Taxable Value Research Articles

Spatial Hurdle Models for Predicting the Number of Children with Lead Poisoning.

Objective The purpose of this study is to identify the high-risk areas of children’s lead poisoning in Syracuse, NY, USA, using spatial modeling techniques. The relationships between the number of children’s lead poisoning cases and three socio-economic and environmental factors (i.e., building year and town taxable value of houses, and soil lead concentration) were investigated. Methods Spatial generalized linear models (including Poisson, negative binomial, Poisson Hurdle, and negative binomial Hurdle models) were used to model the number of children’s lead poisoning cases using the three predictor variables at the census block level in the inner city of Syracuse. Results The building year and town taxable value were strongly and positively associated with the elevated risk for lead poisoning, while soil lead concentration showed a weak relationship with lead poisoning. The negative binomial Hurdle model with spatial random effects was the appropriate model for the disease count data across the city neighborhood. Conclusions The spatial negative binomial Hurdle model best fitted the number of children with lead poisoning and provided better predictions over other models. It could be used to deal with complex spatial data of children with lead poisoning, and may be generalized to other cities.

Duties, Royalties and Customs Valuation Pending Italian Supreme Court Decision on the Inclusion of Royalties in Taxable Value

This note addresses the issue of the inclusion of royalties in a custom’s valuation declaration at the time of import. The analysis aims to provide a critical overview and interpretation of key issues regarding this topic. Against the backdrop of the new Union Customs Code (UCC), the author focuses, inter alia, on the ECJ’s decision in GE Healthcare GmbH (Case C-173/15) (which, although pertinent, refers to the previous regulatory framework). It is expected that more clarity and certainty, including for business players, will come with the upcoming rulings of the Italian Supreme Court.

Rules of Taxing Property Buildings

An Integral Part of the Economic and Financial Mechanism, Taxation Means, on the One Hand, the Collection of Resources to the State Budget, but Also a Legal Relationship between a Debtor and a Creditor, Including their Correlation Rights and Obligations. the Determinants of Budgetary Revenues Refer to the Subjects of Taxation, the Object of Taxation, the Unit of Taxation, the Tax Rate, the Rights and Obligations of the Debtors, their Liability, as well as the Payment Terms. Building Tax is an Annual Tax due to the Local Budget of the Administrative-Territorial Units in which the Building is Located by its Owners. Therefore, Subjects of Taxation are those who Own a Building Located on the Territory of Romania, with Certain Exceptions Regulated by the Fiscal Code. for Residential Buildings and Annex Buildings owned by Individuals, the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Building. for Non-Residential Buildings owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% on the Taxable Amount of the Building. for Mixed-Purpose Buildings Owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Adding Together the Tax Calculated for the Area Used for Residential Purposes with the Tax Determined for the Area Used for Non-Residential Purposes. for Residential Buildings Owned or Held by Legal Entities, the Tax or the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Buildings; and for Non-Residential Buildings the Tax or Tax on Buildings is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% Inclusive of the Taxable Value of the Building.

Exploring spatially varying relationships between children's lead poisoning and environmental factors.

Children's lead poisoning continues to compromise children's health and development, particularly in the inner cities of the United States. We applied a global Poisson model, a Poisson with random effects model, and a geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model to deal with the spatial dependence and heterogeneity of the number of children's lead poisoning cases in Syracuse, New York. We used three environmental factors-the building year (i.e., the year of construction) of houses, the town taxable value of houses, and the soil lead concentration-averaged at the census block level to explore the spatially varying relationships between children's lead poisoning and environmental factors. The results indicated that GWPR not only produced better model fitting and reduced the spatial dependence and heterogeneity in the model residuals but also improved the model predictions for the spatial clusters, or hot spots, of children's lead poisoning across inner city neighborhoods. Furthermore, the spatially varying model coefficients and their associated statistical tests were visualized using geographical information system maps to show the high-risk areas for the impacts of the environmental factors on the response variable. This information can provide valuable insights for public health agencies to make better decisions on lead hazard intervention, mitigation, and control programs.

