Teamwork Processes Research Articles

Shouting across the digital divide: the import of social interactions in virtual teams

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extend the current understanding of virtual team (VT) workers’ willingness to continue working in VTs and the forces driving their affective reactions to teamwork. Specifically, this paper applies the input-mediator-output-input (IMOI) literature to investigate the influence of workers’ perceptions of their peers’ skills and peers’ interactions on perceptions of the teamwork process and subsequent affective reactions. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on a sample of 997 virtual and face-to-face (FtF) students embedded in 242 project teams to test the hypotheses using multi-group comparisons in structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings Results support the assertion that team processes are essential in translating team skills and interactions into satisfaction with the team. Further, this paper finds that skills are more influential on teammate satisfaction for FtFs than they are for VTs; and, conversely, that VTs’ interactions are more pivotal regarding teammate satisfaction through VT processes than they are in FtFs. Research limitations/implications The effort contributes to the IMOI literature by showing how teams overcome virtuality to perform effectively and how team-embedded members react differently across VT and FtF contexts. Originality/value These findings are particularly notable given that prior research has suggested VT performance may not be contingent on social bonds within the team. Although this is possibly true for performance, the findings suggest that social interactions are, in fact, crucial to teams’ affective reactions.

Looking to the Middle of the Qualitative-Quantitative Spectrum for Integrated Mixed Methods

Substantially advancing the study of teams will require a new research paradigm complete with methods capable of capturing the complex, dynamic process of teamwork. In this paper, we suggest studying teams with an integrated mixed methods approach (i.e., methods defined by an interconnected mix of quantitative and qualitative characteristics) can help address current methodological shortcomings of our science by promoting sufficiently contextualized research. Through a review of methods, we highlight exemplars of integrated mixed methods that have the potential to be more widely adopted; namely, interaction analysis, content analysis, cluster analysis, state space grids, and agent-based modeling.

THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP, TEAMWORK, AND BUSINESS PROCESS IN AFFECTING THE PERFOMANCE OF ACCOUNT MANAGER AT PT. TELKOM INDONESIA IN SELLING THE VPN PRODUCTS

This research has been purposed to discover and analyze the role of leadership, teamwork and business process on the achievement of account manager in selling the VPN products. These research methods used a quantitative approach by multiple linear regression analysis to examine the hypothesis. The research population and research sample were 85 respondents who work as Account Manager of the Manufacturing Segment, Service Business Division at PT. Telkom throughout Indonesia.The results showed if the leadership, teamwork and business process partially had a positive affect on the performance of the account manager in VPN sales. It also simultaneously affects the account manager's performance in VPN sales.

Access to Primary Dental Care and the Work Process of Oral Health Teams: An Analysis of the 3rd Phase of the PMAQ-AB Program

Objective: To characterize the access to primary dental care and the work process of Oral Health Teams (OHTs), nationwide and by geographic region, based on data from the 3rd phase of the PMAQ-AB (the Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care) . Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the external assessments of the PMAQ-AB regarding the variables access to dental care and the work process of OHTs. The data were analyzed descriptively. Results: A significant number of healthcare users (41.2%) reported an average waiting time of 10 days to schedule dental appointments at the primary care facility (PCF). In the Northeast region, a greater number of users (48.4%) had access to dental care, with a waiting time of 7 days, whereas a smaller number of users in the Southeast region could schedule an appointment with the dentist (33.9%) and experienced a longer waiting time (17 days). Most OHTs worked in Primary Care Teams (PCTs) (85.1%), received support from Specialized Dental Care Centers (70.9%), worked with scheduled appointments and/or spontaneous demands (98.0%), listened to the users’ complaints during user embracement sessions (99.0%), and scheduled the first appointment at the dental office (51.9%) . Conclusion: In Brazil, 41.2% of the healthcare users had access to dental care and experienced a waiting time ranging from 7 to 17 days, depending on the geographic region. While the OHTs developed primary oral care actions, further initiatives to ensure the expansion of access to dental care are needed.

