spike-in HDX-MS experiment, improved interpretation in an epitope mapping experiment, and increased sensitivity in a small molecule case-study. Bayesian analysis of an HDX experiment with an antibody dimer bound to an E3 ubiquitin ligase identifies at least two interaction interfaces where previous methods obtained confounding results due to the complexities of conformational changes on binding. Our findings are consistent with the cocrystal structure of these proteins, demonstrating a bayesian approach can identify important binding epitopes from HDX data. We also generate HDX-MS data of the bromodomain-containing protein BRD4 in complex with GSK1210151A to demonstrate the increased sensitivity of adopting a Bayesian approach.

Projection theorems for linear-fractional families of projections

AbstractMarstrand’s theorem states that applying a generic rotation to a planar setAbefore projecting it orthogonally to thex-axis almost surely gives an image with the maximal possible dimension$\min(1, \dim A)$. We first prove, using the transversality theory of Peres–Schlag locally, that the same result holds when applying a generic complex linear-fractional transformation in$PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$or a generic real linear-fractional transformation in$PGL(3,\mathbb{R})$. We next show that, under some necessary technical assumptions, transversality locally holds for restricted families of projections corresponding to one-dimensional subgroups of$PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$or$PGL(3,\mathbb{R})$. Third, we demonstrate, in any dimension, local transversality and resulting projection statements for the families of closest-point projections to totally-geodesic subspaces of hyperbolic and spherical geometries.

Conformal Prediction Intervals for Remaining Useful Lifetime Estimation

The main objective of Prognostics and Health Management is to estimate the Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL), namely, the time that a system or a piece of equipment is still in working order before starting to function incorrectly. In recent years, numerous machine learning algorithms have been proposed for RUL estimation, mainly focusing on providing more accurate RUL predictions. However, there are many sources of uncertainty in the problem, such as inherent randomness of systems failure, lack of knowledge regarding their future states, and inaccuracy of the underlying predictive models, making it infeasible to predict the RULs precisely. Hence, it is of utmost importance to quantify the uncertainty alongside the RUL predictions. In this work, we investigate the conformal prediction (CP) framework that represents uncertainty by predicting sets of possible values for the target variable (intervals in the case of RUL) instead of making point predictions. Under very mild technical assumptions, CP formally guarantees that the actual value (true RUL) is covered by the predicted set with a degree of certainty that can be prespecified. We study three CP algorithms to conformalize any single-point RUL predictor and turn it into a valid interval predictor. Finally, we conformalize two single-point RUL predictors, deep convolutional neural networks and gradient boosting, and illustrate their performance on the C-MAPSS datasets.

Mechatronic Design and Experimental Research of an Automated Photogrammetry-Based Human Body Scanner

The article concerns the mechatronic design and experimental investigations of the HUBO automated human body scanning system. Functional problems that should be solved by using the developed scanning system are defined. These include reducing the number of sensors used while eliminating the need to rotate a human and ensuring the automation of the scanning process. Research problems that should be the subject of experimental research are defined. The current state of the art in the field of systems and techniques for scanning the human figure is described. The functional and technical assumptions for the HUBO scanning system are formulated. The mechanical design of the scanner, the hardware and information system architectures as well as the user’s mobile application are presented. The method of operation of the scanning system and its innovative features are discussed. It is demonstrated that the developed solution of the scanning system allows the identified problems to be overcome. The methodology of the experimental research of the scanning system based on the photogrammetry technique is described. The results of laboratory studies with the use of dummies and experimental research with human participation are presented. The scope of the research carried out allows answers to the identified research problems related to the scanning of the human figure using the photogrammetry technique to be obtained. As part of laboratory tests using a measuring dummy, a mean error of 0.65 mm and standard deviation of the mean of 0.65 mm were obtained for the best scanner configuration. Research with human participation was carried out for the scanner version, in which the scanning time was 30 s, with the possibility of its reduction to 15 s. The results of studies using realistic dummies and with human participation were compared using the root mean square error parameter (RMSE) provided by the AliceVision framework, which was available for all analyzed objects. As a result, it was observed that these results are comparable, i.e., the RMSE parameter is equal to about 1 px.