KEPASTIAN NILAI DASAR PENGHITUNGAN BEA PEROLEHAN HAK ATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN (BPHTB)

The problems in this research are formulated as follow, first, how is the standard value calculated in the transition of BPHTB land rights? Second, how to assure the standard value in the calculation of BPHTB on the transfer of land rights? This research is a normative research supported by empirical data with the approach of legislations. On the basis of this study we concluded that, first, there is uncertain quantification of BPHTB amount to be paid, with the obligation that inhibit the validation process of registration of land rights transfer. Secondly, there should be standard fixed value as the basis for calculating BPHTB by the competent authority, such as the Taxable Value on Property Tax.

ANALISIS PENETAPAN NILAI JUAL OBJEK PAJAK TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

Property Tax is one tax which is managed by the local government. Which is the only property tax in Indonesia, because most of the revenue is income areas, among others, are also used for the provision of facilities enjoyed by the central government and local government. Bases of land and building tax is the taxable value. The purpose of this study is to analyze Determination of taxable value against land and building tax in Southeast Minahasa Regency. The object of this research is 3 Southeast Minahasa District in the District Ratahan, District Pasan, and the District of East Ratahan. The data collection techniques in this study is a field study in the Department of Revenue in Southeast Minahasa regency. This research uses descriptive method. Based on the research results, the authors concluded that the three districts are districts Ratahan, Pasan, and Ratahan East where the districts are located in the city center in Southeast Minahasa Regency, strategic location and generates economic value. So it has a high contribution to the reception in Southeast Minahasa regency. Department of Revenue is responsible for determining the tax object selling value needs to improve the assessment and pengelolahan data, especially between the sale value of the tax object selling prices that occurred in the community so that more relevant determination.

Could Land-Only Taxation Save Local Government in Indiana?

This paper articulates a case for Indiana to exempt all non-land property from the taxable portion of the property tax base. This moves the state closer to a tax system that has great support among economists for its advantages in encouraging economic growth, progressivity, and reducing environmental damage from urban sprawl. Indiana might particularly benefit from a land only tax because of its unique system of property tax caps. The merits of this approach hinge on driving a wedge between gross assessed value and net taxable value. Future empirical research is needed to determine the distributional impact that would result from such a policy change.

Assessing the Contributions of Collaborators in Public–Private Partnerships

Partnerships that bring together public, private, and nonprofit organizations have become widely used by local governments. But we lack knowledge about the distinct contributions of collaborators to the partnership. This study uses tax increment financing (TIF) in Dallas, Texas, to assess the distinctive roles of public and private partners in achieving mutually beneficial policy outcomes. We find that, while public investment is essential to the partnership’s success, private investment directly increases property values. The city’s greatest contribution is to leverage private investment to create added taxable value in the TIF district. The increased property value provides revenue that is used for public purposes benefiting TIF district occupants. As with other quasi-private institutions that have gained popularity in the new order of governance, the appeal of TIF is its capacity to create public goods with bounded benefits. In addition, both institutional and operational knowledge contribute to the partnership’s success. The city’s experience at establishing new TIF districts and administering existing ones increases taxable value.

From property taxes to consumption taxes: An empirical analysis of changes in tax revenue diversification of Florida counties

This study explores factors affecting changes in tax revenue diversification in Florida counties using socioeconomic, taxpayer, and institutional characteristics. The data cover 30 years and are analyzed using panel data analysis. The findings show that taxable consumption value, the number of interstate highways, the charter, and the form of government are associated with a greater degree of revenue diversification. Taxable property value, the presence of a metropolitan statistical area, the proportion of homeownership, the proportion of Democrat voters, income, and property tax millage rate are negatively associated with revenue diversification.

