TDS Levels Research Articles

CONCENTRATION OF IRON AND MAGNESIUM IN GROUND WATERAT NORTH BELA OF DARBHANGA DISTRICT (BIHAR)

Excessive levels of Fe, Mg and TDS are the main factors affecting groundwater quality at North Bela, Darbhanga. However, there are few studies on the source and effect of Fe, Mg and TDS concentration in the groundwater. This study takes at North Bela of Darbhanga city in Bihar state as an example, where the source and effect of Fe, Mg and TDS concentration in groundwater in the study area were analyzed. The results show that the source of Fe and Mg in the groundwater of the platformis the iron and Magnesium nodules in the soil layer. The TDS, fluctuation in groundwater levelsarethe important factors affecting the content of Fe and Mg in groundwater.This studyprovides a basis for the rational utilization of groundwater and protection of peoples health in these areaswith high iron, magnesium and TDS concentrations.

Impact of municipal solid waste on the water quality of Otamiri River in Owerri, South-Eastern Nigeria

This research aimed at assessing the influence of Municipal Waste on Otamiri River by comparing the levels of the contaminants against the set limit by regulating agencies. Stream samples were collected at five different points along the stream using the conventional WHO (2004) methods. The Physico-chemical of the samples collected were analyzed. The results were compared against the standards of regulating agencies. Spatial variations in Physicochemical parameter variations were observed in the levels of the physicochemical parameters measured across the sampling locations. Maximum levels of pH, water temperature and K+ ions were recorded in sampling Locations (SL) 5 (7.12, 29.00C and 2.73mg/L respectively). Maximum levels of TSS, TDS and Turbidity were recorded in sampling locations 4 and 5 (568.60mg/L, 67mg/L, and 110.24 NTU respectively). Maximum levels of EC, Alkalinity and Acidity were recorded in SL 4, 5 and 1 respectively (154.30mg/L, 37.33mg/L, and 32.44mg/L respectively). Maximum levels of DO, BOD, and Chlorides (5.60 mg/L, 3.53 mg/L, and 120.60 mg/L respectively) were recorded in SL 1 and 2. Maximum levels of Ca+, Mg+ and Na+ ions (64.24 mg/L, 3.60 mg/L, and 5.27 mg/L respectively) were recorded in SL 4 and 5. Maximum levels of Ammonia and Total Hardness were recorded in SL 5 (0.100 and 98.27 respectively). The constant dumping of refuse at the site has increased the concentration of organic and inorganic constituents of the river water, even though some remain within established standards. Water from Otamiri River requires elaborate treatment before it could be suitable for domestic purposes.

Pengaruh Beda Potensial dan Waktu Kontak terhadap Penurunan Kadar COD dan TSS pada Limbah Batik menggunakan Metode Elektrokagulasi

Batik is one of Indonesia's original cultural heritage that must be preserved. However, the resulting liquid waste has a negative impact on the environment because it contains high levels of phosphate, surfactant, TSS, TDS, turbidity, BOD5 and COD contaminants. An effective method for dealing with batik waste is electrocoagulation, which is coagulation in the presence of an electric current using electrodes. This study treats batik waste by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes, which are operated at a current of 5 Ampere, electrode distance is 2 cm, electrode thickness is 0.1 cm, electrode cross-sectional area is 7x10 cm with a waste volume of 500 mL. The effect of potential difference treatment (3 volts, 4.5 volts, 7.5 volts, 9 volts, and 12 volts) and contact time (15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, and 35 minutes) on changes in COD and TSS levels were studied. Optimal conditions were obtained at a potential difference of 12 volts for 35 minutes with a COD reduction efficiency of 84.84% and 91% for TSS.