Early skin-to-skin contact in a child friendly hospital: perceptions of the obstetric nurses.

To know the nurses' perception about early skin-to-skin contact. A qualitative and exploratory-descriptive study carried out at the Obstetric Center of a university hospital in southern Brazil. The participants were eight nurses who answered a qualitative interview in April 2019. The interviews followed a guiding script and were analyzed according to thematic content analysis: data sorting and classification and final analysis. Nurses know the skin-to-skin contact practice and the importance of doing it properly. In their work routine, they perceive that this contact does not happen as it should and they understand the importance of recording it. Nurses aim for skin-to-skin contact to be carried out in an early and uninterrupted manner; however, the limitations related to the health team's work processes are highlighted. The study reinforces the importance of reducing unnecessary interventions at birth.

Factors affecting job performance of airline operations employees in Thailand

Job performance behaviour of employee is a critical driver of organization performance. Airline operations employees namely, pilots, cabin attendants and ground service agents can increase organizational effectiveness. This research analysed the effect of individual characteristics, organization behaviour, learning and development and compensation on operations employees performance. The purposes of this study were (1) to identify factors affecting job performance of airline operations employees in the context of Thailand, (2) to evaluate success factor categories with employee job performance, (3) to explore significant difference between ranking results from two certain groups of respondents. A random sample of 400 respondents divided into two groups, group one- 200 experienced employees (60 pilots, 70 flight attendants and 70 ground service agents) from five airlines in Thailand, group two- 200 HR strategic experts and HR university lecturers completed an online survey. Research concluded that rank order views from both groups were not much different. It showed that job performance is highly associated with organization behaviour, which is motivated by organization culture, organization structure, workplace ambience and leadership and teamwork process. HR experts rated the importance of learning and development in the second order while employees rated the importance of compensation in the second place and perceived learning and development as the least important.

Structure and work process regarding child care in Primary Health Care in Brazil: an ecological study with data from the Program for Primary Health Care Access and Quality Improvement 2012-2018.

To assess the structure of primary health care centers (PHCCs) and the work process of primary care teams in child care in Brazil. This was an ecological study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Primary Health Care Access and Quality Improvement 2012-2018, by states and regions. Seven structural and thirteen procedural indicators were analyzed. Student's t-test was used to compare indicator averages between regions. 85,845 teams participated in the three cycles of the program, grouped into 68,320 PHCCs. In the last evaluation cycle (2017-2018), mean percentage adequacy rates were higher among the structure indicators: health center operation (99%), equipment/materials (82%), vaccine availability (74%) and medication dispensing (70%). Population without coverage (68%) and making appointments with specialists (52%) corresponded to the lowest percentages of adequacy of process indicators. Process indicators had higher levels of adequacy than structure indicators.

Challenges and potentials of the production of comprehensive care in Primary Health Care in Brazil.

To identify relational and organizational barriers related to the production of care and to map strategies and tools that favor comprehensive care. Scoping review of Brazilian publications from 2008 to 2018, related to the production of care in Primary Health Care. From the 348 studies found in the Virtual Health Library, 30 made up the final sample. Three book chapters were added, totaling 33 documents. Three thematic categories were organized: Relational dimension between health professionals and users; Interactive dimension of the teamwork process; Organizational dimension and articulation in networks. Challenges of health practices out of context of the users' needs; inflexible and bureaucratic work processes; and organizational barriers to the access are highlighted. The potentials of mapped tools involved embracement, interprofessional actions and instituting care networks. The overview of challenges and processes that induce good practices facilitate a decision-making that is committed with comprehensive care.