Research on residential property taxation and its impact on the real estate market in Greece

The purpose of this research is to identify the differences between the ‘objective’ (tax) values and the current true market values of residential real estate in Greece. For that purpose research is made on the tax values used by tax authorities and the manner of their definition. In the first part of this paper an updated review of all taxes currently levied on residential property in Greece on the transfer (as a property transfer tax) and on the possession of residential properties (as Periodic Annual Taxes) is given. Then the calculation of the ‘tax values’, by the objective mass valuation system of the Greek tax authorities is presented and its variations are explained. In order to investigate the true market values and compare those with the tax values a case study is carried out. The Greater Athens Municipality is chosen because of its size, market importance and diversity. A specific methodology is followed to establish solid criteria for the sample selection, and then the results are compared to the tax values taken through the State’s mass valuation system. Furthermore, an overview of the Greek real estate market (2007 – to date) is made, so as to provide the context within which the current research is based. The results of this research reveal a discrepancy between the tax assessed values and the true market values in residential property in Greece, the latter ones being either equal or lower depending mainly on the age of the property. Although at the beginning of 2013 new buildings still might retain a market price slightly above the tax assessed value, older buildings followed an opposite trend, which was relative to their age. This showed a major flaw in the calculation methods of the tax assessed values (objective mass valuation system) that should be rectified at the earliest opportunity. By the end of 2013 the already critical situation of the Greek real estate market deteriorated even further. The decline in asking prices accelerated and the transaction volume decreased due to a lack of demand, liquidity and limited bank lending. The result of this is that the transaction prices of the few recorded transactions that took place in 2013 were realised at a level 15% lower compared with the 2012 transactions. Very few newly built properties were sold at a price equal or marginally higher than the taxable value though the vast majority of the properties were sold at prices as low as 50% of the taxable value. Greek government shows no intention to adjust taxable values before 2016. This policy discourages potential buyers and causes irrevocable harm to the real estate market.

Assessment of physical vulnerability and potential losses of buildings due to shallow slides

Physical vulnerability (PV) of buildings and associated potential losses (PLs) due to the occurrence of shallow slides are semi-quantitatively assessed at the regional scale in a municipality located in the North of Portugal. This work has four main purposes: (1) to identify and characterize the built environment exposed to shallow slides in the study area; (2) to assess the PV of each building type taking into account the building resistance (BR) and the landslide magnitude (LM); (3) to evaluate the economic value (EV) of each single exposed building using cadastral and market values; and (4) to estimate PLs on buildings due to landslide activity. The analysis is made for each single building of the study area, and this is an innovative contribution of this work. The semi-quantitative methodology to assess PV of buildings exposed to shallow translational slides combines the LM and the BR, which is empirically obtained weighting a set of parameters related to building characteristics. The quantification of the EV of buildings was carried out using an adaptation of the calculation formula used by the Portuguese Tax Services to determine the taxable value of buildings in Portugal. PLs result from the product between PV of the exposed buildings and their EV in euros. The overlapping of PLs of buildings with an available landslide susceptibility map, although does not provides any quantified risk analysis, provides valuable information to be used by spatial planning and civil protection stakeholders.

Simultaneously Waste and Wasted Opportunity: The Inequality of Federal Tax Incentives for Conservation Easement Donations