Geochemical Analysis of Groundwater for Drinking, Irrigation, and Human Health Impacts in Uddanam Area of Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh, India

The current study's goal is to discover the geochemical analysis of groundwater in the uddanam area of the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. In the current study area, 50 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties such as cations, anions, total hardness, conductivity, and alkalinity. This was assessed for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by calculating pH, EC, TDS, hardness, and alkalinity in addition to major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO32-, F-). Chemical indices such as SAR, percent Na, permeability index, RSC, Kelly's Ratio, Magnesium Ratio, and Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) have been calculated based on the analytical results. Water with high alkalinity may be aesthetically unfit for drinking, whereas water with high TDS and TH may not be recommended for consumption by people suffering from kidney and related diseases. Geogenic, anthropogenic influence, agricultural activity, and mineral dissolution, Presence of high TDS and TH levels were the primary causes for chronic kidney disease (CKD), not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Phythotechnology of Touch Industrial Waste Treatment in Sidoarjo using Typha Latifolia Plant to Reduce TDS and Ammonia Levels

Sidoarjo Regency is a buffer zone for industrial estates in Surabaya, East Java Province. Therefore, the economic growth of the Sidoarjo Regency is increasing along with the development of trade and industrial potential. One of the industries that have grown well in Sidoarjo Regency is the tofu factory. Many tofu craftsmen industry causes an increase in the volume of liquid waste which also flows into water bodies. The purpose of this study was to determine the reduction of TDS and ammonia levels in the tofu factory wastewater treatment in the Sepande area, Sidoarjo Regency, by using a wetland construction with a Typha latifolia remediator. The research stages will be carried out using a laboratory scale using acclimatization as the adaptation stage of Typha latifolia and a constructed wetland reactor as a phytoremediation process. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that there was a decrease in TDS and ammonia levels in the tofu industrial wastewater in Sidoarjo with the Constructed Wetland system. The largest decline in TDS content was in soil media with three Typha latifolia stems and a detention time of four days by 76%. Meanwhile, the most considerable percentage reduction in ammonia levels occurred in sand media with three stems of Typha latifolia and a detention time of four days by 70%.

Geochemical controls on the enrichment of fluoride in the mine water of the Shendong mining area, China

Underground coal mining produces large amounts of mine water annually in the Shendong mining area of China. Due to the severe scarcity of water resources, mine water is extensively used for productive, domestic, and ecological demands. However, mine water exhibits high fluoride levels. For water-use security, reduction of fluoride exposure and environmental protection, knowledge of sources and geochemical controls of fluoride enrichment in mine water is required. The results showed that F− concentrations of mine waters vary from 0.05 to 11.65 mg/L, with a mean value of 1.96 mg/L, and 51% of the mine waters contain F− concentrations exceeding the Chinese drinking water standard (1 mg/L). The overall mine water quality is influenced by cation exchange, mineral dissolution, pyrite oxidation, silicate weathering and so on. The high-fluoride mine waters are all associated with Na–type, with a remarkable cation composition feature of higher Na+ and lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. Overall, the high-fluoride mine waters are well-matched with the water environment with higher pH, TDS, and EC levels. PCA reveals that the geochemical controls on the enrichment of F− in mine waters include dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and F−-OH− ion exchange; the former process is mainly caused by the decrease in Ca2+ concentrations resulting from Na + -Ca2+ cation exchange and mineral precipitation, and the latter process benefits from a highly alkaline water environment, facilitating the substitution of OH− in the mine water for F− within or absorbed on the minerals. Evaporation also controls F− enrichment in local areas.

The impact of rubber effluent discharges on the water quality of a tropical rain forest river in Nigeria

The impact of a rubber effluent on the water quality of Oken River, Nigeria, was assessed. Surface water was analysed for water quality parameters at four sites; one upstream and three downstream. Significantly raised (p ≤ 0.05) levels of electrical conductivity, salinity, colour, turbidity, TSS, TDS, DO, COD, HCO3 -, Ca, Cl, P, Mn, Cu, Pb and THC at the site immediately downstream of the pollution point source were recorded, with levels of colour, turbidity, Cd and Ni in all the stations higher than the WHO permissible limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded 28 variables under six components that accounted for 92.33% of the total variance between sites. The PCA and water quality index (WQI) revealed significant influence by anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the river. Furthermore, the WQI output showed that the river water was not fit for human consumption. The cluster analysis revealed similarity in the physico-chemical conditions at Stations 1 and 4, whereas Stations 1 and 2 were the most dissimilar. This study advocates monitoring and protection of water bodies upstream and downstream of the influx of untreated effluents.

Shale oil production and groundwater: What can we learn from produced water data?