Barriers to pulmonary rehabilitation - A narrative review and perspectives from a few stakeholders.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) is an essential and comprehensive intervention recommended in the management of people with chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). Scientific evidence suggests significant health benefits with respect to repeated hospital admissions, exercise tolerance and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). However, the uptake and completion of PR programs are globally low. In order to understand the factors contributing to underutilization of PR, it is important to review and recognize the barriers to PR program. A literature search was conducted on Medline (PubMed) database. After reviewing the title and abstracts, full text articles were scrutinized for their relevance. Twenty-two studies involving factors affecting the uptake, participation and completion of PR program were included in this review. Reported barriers to PR were healthcare system, healthcare professional and patient related factors. Primary factors related to healthcare system and healthcare professionals were fewer PR centers, accessibility inconvenience, lack of awareness of PR program, low knowledge of referral process and lack of interdisciplinary teamwork. Difficulties faced by patients to take up and/or to complete PR programs were lack of transportation, co-morbidities, lack of perceived benefits, socio-economic status and lack of funding facilities. Identified and reported barriers resulted into discontinuity between knowledge of health benefits and utilization of PR service for patients with CRDs. Addressing the barriers would accelerate the healthcare professionals' referral and patients to avail the health benefits of rehabilitation service.

THE DESIGN OF THE PROTOTYPE MOBILE MUSIC APPLICATION

The article analyses the UI and UX concepts of popular music platforms and streaming services in terms of usability and functionality. Popular analogues of music apps are analysed – Apple music, YouTube music, Yandex music, Boom. The results of a design study devoted to the problem of promoting young performers to the music market are presented. Topicality of the problem is confirmed by the growing popularity of music
 services and applications among users. The stages of developing a prototype of a music application using the Figma programme are presented. The process of team work on a prototype of a mobile application with planning of project stages and distribution of tasks between team members, using scrum technology is shown.

Experiences of nursing students as healthcare aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A phemonenological research study

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a worldwide health and social crisis directly impacting the healthcare system. Hospitals had to rearrange its structure to meet clinical needs. Spain has been experiencing a shortage of working nurses. Student nurses in their last year at university were employed to help the National Health System respond to the COVID-19 crisis. AimThe aim of this study was to explore and understand the experience of nursing students' roles as healthcare aid in responding to the COVID-19 crisis. MethodsA qualitative phenomenology design was used to explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of their experiences as HAs during the COVID-19 outbreak. Open face-to-face interviews were conducted to nursing students (n = 10) in May 2020. Data was analyzed using the hermeneutic interpretative approach. ResultsAll participants were women aged between 21 and 25 years. Seven main themes emerged: learning, ambivalent emotions and adaptation were classified at a personal level; teamwork, patient communication, and unclear care processes were categorized under hospital structure; and coping mechanisms were part of external factors. ConclusionsOrientation, follow-up, and emotional support in crisis situations are key to unexperienced healthcare workers overcoming stressful emotions. Previous academic education and training may help novice future nurses feel more confident about their tasks and responsibilities as well as improve patient outcomes, resource management, and staff safety.

Is Teamwork Different Online Versus Face-to-Face? A Case in Engineering Education

Teamwork has been systematically studied in engineering education as an educational method and a learning outcome. Based on the recent advances in socially-shared regulation as a framework for teamwork processes, this study explores the impact of the transition to online learning. The purpose of this study is to understand if face-to-face and online team dynamics differ concerning the prevalence of personal goals, team challenges, and individual/social strategies. The Adaptive Instrument for Regulation of Emotions (AIRE) Questionnaire was used to compare two semesters in project-based learning engineering courses that were face-to-face (2019) and then converted to an online modality (2020) due to the COVID-19 crisis. Our results show that both modalities report mostly the same prevalence of goals, challenges, and strategies. However, online students tend to manifest a significantly lower prevalence of specific challenges and strategies, suggesting that online teamwork may have involved less group deliberation. These results provide evidence for the "equivalency theory" between online and face-to-face learning in a context where all systemic levels transitioned to a digital modality. These findings raise the question of whether online teaching encourages the emergence of team conflict and deliberation needed for creative thinking.