In 2008, 3,095 taxpayers donated 3,158 conservation easements to non-profit organizations worth an aggregate $1.17 billion. For their generosity, these taxpayers have received and will receive myriad tax benefits, including federal income tax deductions for up to the full value of their easements, estate tax benefits for the amount their donations lowered the taxable values of their estates, and numerous other federal exemptions. Depending on where they reside, donors may also receive state income and property tax benefits. This note examines the relationship between the peculiar financial circumstances of an easement donor (namely her income and wealth) and the ultimate value of her tax benefits. Consistent with deductions and exemptions generally, across two donors of identical easements, the Internal Revenue Code provides a greater aggregate subsidy to the donor with higher taxable income and the higher taxable estate. Unlike other deductions and exemptions, however, the differential far exceeds the difference in federal income tax brackets. For the “wealthiest” of donors, the aggregate subsidy approaches, if not exceeds, the full fair market value of the donated easement. For a donor with relatively little taxable income and no estate tax liability, however, the subsidy amounts to small fraction of the value of her easement. Using studies of subjective preferences for non-use environmental goods (which establish that individuals’ interest in conservation does not decrease with their income or wealth), I argue that it is inefficient to grant larger incentives to wealthier donors of conservation easements than to poorer donors. I propose granting all donors a tax benefit worth a fixed percentage of the value of their donation and outline specific changes to the Internal Revenue Code that would bring about this change. I further argue that such a change is a prerequisite to the reform of the methodology for valuing conservation easements. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of equalizing incentives for the United States’ response to climate change.

Changes in Property Tax Progressivity for Florida Homeowners after the “Save Our Homes Amendment”

The “Save Our Homes Amendment” (SOHA) to Florida’s constitution limits annual increases in the taxable value of a homestead property to 3% or the rate of inflation (whichever is less) as long as the property is owned by the same owner. The amount of property value protected from taxation throughout the state by this amendment has grown to over $246 billion (13.9% of total property value) since the amendment’s implementation in 1995. This study tests whether the protection has accrued disproportionately over time among homestead property owners, the very group of people the amendment was intended to protect. The results suggest that the amendment has reduced the degree of progressivity in the state’s property tax system such that the owners of lower value home properties are shouldering an increasing proportion of the property tax burden relative to the owners of higher value homestead properties. The differential impacts of the SOHA across value ranges of homestead properties are likely attributable to differential appreciation and ownership transfers for higher and lower value homestead properties throughout the state.

Changes in Property Tax Progressivity for Florida Home owners after the "Save Our Homes Amendment"

The "Save Our Homes Amendment" (SOHA) to Florida'sconstitution limits annual increases in the taxable value of ahomestead property to 3% or the rate of inflation (whichever isless) as long as the property is owned by the same owner. Theamount of property value protected from taxation throughout thestate by this amendment has grown to over $246 billion (13.9%of total property value) since the amendment's implementationin 1995. This study tests whether the protection has accrueddisproportionately over time among homestead property owners,the very group of people the amendment was intended to protect.The results suggest that the amendment has reduced the degreeof progressivity in the state's property tax system such that theowners of lower value home properties are shouldering anincreasing proportion of the property tax burden relative to theowners of higher value homestead properties. The differentialimpacts of the SOHA across value ranges of homesteadproperties are likely attributable to differential appreciation andownership transfers for higher and lower value homesteadproperties throughout the state.

Tips for TIFs: Policies for Neighborhood Tax Increment Financing Districts

The research team investigated Tax Increment Financing (TIF), which can often help cities address critical needs to revitalize neighborhoods. Nevertheless, how planners and policy-makers define “neighborhood,” how they construct state-enabling statutes, and how local governments actually apply TIF may determine the success of Tax Increment Financing. A TIF designation should attract growth, it should be used in limited areas for limited durations, and it must include citizen-based planning. If a neighborhood is to receive a TIF designation, slow growth in taxable values might be more appropriate than designating the neighborhood as “physical blight.” Determining which revenue streams are eligible for capture is perhaps the most significant issue in financing. If a TIF district captures all property tax increments, schools and other public associations will be disadvantaged. In contrast, limiting a TIF district's tax base to the general revenues of municipal government will substantially limit the outcomes of a TIF designation. In designating TIF districts, planners and policy-makers must balance assessments of need with investment potential. Finally, the success of neighborhood TIFs depends on planners to anticipate private investment increases on property values to generate funds for planned improvements. The initial characteristics of a TIF district often influence the amount of investment attracted. Municipal planners and policymakers must balance citywide and neighborhood needs to avoid creating multiple tax jurisdictions as “have” and “have not” neighborhoods.