Expanding Our Understanding of Transferences as Organizing Patterns: Theoretical Evolution, Contributions of Other Sciences, and Clinical Implications

Following a schematic history of the evolving concept of transference with a focus on the more recently emergent organizing model, we delineate and further integrate relevant empirical findings and theoretical contributions of other scientific discourses, namely, cognitive science, infant and attachment research, social cognition research, biological sciences, and systems theory. Conceptualizing mind, and more particularly transference, as principally organizing activity involving perceptions, affects, motives, meanings and verbal and sensorial symbolic encoding and processing better captures the mind’s complex functioning on implicit and explicit levels within relational systems. Lastly, we elucidate important clinical implications, addressing some of the now outmoded “default” technical assumptions.

Random orthonormal polynomials: Local universality and expected number of real roots

We consider random orthonormal polynomials F n ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 n ξ i p i ( x ) , \begin{equation*} F_{n}(x)=\sum _{i=0}^{n}\xi _{i}p_{i}(x), \end{equation*} where ξ 0 \xi _{0} , …, ξ n \xi _{n} are independent random variables with zero mean, unit variance and uniformly bounded ( 2 + ε ) (2+\varepsilon ) moments, and ( p n ) n = 0 ∞ (p_n)_{n=0}^{\infty } is the system of orthonormal polynomials with respect to a fixed compactly supported measure on the real line. Under mild technical assumptions satisfied by many classes of classical polynomial systems, we establish universality for the leading asymptotics of the average number of real roots of F n F_n , both globally and locally. Prior to this paper, these results were known only for random orthonormal polynomials with Gaussian coefficients (see D. D. Lubinsky, I. E. Pritsker, and X. Xie [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 144 (2016), pp. 1631–1642]) using the Kac-Rice formula, a method that does not extend to the generality of our paper.

A Bayesian Approach for Partial Gaussian Graphical Models With Sparsity

We explore various Bayesian approaches to estimate partial Gaussian graphical models. Our hierarchical structures enable to deal with single-output as well as multiple-output linear regressions, in small or high dimension, enforcing either no sparsity, sparsity, group sparsity or even sparse-group sparsity for a bi-level selection through partial correlations (direct links) between predictors and responses, thanks to spike-and-slab priors corresponding to each setting. Adaptative and global shrinkages are also incorporated in the Bayesian modeling of the direct links. An existing result for model selection consistency is reformulated to stick to our sparse and group-sparse settings, providing a theoretical guarantee under some technical assumptions. Gibbs samplers are developed and a simulation study shows the efficiency of our models which give very competitive results, especially in terms of support recovery. To conclude, a real dataset is investigated.

Assessing the difference between integrated quantiles and integrated cumulative distribution functions

This paper offers a mathematical invention that shows how to convert integrated quantiles, which often appear in risk measures, into integrated cumulative distribution functions, which are technically more tractable from various perspectives. The invention helps to avoid a number of technical assumptions that have been traditionally imposed when working with quantities containing quantiles. In particular it helps to completely avoid the requirement of the existence of a probability density function. The developed results explain and illustrate the invention, whose byproducts include the assessment of model uncertainty and misspecification, and the derivation of statistical inference results.

New Approach to Evaluate the Energy Efficiency of Overhead Power Transmission Lines: Results of Theoretical and Experimental Research

This article describes a new approach to evaluating energy efficiency of overhead power transmission lines which is based on power transmission line losses calculation taking into account induction currents and heating in the supporting elements. We present the results of theoretical and experimental research of induction currents and heating evaluation in pylons of the overhead power transmission line. To find the flux linkage for induction currents, calculations using the Poisson equation for vector magnetic potential were carried out. The limiting values of induction currents and heating temperature are estimated using a graphical approach. The analysis of the power losses balance for a 500-kV power transmission line demonstrates considerable energy-saving benefits. The update of the previous conference paper is implying to compare energy efficiency of the overhead power transmission line for thermal and electric energy losses associated with induced currents and to conclude about their interchangeability. Additionally, it is resumed which using technical assumptions in the study. The research work might be of interest for design and modernization of overhead power transmission lines.