As oil production in the Permian Basin surges, the impact of shale production on groundwater resources has become a growing concern. Most existing studies focus on the impact of shale production on shallow freshwater aquifers. There is little understanding of the shale development's impact on other groundwater resources (e.g., deep carbonate aquifers and deep basin meteoric aquifers). The possible natural hydraulic connections between shallow aquifers and formation water suggest such an impact can be consequential. This study explores the relationship between shale production and groundwater using produced water (PW) samples from active unconventional oil wells. Focusing on the most productive portion of the Permian Basin-the four-county region in Southeast New Mexico between 2007 and 2016, a large produced water dataset allows us to analyze the conditional correlations between shale oil production and PW constituents. The results suggest that (1) expanding from primarily conventional wells to unconventional wells during the recent shale boom has led to dramatic increases of the TDS, chloride, sodium, and calcium levels in groundwater (i.e., producing formation). (2) Nearby oil well density positively correlates with the TDS, chloride, and sodium levels in the PW samples.

Impact of seasonal variation on water quality of Hindon River: physicochemical and biological analysis

Water is the basic necessity for a living being and detritions in the quality of water led to many harmful impacts. It is important to regulate the water quality to maintain the balance in all the variation of lives. In the present study, the water samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of February 2015–January 2017 from Mohan Nagar barrage, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh, India). The assessment of the seasonal variation of water quality and its impact on the Hindon River water was evaluated by physicochemical and biological analysis. Samples were analyzed for twelve physicochemical parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Hardness (TH), Nitrate Nitrogen, Phosphates, Sulphates, and Heavy metals (Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and biological parameters such as Total Coliform count (TCC), Fecal Coliform count (FCC) and Standard Plate count (SPC). Besides this, River Metal Pollution Index and Integrated River Metal Pollution Index were also calculated and found above permissible limits (RMPI > 1 and IMPI > 2). The trend of heavy metal load in the Hindon River water was observed to be Fe > Zn > Pb > Cd. Lower recorded values of DO and higher levels of EC, TDS, BOD, COD, TH, Nitrate Nitrogen, and Sulphates indicate high pollution levels in Hindon River water. TCC (MPN/100 ml) in water samples was found 7.4 × 104 in pre-monsoon season and 5.8 × 104 in a post-monsoon season, FCC (MPN/100 ml) were 4.5 × 104 in pre-monsoon and 3.6 × 104 in a post-monsoon season whereas SPC (CFU/ml) were 75 × 104 in pre-monsoon and 62 × 104 in post-monsoon. Analysis of water quality parameters was performed as per Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). The Correlation coefficient matrix has been obtained to validate the interrelationship between different physicochemical parameters. The results of our study show the necessity of regular monitoring of Hindon River water for the integrity of aquatic flora, fauna, and human health.

Assessing the Chemical Composition of Wastewater Released from Hawassa Castel Brewery Plant and its Impact on Groundwater

Brewery plants have been known to cause pollution if they have no proper environmental safety systems by discharging effluent into the receiving stream, ground water and soil. The study aims to assess the physicochemical composition of wastewater generated from Hawassa Castel brewery plant and its impact on the surrounding environment particularly on the quality of ground-water. Thus, the study was conducted on samples taken from effluents of Hawassa Castel brewery plant and ground water from the nearby areas. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, EC, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, NH3-N, chloride, TN and TP were analyzed both for effluent samples and groundwater samples. Brewery effluent samples were collected from three sampling stations S1 (brewery effluent discharge point), S2 (50 m from brewery effluent discharge point downstream), and S3 (100 m from brewery effluent discharge point downstream) and four groundwater samples namely G1, G2, G3, G4 were also collected from near Hawassa Castel brewery plant. Groundwater samples G1 and G2 were collected approximately 30 m away from effluent discharge point and groundwater samples G3 and G4 were collected 100 m away from the stream. The parameters monitored for the quantitative analysis of brewery wastewater and ground water. The values of BOD (70.9 ± 7.69 mg/L), COD (178.5 ± 42.8 mg/L), TDS (135.5 ± 34.3 mg/L), turbidity (7.44 ± 0.77 NTU), and phosphate (9.08 ± 4.6 mg/L) were found to be above the permissible industrial effluents discharge limits. Moreover, the presence of high levels of TDS (462.8 ± 216.8 mg/L), TSS (143.7 ± 62.7 mg/L), EC (2370.9 ± 595 μS/cm), nitrate (43.5 ± 21.3 mg/L), phosphate (0.61 ± 0.13 mg/L), and chloride (931.9 ± 42.7 mg/L) in the ground-water samples were immensely polluted by anthropogenic activities and making it unsuitable for drinking purpose. Thus, the concerned bodies should act to prevent further deterioration of the quality of groundwater.

