Taxonomy Of Languages Research Articles

Hosting and Integrating a Hawaiian Language Taxonomy in the British Museum’s Collection Database

With more than 2.5 million catalogue records the British Museum’s digital collection database is one of the largest museum databases in the world, constituting a primary point of access to the collections both internally and externally. But its recording systems, developed over multiple generations, contain problematic data in a structure dominated by a single language. This article focuses on efforts to transform a portion of the data within the structural complexities. In 2021, a Hawaiian language research group was formed at the British Museum. Named Keaukānaʻi, this group supports the development and integration of a new taxonomy in ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language) for describing Hawaiian ancestral treasures physically at the museum. The authors reflect on the work initiated to deconstruct taxonomical violence, and to build a new path forward for hosting, integrating and centering an indigenous language and associated knowledge at the British Museum. The article presents key steps while also discussing the challenges and limitations encountered.

Hebrew offensive language taxonomy and dataset

Abstract This paper introduces a streamlined taxonomy for categorizing offensive language in Hebrew, addressing a gap in the literature that has, until now, largely focused on Indo-European languages. Our taxonomy divides offensive language into seven levels (six explicit and one implicit level). We based our work on the simplified offensive language (SOL) taxonomy introduced in (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk et al. 2021a) hoping that our adjustment of SOL to the Hebrew language will be capable of reflecting the unique linguistic and cultural nuances of Hebrew. The study involves both linguistic and cultural analysis beyond Natural Language Processing (NLP). We employed manual linguistic analysis to understand the nuances of offensive language in Hebrew. An accompanying dataset, gathered on Twitter and manually curated by human annotators, is described in detail. This dataset was constructed to both validate the taxonomy and serve as a foundation for future research on offensive language detection and analysis in Hebrew. Preliminary analysis of the dataset reveals intriguing patterns and distributions, underscoring the complexity and specificity of offensive expressions in the Hebrew language. The aim of our work is to capture the complexity and specificity of offensive expressions in Hebrew beyond what automated NLP methods alone can provide. Our findings highlight the significance of considering linguistic and cultural variations when researching and correcting abusive language online. We believe that our streamlined taxonomy and associated dataset will be crucial in improving research in Hebrew language sociocultural studies, natural language processing, and offensive language detection. Our study also makes a substantial contribution to the study of low-resource languages and can be used as a model for future research on other languages.

LLOD schema for Simplified Offensive Language Taxonomy in multilingual detection and applications

Abstract The goal of the paper is to present a Simplified Offensive Language (SOL) Taxonomy, its application and testing in the Second Annotation Campaign conducted between March-May 2023 on four languages: English, Czech, Lithuanian, and Polish to be verified and located in LLOD. Making reference to the previous Offensive Language taxonomic models proposed mostly by the same COST Action Nexus Linguarum WG 4.1.1 team, the number and variety of the categories underwent the definitional revision, and the present typology was tested in the annotation on the publicly available offensive language datasets of each of the four languages. The results of the annotation are presented and as they are contained within the accepted statistical values on the inter-annotator agreement in the SOL categories and their aspects, we propose this taxonomy as a core ontology which represents the encoding of the supported offensive languages and justify its use on new data in terms of a more universal Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) schema.

Offensive language in user-generated comments in Lithuanian

Abstract The aim of the current research is to investigate the feasibility of identifying offensive language in Lithuanian by utilising the Simplified Offensive Language Taxonomy (SOLT). The key principle behind this taxonomy is its ability to complement existing offensive language ontologies and tagset systems, with the ultimate goal of integrating it into publicly accessible Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) resources. The dataset used in the current study is a publicly available corpus of user-generated comments collected from a Lithuanian portal (Amilevičius et al. 2016). The study identified that offensive language predominantly focuses on collective derogatory language rather than individuals. The most common category of offensive language is related to physical and mental disabilities, followed by ideological offenses, xenophobic and sexist remarks, and less frequent categories like ageism, classism, homophobia, and religious discrimination. These results highlight the diverse range of offensive language online and underscore the need to combat discrimination and promote respectful discourse, particularly concerning marginalised groups.