Decision Support Tool Shows Multilaterals Can Maximize Reserves Value

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 211570, “Maximizing Reserves Value Using Multilateral Wells: A Decision Support Tool and Key Applications,” by Eglier Yanez, SPE, Luigi Saputelli, SPE, and Fahad Alhosani, SPE, ADNOC. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ In the complete paper, the authors review advances in selected completions to provide insight into adoption of multilateral technology (MLT), including lessons learned and recommendations. Six demonstrative applications were reviewed to validate technical assumptions for selecting particular MLT concepts. The authors write that MLT completions can reduce between 10 and 30% of drilling and completion (D&C) cost requirements while enhancing field-development net present value (NPV) in the range of 1–21%, with the potential of promoting fields that were otherwise uneconomic. This synopsis is devoted to the authors’ proposed technoeconomic assessment of MLT. Part 1: Economic Assessment of Dual and Trilateral Wells A simplified performance assessment was conducted to determine the economic effect of adding multilateral wells into a particular development plan. In this case, the following four well configurations or well types were considered: - Two single-lateral horizontal wells - One dual-lateral well with independent access to each lateral - Three single-lateral horizontal wells - One trilateral well completed with single controlled, commingled completion This analysis aims to produce insights from the following two comparison cases: - Comparison 1: Two single horizontal wells vs. one dual-lateral well - Comparison 2: Three single horizontal wells vs. one trilateral well The well design assumed for the cases can be found in the appendix of the complete paper. The production and reserves drained are maintained the same for each of the laterals; thus, those are considered controlled variables. To understand the effect of adding laterals to a motherbore, three cases have been selected for each of the previously mentioned well configurations by varying drilling depths for each typical cost environment to specify the areas with more potential for multilateral application and, conversely, the areas where single wells might appear to be more convenient. The analysis is broken down into onshore and offshore-shallow-water environments, where the main difference is the drilling cost per foot. The three cases are as follows: - Short-footage well: Motherbore depth of 5,000 ft and lateral length of 4,000 ft - Medium-footage well: Motherbore depth of 7,000 ft and lateral length of 8,000 ft - Long-footage well: Motherbore depth of 9,000 ft and lateral length of 12,000 ft The well costs considered for the study can be seen in Tables B-1 and B-2 of the appendix. In this simplified example, the capital costs included are limited to well-construction costs. Every lateral has a post-stimulation initial rate of 800 STB/D, which is expected to accumulate approximately 1.5 million STB on a 20-year horizon (Fig. 1). One should assume that, in this case, the equivalent rate of the dual-lateral well is exactly double of the one horizontal well and that of a three-lateral well is triple of one horizontal well.

Simultaneous equidistribution of toric periods and fractional moments of $L$-functions

The embedding of a torus into an inner form of PGL2 defines an adelic toric period. A general version of Duke’s theorem states that this period equidistributes as the discriminant of the splitting field tends to infinity. In this paper we consider a torus embedded diagonally into two distinct inner forms of PGL2. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (and some additional technical assumptions), we show simultaneous equidistribution as the discriminant tends to infinity, with an effective logarithmic rate. Our proof is based on a probabilistic approach to estimating fractional moments of L -functions twisted by extended class group characters.

A higher rank Euler system for Gm over a totally real field

In this paper, we construct a higher rank Euler system for $\\Bbb\{G\}_m$ over a totally real field by using Stickelberger elements. A key ingredient of the construction is to generalize the notion of the characteristic ideal. Under certain technical assumptions, we prove that all higher Fitting ideals of a certain $p$-ramified Iwasawa module are described by analytic invariants canonicallyassociated with Stickelberger elements.

Towards characterizing the 2-Ramsey equations of the form ax + by = p(z)

In this paper, we study a Ramsey-type problem for equations of the form ax+by=p(z). We show that if certain technical assumptions hold, then any 2-colouring of the positive integers admits infinitely many monochromatic solutions to the equation ax+by=p(z). This entails the 2-Ramseyness of several notable cases such as the equation ax+y=zn for arbitrary a∈Z+ and n≥2, and also of ax+by=aDzD+…+a1z∈Z[z] such that gcd(a,b)=1, D≥2, a,b,aD>0 and a1≠0.