Assessment of the Quality of Ground Water in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq

This paper was carried out to test the quality of ground water in Kalar city- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, bacteria, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and nitrate were tested in order to the quality assessment. The assessment was done for the water quality of 39 wells in kalar city as case of study. It was concluded that TDS levels of these wells were high levels in general and the main reason was due to high levels of calcium and magnesium. Turbidity, pH, sodium, potassium and nitrate values for the samples of water were in standard region. The maximum and non-standard values of TDS, calcium and magnesium were recorded in sample of well no. 27 in values of 545 mg/l, 149 mg/l and 52 mg/l respectively. The research suggested water softener system to cure the hardness of the ground water by decreasing the high levels of TDS, calcium and magnesium to be in safe ranges. It was also proposed the reverse OSMOSIS removes as a second way of ground water treatment. High level of TDS was reduced to standard range from 545 mg/l to 296 mg/l through the water softener system and reduced to 98 mg/l through the reverse OSMOSIS. It found that ground water may contain bacteria such as E. coli and Coliform, and chlorine treatment can be used to avoid bacteria contaminant.

Groundwater solute chemistry, hydrogeochemical processes and fluoride contamination in phreatic aquifer of Odisha, India

The work investigates the major solute chemistry of groundwater and fluoride enrichment (F−) in the shallow phreatic aquifer of Odisha. The study also interprets the hydrogeochemical processes of solute acquisition and the genetic behavior of groundwater F− contamination. A total of 1105 groundwater samples collected from across the state from different hydro-geomorphic settings have been analyzed for the major solutes and F− content. Groundwater is alkaline in nature (range of pH: 6.6–8.7; ave.: 7.9) predominated by moderately hard to very hard types. Average cation and anion chemistry stand in the orders of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > CO32− respectively. The average mineralization is low (319 mg/L). The primary water types are Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3, followed by Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl. Silicate-halite dissolution and reverse ion exchange are the significant processes of solute acquisition.Both the geogenic as well as the anthropogenic sources contribute to the groundwater fluoride contamination, etc. The ratio of Na+/Ca2+ > 1.0 comprises Na-HCO3 (Cl) water types with F− > 1.0 mg/L (range 1.0–3.5 mg/L) where the F− bears geogenic source. Positive relations exist between F− and pH, Na+, TDS, and HCO3−. It also reflects a perfect Na-TDS correlation (0.85). The ratio of Na+/Ca2+ < 1.0 segregates the sample population (F− range: 1.0–4.0 mg/L) with the F derived from anthropogenic sources. Such water types include Ca-Mg-HCO3 (Cl) varieties which are recently recharged meteoritic water types. The F− levels exhibit poor and negative correlations with the solutes in groundwater. The Na-TDS relation remains poor (0.12). In contrast, the TDS levels show strong correlations with Ca2+ (0.91), Mg2+ (0.80) and even Cl− (0.91). The majority of the monitoring points with the anthropogenic sources of groundwater F− are clustered in the Hirakud Canal Command area in the western parts of the state, indicating the role of irrigation return flow in the F− contamination.

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROCONTROLLER-BASED ELECTROCOAGULATOR IN TREATING LAKE WATER

The Automatic Tubig Machine: A Microcontroller-Based Lake Water Treatment with Electrocoagulation is an integration of different ways of treating and purifying lake water from the Caliraya Lake emphasizing the performance of electrocoagulation in the whole process. Its main purpose is to treat water samples from different barangays surrounding Caliraya and Lumot Lake. The two adjacent lakes are strategically designed to gather water from the surrounding and use it to power the turbine, which generates electricity. The water from the lake is considered because the quality is deteriorating and needs some analysis.Aside from the sedimentary filters, electrocoagulation, reverse osmosis, and UV treatment are used in optimizing the quality of the water. The sedimentary filters are strategically designed and confined in a 3-inch diameter PVC piped for the natural horizontal flow of the water to be treated. The system is controlled using Arduino Mega especially in the control of the pump operation, sensors, and electro-coagulators. To avoid passivation on the aluminum pipes which are used as electrodes, the system is designed to change polarity every 30 seconds.The general water quality indicators such as pH level, turbidity, TDS, and coliform level are considered during the tests. The results were confirmed by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Treated water has had optimum value and is considered to be usable at homes and for cooking. The system is 92.66 % reliableand97.3% accurate.