An integrated explicit and implicit offensive language taxonomy

Abstract The current study represents an integrated model of explicit and implicit offensive language taxonomy. First, it focuses on a definitional revision and enrichment of the explicit offensive language taxonomy by reviewing the collection of available corpora and comparing tagging schemas applied there. The study relies mainly on the categories originally proposed by Zampieri et al. (2019) in terms of offensive language categorization schemata. After the explanation of semantic differences between particular concepts used in the tagging systems and the analysis of theoretical frameworks, a finite set of classes is presented, which cover aspects of offensive language representation along with linguistically sound explanations (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk et al. 2021). In the analytic procedure, offensive from non-offensive discourse is first distinguished, with the question of offence Target and the following categorization levels and sublevels. Based on the relevant data generated from Sketch Engine (https://www.sketchengine.eu/ententen-english-corpus/), we propose the concept of offensive language as a superordinate category in our system with a number of hierarchically arranged 17 subcategories. The categories are taxonomically structured into 4 levels and verified with the use of neural-based (lexical) embeddings. Together with a taxonomy of implicit offensive language and its subcategorization levels which has received little scholarly attention until now, the categorization is exemplified in samples of offensive discourses in selected English social media materials, i.e., publicly available 25 web-based hate speech datasets (consult Appendix 1 for a complete list). The offensive category levels (types of offence, targets, etc.) and aspects (offensive language property clusters) as well as the categories of explicitness and implicitness are discussed in the study and the computationally verified integrated explicit and implicit offensive language taxonomy proposed in the study.

Limba semnelor: de la elementele de taxonomie la aspecte practice ale limbii semnelor române

The present paper concerns fundamental aspect of Sign Language, from historical elements at international and national levels to taxonomical elements for a better understanding of pragmatic elements of Sign language. The taxonomy of Sign Language is a difficult task since the analysis isolates the processes which, in fact, may intervene to create a sign. In the application part we will focus on a proposal of Romanian Sign Language taxonomy and in the final part there are examples in the context of the five descriptive parameters: the handshapes, the position of the hand in relation to the body, the orientation of the palm, the movement and the non-manual signs as aspects correlated with facial expressions.

Characterization and mechanical properties of offensive language taxonomy and detection techniques

Machine learning is the sub field of Artificial Intelligence which is responsible for developing a system that has the capability to learn and improve from past experience. There is an increasing demand for the offensive language detection because there is a large code-mixed text. Sometimes there is a possibility of code-mixed texts which are written using native scripts. If the system is getting trained on the data which is created using single language then it will leads to failure because of complexity. Using online communities and social media platforms has become increasing now. Recently many of the researchers have been investigating different ways of identifying the abusive content and developing systems to detect its different types like aggression identification, cyber bullying detection, hate speech identification, offensive language identification and toxic comments identification. Developing mechanisms to detect this is a challenging task. In the last few years, machine learning techniques and deep learning concept has been playing a significant role in the development of solutions for offensive language detection. So, considerable efforts have also been devoted to the development of machine learning techniques and deep learning models which is used to identify toxic content in recent years. First, this survey provides offensive language taxonomy and detection approaches. Then, the article focuses on the offensive language identification and toxic comments identification approaches. This article reviews various models used, type of learning model, languages for which the developed model is applied, other methods or approaches that were compared against this model, dataset used, offensive language detection type and performance metrics. The findings from the review are as well summarized and they urge that further effort is required to get improvement in the current state-of-the art approaches. This article also focuses on future work to improve the offensive language classification and toxic comments identification.

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FRENCH AND NUBIAN: NOUN PHRASE CONSTRUCTIONS

This study aims to reveal the similarities and differences between French and Nubian languages regarding the internal structure of their noun phrases and the order of the constituents in their simple and complex noun phrases. To this end, the contrastive analysis (CA) is applied which is composed of three steps as (1) description; (2) juxtaposition; (3) comparison. The contrastive analysis in this study shows that French and Nubian languages have many differences regarding the placement of a head noun, the placement of an adjective of size and quality, the placement of numerals and the case marker in a complex noun phrase and share fewer similarities such that both languages can use two adjectives successively in a complex noun phrase. The findings of this study contribute to comparative historical linguistics to establish language genealogy, to typological linguistics to create language taxonomies, to translation studies to investigate problems of equivalence in creating bilingual dictionaries.