A two-part evaluation approach for measuring the usability and user experience of an Augmented Reality-based assistance system to support the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed teams

One key predictor of team performance and productivity is the teams’ ability to coordinate its subtasks as precisely as possible over time. Thereby, the quality of the temporal coordination in teams is highly dependent on several cognitive team skills, like for instance the ability to build a precise and stable mental model of the situation (shared situation awareness) and of the team task process (task state awareness/ TSA). To support these cognitive skills in teams, various methods and trainings already exist. However, considering teams that work de-located, the prerequisites and therefore the requirements for team supportive methods change. This work presents the results of an empirical usability and user experience (UX) study of an interface for an Augmented Reality-based assistance system for spatially dispersed teams, called Ambient Awareness Tool (AAT). The AAT interface consists of graphical information about the teamwork process and aims at enhancing the TSA of the team, thereby supporting its temporal coordination. Within the framework of a participatory design process we conducted a two-part expert-user-study, comprising a laboratory experiment for the evaluation of the interface usability and a follow-up online survey to additionally investigate the UX. By means of the usability scores we first inferred three interface configuration clusters. A subsequent UX evaluation then allowed us to designate the configuration cluster with the highest usability and UX scores. As a result, we defined one interface configuration that will be investigated concerning its actual impact on the temporal coordination of spatially dispersed teams in a further study.

Teamwork in the accounting curriculum: stakeholder expectations, accounting students’ value proposition, and instructors’ guidance

ABSTRACT Studies have reported that employers, graduates, and other stakeholders do not believe that higher education curricula facilitate the development of teamwork competencies adequately. In response to calls from Kennedy and Dull [(2008) Transferable team skills for accounting students. Accounting Education, 17(2), 213–224] and Levant et al. [(2016) Business simulation as an active learning activity for developing soft skills. Accounting Education, 25(4), 368–395], we take a qualitative approach to explore the views of Master of Professional Accounting students on the value propositions of process controls and educator-led support. In thematically analysing survey and interview responses, this study reports that effective process controls support teams by creating a constructive environment where social learning can take place. The study shows that without adequate educator-led guidance, increased accountability processes in teamwork lead to the circumvention of time-consuming activities and greater conflict in teams. We contribute an evidence-based schema that places instructor-guided teamwork process controls at the centre of constructivist learning. The schema links students’ value proposition of teamwork to the instructor’s ability to change student perceptions.

Evaluating Impacts of Head Worn Displays on Teamwork in Emergency Response: Review of Challenges for the Field

Head Worn Displays (HWDs) are increasingly used to support mobile workers across diverse domains. However, little is known about how HWDs affect teamwork in safety-critical contexts. We conducted a narrative review examining the effects of HWDs on teamwork performance and team processes of situation awareness, communication, and coordination for emergency response. HWDs appear to improve the quality of team performance but increase time to perform under some conditions; effects on team processes are also mixed. It is difficult to compare results across studies due to the diverse technologies, contexts, and measures used. Successful design, evaluation, and deployment of HWDs in emergency response contexts may require a stronger foundation of theory-driven and process-based research. Perspectives such as joint cognitive systems, distributed cognition, and common ground may help researchers uncover mechanisms by which HWDs shape teamwork processes and how team processes affect team performance over time.

Redeploying Residents and Fellows in Response to COVID-19: Tensions, Guiding Principles, and Lessons From the University of Washington.

Redeploying Residents and Fellows in Response to COVID-19: Tensions, Guiding Principles, and Lessons From the University of Washington.

The Anatomy and Physiology of Teaming in Cancer Care Delivery: A Conceptual Framework.