Health Impact Assessment of Contamination of River Ravi

The River Ravi is one of six transboundary rivers comprising the Indus River system. The Ravi drains a catchment area of about 25,000 km2 (14,500 km2 in India; 10,500 km2 in Pakistan). There are extreme low flows in the River Ravi for most of the year and flows that are considerably lower than historical in the summer monsoon season. Approximately 50 million people of Punjab province live in the basin, with more than 10 million concentrated in Lahore, its largest city. We conducted the health impact assessment of the population of the basin in Pakistan due to contamination of River.The parameters of assessments included communicable and non-communicable diseases associated with water contamination. We initially conducted a systematic review of existing literature about the contamination level and health status of the population in the basin. Secondly, we carried out a review and compilation of the information from nationally representative surveys and management information systems. In addition, we carried out block sampling of water quality regarding biological and chemical contaminants in the river basin. Furthermore, we carried out in-depth interviews of community, public and private sector health care providers and other stakeholders. The fecal coliform and E.coli were in acceptable range in only 71% and 75% of groundwater samples, respectively. However, 80% samples from the metropolitan areas of the basin were contaminated. High levels of TDS and fluoride (52-70%), and arsenic (23%) were also observed across the basin. The water quality across the Ravi River Basin, poses a significant, risk to public health both due to chemical contaminants as well as biological contamination. However, the risk may be mitigated if sufficient effort is made to sensitize the vulnerable communities regarding improved hygiene, and disease prevention measures; combined with efforts to enhance the health care facilities within the basin.

Use of GIS-AHP tools for potable groundwater potential zone investigations—a case study in Vairavanpatti rural area, Tamil Nadu, India

Vairavanpatti is a rural area in the district of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India, prone to water deficiency. Azimuthal square array for vertical electrical sounding (VES) techniques were used to delineate the geoelectrical layers at five different locations. Groundwater samples were collected in 15 locations and analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, TH, T-Alk, Ca, Cl, SO4, Fe, and SiO2 levels. The minimum and maximum apparent resistivity values recorded in location 5 with 37.6 Ωm and location 4 with 1150.7 Ωm. Most of the quality parameters exceeds the WHO (2008) and BIS (2012) guideline values except pH and SO4. Iso-resistivity maps for apparent resistivity values suggest at 10-m intervals a total depth of 80 m. The iso-resistivity maps and spatial distribution maps were reclassified with respect to their desired values based on WHO (2008) and BIS (2012) guidelines for drinking water. Analytical hierarchy processes (AHPs) were used to assign the weights for each reclassified layers. The relative importance of layers for potable groundwater and potential zone were identified, in which the consistency ratio is kept as below 0.1. The result shows that the 23% groundwater of northern part is not suitable for drinking purposes. In the overall study area, 51.33% of the southwest, southeast, and central parts possess potable groundwater with moderate potential. In northern part, 22.42% have non-potable and moderate potential while 13.38% of the northeastern part contains good potential of potable groundwater. All other categories are 12.21% of potable and poor potential, 0.5% of non-potable with good potential, and 0.16% of non-potable with poor potential of groundwater in the study area. Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge must be implemented in these areas to improve the potential and quality of groundwater. It is understood that AHP-enabled GIS can be used effectively in the identification of potable and potential groundwater zone in any complex regions.

Assessment of contamination by anthropogenic dissolved organic matter in the aquifer that underlies the agricultural area.

The use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a common practice worldwide; long-term use of wastewater can have adverse effects, such as the migration of the anthropogenic dissolved organic matter into the aquifer. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater and irrigation wastewater, to establish the effect of intensive irrigation on the water quality from the aquifer that underlies the area. The fluorescence spectra showed the presence of humic and fulvic acids and anthropogenic organic compounds similar to aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products in wastewater resources. The significant fraction of DOM in groundwater samples are aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products, identical to wastewater. Chlorides and nitrate ion concentrations suggest a local flow system. High levels of TDS are associated with intensive irrigation with residual water and the return irrigation associated with a gradual increase in salts of CO32-, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42-. The anthropogenic DOM is a useful indicator of water quality management in groundwater based on origin tracking of DOM and changes in organic pollutants. Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to investigate groundwater pollution characteristics and monitor DOM dynamics in groundwater.