Turning Up the Heat: The Impact of Electric Utility Competition on K–12 Education Funding in Ohio

Ohio, like many states, is currently‐considering deregulation of the retail electric power industry. This issue is made more complex in Ohio because structural change in the delivery of electric power is also likely to have a negative effect on state and local government revenues. This effect occurs because of three main forces: the elimination of differential property tax treatment of utilities relative to general businesses, the likely decrease in state electricity excise tax revenues as a result of falling power prices and administrative difficulty in taxing out of state providers, and the potential for stranded costs to diminish the taxable value of electric generating equipment. This article provides an overview of these issues and a brief analysis of the extent to which these problems will be shared by other states. The article then demonstrates the impact of deregulation‐induced tax changes on both state and local school district revenues in Ohio and concludes with a discussion of how the state's ability to insulate local governments from these adverse fiscal effects is made both more imperative and more difficult by a recent Supreme Court Ruling on school funding Finally, the issues discussed in the article are placed in a more general context of the challenges of adjusting tax policy to changing circumstances

The Black Death in English towns

It seems likely that historians in the past have seriously underestimated the number of English townsmen in the early fourteenth century. In London alone there may have been 80–100,000 around 1300. The population of Norwich in the early fourteenth century was higher than used to be thought, and it was growing: Rutledge proposes 17,000 for 1311 and 25,000 for 1333. Keene's estimate of about 10,000 for Winchester in the early fourteenth century can serve as a basis for estimating the population of other towns in the same period. Those whose taxable value in 1334, and whose contribution to the poll tax of 1377, was at least as great as Winchester's, probably had a population equal to Winchester's or greater around 1300. By this argument about fifteen towns, including London, are likely to have had 10,000 or more people at the beginning of the fourteenth century, and perhaps 5 per cent of England's population lived in towns of this rank. Estimates taking account of smaller towns are much more precarious, but it is possible that all told 10 per cent of England's population lived in towns of over 2,000 inhabitants and that a further 5 per cent lived in small boroughs, some with as few as 300 people. Even this estimate does not take account of many small market towns, not described as boroughs, that had elementary urban characteristics.

'N EVALUERING VAN WAARDASIEMETODES VIR DIE MOONTLIKE IMPLEMENTERING DAARVAN BY 'N LANDBOUGRONDBELASTING IN SUID-AFRIKA / An evaluation of the suitability of valuation methods for implementation in an agricultural land tax in South Africa

It appears increasingly probable that an agricultural land tax will be introduced in South Africa on a regional basis. Policy makers should consider such aspects as the rate of taxation and the method of calculating the taxable value of land. In order to treat such decisions on its merits, insight is needed into the productivity-generating attributes of agricultural land as well as into the extent to which the various valuation methods are able to estimate these different value components. Several criteria were identified and applied in the evaluation of three valuation methods for agricultural land. Special consideration was given to the possible implementation of an agricultural land tax on a regional level. Specific circumstances in each political region, for example the homogeneity of land, could result in valuation methods performing differently with respect to certain criteria. It could also be possible that in certain regions various valuation methods could be applied in a supplementary manner, pro...

TWO EARLY SCOTTISH TAXATION ROLLS

The first of the taxation rolls printed hereafter is part of Bagimond's Roll for the archdeaconry of Teviotdale within the diocese of Glasgow. This roll and the career of its compiler have been discussed in detail elsewhere,1 and it may suffice to note that Master Baiamundus de Vitia, canon of Astia, was appointed papal collector in Scotland on 20 September 1274 by Pope Gregory X.2 As such his task was to collect a tenth of the taxable value of all benefices in that kingdom, the sum so realised to be added to that collected throughout Latin Christendom for the relief of the Holy Land. Bagimond's commission was not an easy one, but as various published fragments of his roll attest he assiduously carried out his duty for the prescribed period of six years.3

Taxable Value of Estate Determined at Instant after Death

Taxable Value of Estate Determined at Instant after Death