Mapping the dimensions of linguistic distance: A study on South Ethiosemitic languages

We measured the distance among selected South Ethiosemitic languages from three dimensions: structural, functional and perceptual. The main objectives of our study was to determine the relationship among these three dimensions of linguistic distances, to re-examine previous classifications of the languages, and to measure the degree of mutual intelligibility among the language varieties. We determined the structural distance by computing the lexical and phonetic differences. The phonetic distance was computed using the Levenshtein algorithm. A Word Categorization test was adopted from Tang and van Heuven (2009) to measure the functional distance or the degree of intelligibility. A self-rating test, based on the recordings of ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ was administered to measure the perceptual distance among the languages. Then we performed a cluster analysis using Gabmap. Multidimensional scaling was employed for the cluster validation. The results of our study show that the selected South Ethiosemitic languages can be classified into five groups: {Chaha, Ezha, Gura, Gumer}, {Endegagn, Inor}, {Muher, Mesqan}, {Kistane} and {Silt’e}. Moreover, the language taxonomies obtained from the measures of the three dimensions of distance are very similar, and they are generally comparable to the classifications previously proposed by historical linguists. There is also a very strong correlation among the three dimensions of distance. Furthermore, the Word Categorization test results show that the majority of these languages are mutually intelligible with the exception of Silt’e.

TEORÍA DE RANGO MEDIO DE ENFERMERÍA PARA LA ADAPTACIÓN DE UN MENOR ANTE DISCRIMINACIÓN Y VIOLENCIA FAMILIAR

This article develops the process of nursing assessment in community practice and the analysis of a nursing situation in the process of adaptation of a child in the face of discrimination and family violence. The analysis was made from Roy's Coping Medium Range Theory (TRM), and it was operationalized with the nursing process showing that it is autonomous, grounded and dynamic, located in an integrative / interactive world view; using, in addition, nursing knowledge patterns: empirical, aesthetic, personal and ethical. Some interventions and results are presented that sought to mediate the use of standardized language taxonomies, with the goal from a theoretical approach. It is concluded that the use of a MRS in clinical and community practice is fundamental, that it guides and guides the professional training and the way care is provided. Additionally, a nursing process articulated and coherent with the selected theory is proposed, making the present analysis a novel strategy of great utility for understanding and intervention in practice, taking into account that it starts from a context that involves school, family, home and person who, by collecting the information of the majority of the participants of the process, is allowed to understand and carry out the interventions.

Language attitudes and ‘folk linguistics’ of Russian-speaking migrants in the UK

This article discusses language attitudes towards Russian and metalinguistic interpretations of its place, functions and image as expressed by post-Soviet Russian-speaking migrants residing in the north-east of England. By adopting a larger perspective of folk linguistics to tackle the diverse accounts of speakers, it examines the way Russian-speaking migrants perceive and explain main areas of their sociolinguistic experiences as a minority group. General reflections on control, power and standardisation in language maintenance become indicative of overpowering language ideologies embedded in schooling practices and consequently reproduced in personal narratives. Transforming patterns of individual language behaviour demonstrate the developments of new migrant identities, both belonging to wider ‘Russians abroad’ categories and excluded from the ‘mainland’ speech community. More generalised assumptions about language taxonomy and portrayal re-shape their mind-mapping schemata and self-understanding as a distinctive migrant group within the British environment.

Needs analysis of higher primary teachers in KwaZulu

As will appear from the literature quoted in this report, various researchers and institutes locally and in the rest of the world have concerned themselves with the state of English either as a subject or as a medium in Black education. The aim of this project is not primarily to make a contribution to existing literature but the motivation is of a more practical nature. It hopes to focus on a specific aspect of the language situation, viz the language needs of Black primary school teachers in KwaZulu. In the seco~d place it wishes to establish these needs on the basis of empirical data from questionnaires, observation: and interviews. Finally it hopes to harness this inform~tion for and transform it into a blueprint for a language course for the specific target population that will meet the needs that have been identified. As the investigation ofthe language teaching in KwaZulu schools and the taxonomy of language needs will be conducted from a specific language teaching framework, it will be necessary to sketch that framework briefly.

Linguistic and Political Ferment in the Franco-Italian Epic: The Geste Francor as Minor Literature

This article proposes a reading of the medieval Franco-Italian epic collection La Geste Francor alongside Deleuze and Guattari's theory of minor literature. A text once condemned as a degenerate hybrid because of its language, which combines forms of Old French with elements of Italian vernaculars, the Geste also challenges norms of genre, thematic integrity, and poetic consistency. Like other minor literature, it troubles the constants of traditional literary analysis, precisely because our idea of "literature" has been defined in relation to major works. Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of literary polylingualism and their taxonomy of languages allow for a recuperation of works like the Geste; here, this leads to an interpretation that casts the hybrid language of the text as a means for managing and harmonizing the rival cultural, linguistic, and political claims found in medieval northern Italy. Ultimately, though, the Geste offers a different politics of the minor to that of Deleuze and Guattari: its hybrid tongue permits a cohabitation of respect for tradition and stability with vectors for change and innovation.