Care coordination challenges for patients with cancer continue to grow as expanding treatment options, multimodality treatment regimens, and an aging population with comorbid conditions intensify demands for multidisciplinary cancer care. Effective teamwork is a critical yet understudied cornerstone of coordinated cancer care delivery. For example, comprehensive lung cancer care involves a clinical "team of teams"-or clinical multiteam system (MTS)-coordinating decisions and care across specialties, providers, and settings. The teamwork processes within and between these teams lay the foundation for coordinated care. Although the need to work as a team and coordinate across disciplinary, organizational, and geographic boundaries increases, evidence identifying and improving the teamwork processes underlying care coordination and delivery among the multiple teams involved remains sparse. This commentary synthesizes MTS structure characteristics and teamwork processes into a conceptual framework called the cancer MTS framework to advance future cancer care delivery research addressing evidence gaps in care coordination. Included constructs were identified from published frameworks, discussions at the 2016 National Cancer Institute-American Society of Clinical Oncology Teams in Cancer Care Workshop, and expert input. A case example in lung cancer provided practical grounding for framework refinement. The cancer MTS framework identifies team structure variables and teamwork processes affecting cancer care delivery, related outcomes, and contextual variables hypothesized to influence coordination within and between the multiple clinical teams involved. We discuss how the framework might be used to identify care delivery research gaps, develop hypothesis-driven research examining clinical team functioning, and support conceptual coherence across studies examining teamwork and care coordination and their impact on cancer outcomes.

Applying a Model of Teamwork Processes to Emergency Medical Services.

IntroductionEffective teamwork has been shown to optimize patient safety. However, research centered on the critical inputs, processes, and outcomes of team effectiveness in emergency medical services (EMS) has only recently begun to emerge. We conducted a theory-driven qualitative study of teamwork processes—the interdependent actions that convert inputs to outputs—by frontline EMS personnel in order to provide a model for use in EMS education and research.MethodsWe purposively sampled participants from an EMS agency in Houston, TX. Full-time employees with a valid emergency medical technician license were eligible. Using semi-structured format, we queried respondents on task/team functions and enablers/obstacles of teamwork in EMS. Phone interviews were recorded and transcribed. Using a thematic analytic approach, we combined codes into candidate themes through an iterative process. Analytic memos during coding and analysis identified potential themes, which were reviewed/refined and then compared against a model of teamwork processes in emergency medicine.ResultsWe reached saturation once 32 respondents completed interviews. Among participants, 30 (94%) were male; the median experience was 15 years. The data demonstrated general support for the framework. Teamwork processes were clustered into four domains: planning; action; reflection; and interpersonal processes. Additionally, we identified six emergent concepts during open coding: leadership; crew familiarity; team cohesion; interpersonal trust; shared mental models; and procedural knowledge.ConclusionIn this thematic analysis, we outlined a new framework of EMS teamwork processes to describe the procedures that EMS operators employ to convert individual inputs into team performance outputs. The revised framework may be useful in both EMS education and research to empirically evaluate the key planning, action, reflection, and interpersonal processes that are critical to teamwork effectiveness in EMS.

Using brainstorming through social media to promote engineering students’ teamwork skills

Engineering students have placed demands on how their develop competency in teamwork skills, which is one of the most important competences for most engineers. Due to the advanced information technology, learning from computer-supported collaborative technologies could be more effective for learning nowadays. Brainstorming method is a form of learning in groups, combining with social media technology that can support learning to be more effective, especially for teamwork skills. In this research, we studied the engineering students’ teamwork skills and the satisfaction of our learning method. We evaluated the teamwork skills in 2 ways, by the teamwork process and by the group assignment results. The findings indicate that the use of our learning method may offer an interesting way to improve engineering students’ teamwork skills and feedback from students found that they are satisfied with their teamwork skill practice.

Flipped Classroom Experiences of Preservice Teachers: Implications from a Mathematics Course

The purpose of this research was to analyze the process of teaching mathematics through the flipped classroom model based on preservice teacher opinions. The study group consisted of 16 preservice teachers from a primary school teaching program at a state university in Turkey who agreed to participate voluntarily. The research was designed as a practical action research study. After the five-week implementation period, two separate focus group discussions occurred with the volunteer preservice teachers. Consequently, in addition to the positive contribution to learner responsibility made by the flipped classroom, it was also observed that the in-class teamwork processes contributed to make the mathematics course entertaining. Moreover, peer learning was implemented, and the sense of belonging made a positive contribution to academic achievement in a teamwork process. In addition, preservice teachers started to see the academician as a role model at the end of the implementation process; this was a valuable result in terms of pedagogical contribution. Further research, gamification are used or environments enriched with virtual reality applications can be performed.