Tar Oil Research Articles

Co-carbonization of ethylene tar and fluid catalytic cracking decant oil: Development of high-quality needle coke feedstock

In this study, ethylene tar (ET) and refined ethylene tar (ETR) were co-carbonized with fluid catalytic cracking decant oil (DO) to prepare needle coke. The compositions and functional group changes of the blended feedstocks were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Besides, the carbonization behavior of feedstocks was determined in terms of coke optical observation, carbonized gas composition, and escape rates. The morphology and performance of needle coke were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and coefficient of thermal expansion. The results showed that the blending of DO to the feedstocks increases the H/C ratio and the content of alkyl and naphthenic structures, which improves the growth and development of the mesophase. However, the coke derived from co-carbonization of ET and DO exhibits a clear separation interface between different optical textures. Further investigation revealed that a large amount of asphaltenes in ET polymerized rapidly into mosaic texture, which hardens prematurely and cannot coalesce with the domain texture subsequently generated by DO. The compatibility of blending ETR and DO for co-carbonization improves significantly after ET is refined to remove asphaltenes. In addition, sufficient gas flow derived from DO promotes the optical microstructure of the resultant cokes by a transition from domain texture into acicular flow type. The synergistic effects between ETR and DO result in the actual CTE and yield of needle coke being lower than the theoretical ones. The CTE of NC-ETRDO50 is lowered to 1.62 × 10-6/°C, being almost the same as that of NC-DO, and the production growth of NC-ETRDO50 is even higher by 7.32% compared with that of NC-DO. Therefore, high-quality needle coke with high production was prepared from low-cost heavy oils.

Carbon Black and Lignin Hybrid Filler in Designing NR Based Cushion Gum Composite Formulation

Lignin has high potential to be used as rubber cushion gum compound ingredient due to its unique properties. Cushion gum is an adhesive used to bind a new tread to the surface of used tires in a retread tire factory. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid filler consisting of carbon black and lignin in affecting the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) based cushion gum composite. The composition of carbon black/lignin was arranged at 40/10 phr and 35/15 phr. Carbon black grade N220, N330, and N550 were used in this research. Meanwhile, the lignin was specifically in the form of sodium lignosulfonate. The cushion gum compound was also formulated with the addition of pine tar oil as bio-based plasticizer. Commercial cushion gum was used as a comparison. The result showed that the hybrid filled NR cushion gum composite with N330/lignin at 40/10 (coded as SP2) was the most appropriate formula. Compared to commercial cushion gum, the SP2 hybrid filled cushion gum had comparable or even better processability and mechanical properties, attributed to high crosslink density. The excellent adhesive strength of the SP2 NR cushion gum composite was due to the presence of high content of the phenolic functional group in lignin and pine tar oil.

Tar mitigation using insitu heat generation chemicals (part I): A comparative study

Tar is an extra-heavy oil with ultra-high viscosity. Accumulation of tar in a reservoir ultimately results in production decline. This study represents the first part of the series of investigation, which aim at developing an insitu heat generation scheme (through thermochemical reaction) for tar mitigation to improve oil production from tarmat-impacted reservoir. Comparative studies have been conducted through both coreflooding experiments and field scale numerical simulation for tar removal using injection of thermochemical fluids (TCF) at 90 °C and other fluids, including water (23 °C), hot water (90 °C), oil soluble organic solvent sludge (90 °C) and steam (210 °C). The results from coreflooding experiments revealed that TCF injection has comparable removal efficiency in terms of recovery factor (RF = 93%), with that of steam injection (RF = 94%). In comparison, the RF from water, hot water, and injection of an oil-soluble solvent sludge are 21, 53, and 85%, respectively. From the field scale simulation, the results affirmed greater efficiency of TCF injection over steam injection with higher tar recovery rate, recovery factor (RF), and Oil: Steam ratio (OSR). In addition, the simulation results revealed that cyclic injection of TCF outperformed continuous injection operation.

Extraction and interaction insights for enhanced separation of phenolic compounds from model coal tar using a hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquid

Phenols are valuable chemicals and widely applied in chemical industry, which have a high content in coal cracking oils. The separation of phenols from coal tar oils is of significance. Usually, the caustic washing technology is adopted in industry, which is environmental unfriendly due to the discharge of a large amount of waste water. This work aims to effectively recover the high-added value phenolic compounds from coal tar oil using m-cresol as a typical phenolic compound by means of a hydroxyl supported ionic liquid N-hydroxyethyl-4-picoline nitrate ([C2OH-4-pic][NO3]). The ionic liquid (IL) ([C2OH-4-pic][NO3]) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR. The factors of separation temperature, mass ratio of IL to coal tar model oil, extraction time and coexistent aromatic content in coal tar model oil were investigated. Also, the extraction performance of the prepared IL for the different phenolic components were explored. The separation efficiency (E) of [C2OH-4-pic][NO3] were 98.99% for m-cresol, 98.39% for o-cresol, 98.65% for p-cresol and 99.99% for phenol at 298.15 K with the mass ratio of 1:5 and the extraction time of 30 min. Afterwards, the intermolecular interactions between the IL and m-cresol were investigated by calculating the spatial and radial distribution function, averaged noncovalent interaction and self-diffusivity using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the formation of hydrogen bond was validated by FT-IR. The regeneration of [C2OH-4-pic][NO3] was performed and was characterized by 1H NMR. Finally, the separation process was designed based on the above exploration.