Virtual Riemann–Roch theorems for almost perfect obstruction theories

This is the third in a series of works devoted to constructing virtual structure sheaves and K-theoretic invariants in moduli theory. The central objects of study are almost perfect obstruction theories, introduced by Y.-H. Kiem and the author as the appropriate notion in order to define invariants in K-theory for many moduli stacks of interest, including generalized K-theoretic Donaldson–Thomas invariants. In this paper, we prove virtual Riemann–Roch theorems in the setting of almost perfect obstruction theory in both the non-equivariant and equivariant cases, including cosection localized versions. These generalize and remove technical assumptions from the virtual Riemann–Roch theorems of Fantechi–Göttsche and Ravi–Sreedhar. The main technical ingredients are a treatment of the equivariant K-theory and equivariant Gysin map of sheaf stacks and a formula for the virtual Todd class.

Spatial Tightness at the Edge of Gibbsian Line Ensembles

Consider a sequence of Gibbsian line ensembles, whose lowest labeled curves (i.e., the edge) have tight one-point marginals. Then, given certain technical assumptions on the nature of the Gibbs property and underlying random walk measure, we prove that the entire spatial process of the edge is tight. We then apply this black-box theory to the log-gamma polymer Gibbsian line ensemble, which we construct. The edge of this line ensemble is the transversal free energy process for the polymer, and our theorem implies tightness with the ubiquitous KPZ class 2/3 exponent, as well as Brownian absolute continuity of all the subsequential limits. A key technical innovation which fuels our general result is the construction of a continuous grand monotone coupling of Gibbsian line ensembles with respect to their boundary data (entrance and exit values, and bounding curves). Continuous means that the Gibbs measure varies continuously with respect to varying the boundary data, grand means that all uncountably many boundary data measures are coupled to the same probability space, and monotone means that raising the values of the boundary data likewise raises the associated measure. This result applies to a general class of Gibbsian line ensembles where the underlying random walk measure is discrete time, continuous valued and log-convex, and the interaction Hamiltonian is nearest neighbor and convex.

Learning machine learning: On the political economy of big tech's online AI courses

Machine learning (ML) algorithms are still a novel research object in the field of media studies. While existing research focuses on concrete software on the one hand and the socio-economic context of the development and use of these systems on the other, this paper studies online ML courses as a research object that has received little attention so far. By pursuing a walkthrough and critical discourse analysis of Google's Machine Learning Crash Course and IBM's introductory course to Machine Learning with Python, we not only shed light on the technical knowledge, assumptions, and dominant infrastructures of ML as a field of practice, but also on the economic interests of the companies providing the courses. We demonstrate how the online courses further support Google and IBM to consolidate and even expand their position of power by recruiting new AI talent and by securing their infrastructures and models to become the dominant ones. Further, we show how the companies not only influence greatly how ML is represented, but also how these representations in turn influence and direct current ML research and development, as well as the societal effects of their products. Here, they boast an image of fair and democratic artificial intelligence, which stands in stark contrast to the ubiquity of their corporate products and the advertised directives of efficiency and performativity the companies strive for. This underlines the need for alternative infrastructures and perspectives.

Automatic semifluid mass dispenser

The article presents an innovative method for hair dye dispensing and a prototype device enabling automatic dispensing of hair dyes and other semifluid substances. The dispenser makes it possible to programme colour compositions and to precisely dispense the programmed amounts of dyes from three different tubes to combine colours and achieve the desired, known or new, colour and tonal value, as requested by the client. With the dispenser’s software, the hairdresser can create interlinked databases of applications and mixtures and ensure rational management of the substances used. The modern design, compact structure, and automated operation decide on the innovativeness of the dispenser. The article discusses the genesis of the project, the functional and technical assumptions of the innovative device, as well as the design and development of the prototype and performance of functional tests, paying particular attention to the presentation and description of the following: (1) the original structural solutions; (2) the operation of functional modules that are responsible for positioning and identifying dye tubes, dispensing dyes in precisely defined amounts, monitoring the composition of the colour formula, and ensuring optimum dye use; and (3) the user interface. The structure of the device was developed by joining metal structural elements produced with the use of technologies typical for machine construction with commercial components (drives and controllers) and components produced with the use of additive manufacturing technologies responsible for the complete integration and design of the device. The original structural solution of the device is protected by intellectual property rights under patent applications.