Geometric representations of language taxonomies

A Markov chain analysis of a network generated by the matrix of lexical distances allows for representing complex relationships between different languages in a language family geometrically, in terms of distances and angles. The fully automated method for construction of language taxonomy is tested on a sample of fifty languages of the Indo-European language group and applied to a sample of fifty languages of the Austronesian language group. The Anatolian and Kurgan hypotheses of the Indo-European origin and the ‘express train’ model of the Polynesian origin are thoroughly discussed.

Trends In The Study Of Language Variation:Theoretical And Taxonomic Considerations

Register study, stylistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and English for specific purposes all deal with language variation. This can be gleaned from several perspectives. In this paper, however, we have tried to look at the issue of variation from two main perspectives namely: the theoretical and the taxonomic. Our conclusion in this paper is that the five study thrusts listed above are approaches to the study of language variation. This we have tried to validate by looking at their theoretical foundations as well as their dimensions for the analysis of language. Our belief is that they virtually all have similar theoretical thrusts. Also, we hold that the dimensions for the taxonomy of language are similar even if different terminologies are applied. In sum, these approaches ostensibly claim different theoretical backgrounds and paradigms when their focal points are thrust in the same direction.

Language disorders in children with central nervous system injury

Children with injury to the central nervous system (CNS) exhibit a variety of language disorders that have been described by members of different disciplines, in different journals, using different descriptors and taxonomies. This paper is an overview of language deficits in children with CNS injury, whether congenital or acquired after a period of normal development. It first reviews the principal CNS conditions associated with language disorders in childhood. It then describes a functional taxonomy of language, with examples of the phenomenology and neurobiology of clinical deficits in children with CNS insults. Finally, it attempts to situate language in the broader realm of cognition and in current theoretical accounts of embodied cognition.

Geometric Representations of Language Taxonomies

AbstractComplex relationships between different languages in a language family encoded in the lexicostatistic data can be subjected to a component analysis and represented geometrically, in terms of distances and angles. The fully automated method for construction of language taxonomy is tested on a sample of fifty languages of the Indo-European language group and applied to a sample of fifty languages of the Austronesian language group. The Anatolian and Kurgan hypotheses of the Indo-European origin and the 'express train' model of the Polynesian origin are thoroughly discussed.

Model information transmission system

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study a theory of systems and their models on the basis of studying the information channels between their elements, meaning that it is a continuation of those studies already carried out on the theory of systems and their models applied to environmental systems.Design/methodology/approachThe model information transmission system (MITS) can be defined as the theoretical structure that makes it possible to describe the way information is stored and transmitted in a modelling process, and which will be completed in future studies. The basis for a taxonomy of languages is also presented.FindingsThe theoretical structure described will lead to the study of a theory of information from the point of view of the analysis of text systems and models, but analysed within the theoretical structure presented, which includes the study of an information source and an information channel.Originality/valueThese theoretical findings will improve the information channels used up to now for the study and modelling of systems and which are largely described using several computer programmes, as the information generated and transmitted will be studied and analysed in different ways. In this way, the text models and families of text models generated can be analysed by studying and transforming models, particularly by focusing attention on everything inherent to the information contained in the same.

Much Ado About Nothing? Some Comments on B. F. Skinner's Definition of Verbal Behavior.

Some have suggested that the definition of verbal behavior offered by B. F. Skinner (1957) fails to capture the essence of language insofar as it is too broad and not functional. In this paper, I argue that the ambiguities of Skinner's definition are not an indictment of it, and that suggestions to the contrary are problematic because they suffer a critical error of scientific reasoning. Specifically, I argue that (a) no clear definition of verbal behavior is possible because there is no natural distinction between verbal and nonverbal behavior; (b) attempts at an immutable definition are essentialistic; and (c) Skinner's functional taxonomy of language is in no way affected by the particulars of any definition of verbal behavior.

Lowering the barriers to programming

Since the early 1960's, researchers have built a number of programming languages and environments with the intention of making programming accessible to a larger number of people. This article presents a taxonomy of languages and environments designed to make programming more accessible to novice programmers of all ages. The systems are organized by their primary goal, either to teach programming or to use programming to empower their users, and then, by each system's authors' approach, to making learning to program easier for novice programmers. The article explains all categories in the taxonomy, provides a brief description of the systems in each category, and suggests some avenues for future work in novice programming environments and languages.