Water Pollution in the Arabian Gulf

Abstract Arabian Gulf water has been a victim over the years of the Gulf Wars which resulted in the spillage of millions of oil barrels. These have left a significant amount of pollutants that not only affect marine animals but also alter human lives by affecting soils, groundwater systems and environmental sustainability. This study aims to determine major pollutants that are present at the beaches of Abu Dhabi (a part of the Arabian Gulf). The examination of samples from four different locations was made around Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. These locations included Al Bateen Beach, Saadiyat Beach, Yas Beach and Ras Al Akhdar beach. The methodology included the analysis of pH, salinity, TDS, heavy metal and trace element levels of seawater. The results indicated no presence of heavy metals in any of the four locations. However, there were traces of copper, aluminium, nitrate and magnesium. The results concluded that it is important to maintain the sustainability of Arabian Gulf water because water is the most important natural resource on this planet.

The effects of Lahijan landfill leachate on the quality of surface and groundwater resources

ABSTRACT Landfill Leachate contains many pollutants including pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, resistant organic compounds, etc. Lahijan dumping site has no collection and refinery system for its municipal solid wastes. This region has moderate, humid, rainy weather during the year and high groundwater level, so the leachate in the landfill can have more adverse effects on the surface and underground water resources. The purpose of the present study was to determine the pollution condition of surface and groundwater around the dumping site of Lahijan. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the community household wells, a seasonal river and the permanent river. The present study was conducted during 9 months including winter, spring and summer (2017) on the surface and groundwater resources at Lahijan dumping in a region called Tamoshal. Temperature, Turbidity, pH, COD, BOD5, EC, TDS, alkalinity, TH, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NO3 −, Cl−, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Mercury and Arsenic were measured as the independent variables. According to results, the levels of turbidity, BOD5, COD, EC, TDS, Mn and Ni were higher than stablished standards in the seasonal river water. Spectrophotometers, ICP, Turbiditimeter, Conductometer and TWT were used to measure the parameters. According to the Water Quality Index, the seasonal river was not in satisfactory condition. The results of this study showed that the surface and groundwater resources around the Lahijan MSW dumping site are physically and chemically polluted. The effects of the landfill in the Lahijan Tamoshal area are evident in the area of surface and underground water.

STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF PH/EC/TDS LEVELS IN THE GUTÂI MOUNTAINS DRINKING WATER FROM MARAMUREŞ

The paper showcases research conducted in order to determine pH, EC and TDS levels in the drinking water sampled from a spring located at an altitude of 925 meters at the edge of the DN18 road, which connects Shighetu Marmaţiei and Baia Mare, in Maramureş, Romania. A Tester Combo HI98130 was used for this experiment, a tester which is waterproof, extremely accurate and it can measure high range (0.00 - 20.00 mS/cm, EC/0.00 - 10.00 ppt TDS) EC/TDS and temperature. The results of the experiment are: pH = 7.25, EC = 0.08 mS/cm, TDS = 0.04 ppt at a temperature of 27,60C. This waterproof floating combined tester comes equipped with an easy to read LCD display and automatic stop. On top of that, pH and EC/TDS readings are automatically compensated by temperature (ATC) in order to prevent temperature related variations when taking measurements.

Oily sand remediation concurrently with oil-in-water cleaning mechanisms using chemical-free microbubbles: A concept paper

The oil spillage incidents along the Malaysia coast show an increasing number in the last few years. Many technologies have been deployed in treating oil from seawater. However, the problem with oily-contaminated sands is still difficult to solve because it involves ultra-expensive cost and vigorous system. This study explains the concept of using chemical-free microbubbles in remediating the oily sand, simultaneously separating oil from an oil-in-water mixture. The microbubbles from the remediation system and oily water cleaning are generated using Air Jet Aerator (AJA) and Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), respectively. The parameters are sand's weight, oil concentration, the washing medium, and the system's pressure. The analyses are TDS, TSS, and COD level. Based on preliminary results conducted for DAF, it shows that the hydrocarbon removal efficiency was found to be 81%.