Термографические исследования деасфальтизата в присутствии 2-этилгексаноатов цинка, никеля и железа

The results of thermographic studies of the deasphalted oil obtained by deasphalting West Siberian oil tar with butane with the addition of zinc, nickel, and ferrous iron 2-ethylhexanoates, as well as without additives, are presented. The effect of metal-containing additives on the process of weight loss and the change in the magnitude of heat fluxes during thermal exposure has been established. The effect on the weight loss of samples of deasphalted oil containing salts of ferrous iron, with increasing temperature, differs significantly from the effect of such additives as zinc and nickel salts.

Natural rubber-based cushion gum compound formulation at various type and dosage of rubber processing oil and tackifier resin

Cold retreading technique dominates retreaded tire manufacturing process. The technique applies rubber cushion gum compound as adhesion medium to bond new tread with a worn old tire. High-quality cushion gum compound mainly requires good adhesive strength. Tackiness of the rubber compound can be improved by addition of tackifier resin and rubber processing oil (RPO). The research was aimed to evaluate the performance of various types and dosages of tackifier resin and bio-based RPO to physic-mechanical properties of cushion gum. A method in the manufacture of natural rubber-based cushion gum compound was in accordance with ASTM D 3182. Cushion gum rubber compound formula was designed by using bio-based RPO such as pine tar oil at 5 and 12 phr and three types of tackifier resin such as rosin resin, phenolic resin, and hydrocarbon resin at 3 and 7 phr. Petroleum-based RPO and commercial cushion gum were selected as reference material. Curing characteristic and physic-mechanical properties test results were used as a reference to determine cushion gum quality. The observation during experiment indicated that natural rubber-based cushion gum compound formulated with addition of 5 phr rosin resin and 5 phr pine tar oil (code ZH4) has the closest curing characteristic and physic-mechanical properties to commercial cushion gum.

Multiscale evaluation of the efficiently separation of phenols using a designed cationic functionalized ionic liquid based on Brønsted/Lewis coordination

Phenolic compounds (PCs) are value-added materials in producing medicines and disinfectants, which were enriched in the coal tar oils. However, the commonly industrial applied methods exposed several environmental concerns. Thus, the utilization separation of PCs using a green and sustainable technology present both commercial and biological value. In the present work, a type of simple and easy prepared carboxyl functionalized ionic liquid, 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([CeMIM][NO3]), was designed based on the Brønsted/Lewis coordination theory and prepared to effective separation of PCs from the oil mixtures, taking m-cresol as the example. The total nonbonded interaction energy (Etotal), spatial distribution function (SDF) and averaged noncovalent interaction (aNCI) were calculated to reveal that the formed H-bonds were enhanced by the functional group of the adopted IL. Moreover, FT-IR was also performed to prove the H-bonds interaction and acid-base coordination with the IL. Afterwards, the performance was explored by measuring the variation of the extraction efficiency (E) under different separation conditions such as separation temperature (ST), the mass ratio of IL to model oil (mIL/moil), and extraction time (ET). Meanwhile, the separation performance of [CeMIM][NO3] on other phenols was also investigated and followed by the regeneration of [CeMIM][NO3]. The E values are 98.77 % for m-cresol, 97.65 % for o-cresol, 98.03 % for p-cresol and 98.14 % for phenol with mIL/moil = 1:5 and extraction time 30 min at 298.15 K.

Study on the evolution of oxygenated structures in low-temperature coal tar during the preparation of needle coke by co-carbonization

Low-temperature coal tar is rich in oxygenated compounds which are hard to remove and make a great influence on the quality of needle coke. Low-temperature coal tar (LTCT) and decant oil (DO) were used to co-carbonize to prepare needle coke by liquid phase carbonization, and the evolution of oxygenated structures in LTCT during the preparation of needle coke was investigated. In the early stage of carbonization process, the C–OH/C–O/C–O–C functional groups were mainly transformed into COO– groups. With the deepening of carbonization depth, the COO– functional groups gradually converted into CO functional groups. The enrichment of aromatics and the introduction of high aromaticity material further promoted the conversion of oxygenated structures and the oxygen-containing crosslinking behavior. Excessive aromatic molecules provided active sites and free radicals for polycondensation and dispersed the distribution of oxygenated cross-linked structures in the whole carbonaceous structures, thus resulting into a more ordered lamellar orientation. This study provided theoretical basis for weakening the influence of the oxygenated structures on the quality of needle coke by enhancing aromatic content during co-carbonization.

Beneficial effects of dynamic groundwater flow and redox conditions on Natural Attenuation of mono-, poly-, and NSO-heterocyclic hydrocarbons

Natural Attenuation (NA) processes have been demonstrated to reduce pollutant loads at different contaminated groundwater sites world-wide and are increasingly considered in contaminated site management concepts. However, data are mainly available for steady state groundwater flow and stable redox conditions as well as pollutants listed in standard regulatory schemes. In this study, the influence of transient groundwater flow and redox conditions on NA was examined at a former gas works site near the river Rhine in Germany. The investigated 78 pollutants included 40 mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, PAHs) and 38 NSO-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HET). In the highly polluted areas, the MAHs benzene, indene and indane, the PAHs naphthalene, acenaphthene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and the NSO-HET 2-methylquinoline, carbazole, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran and benzofuran were predominant. Pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the sources of contamination. At the plume fringes, the MAHs benzene and indane, the PAH acenaphthene, the NSO-HET carbazole, 5-methylbenzothiophene, 2- and 3-methylbenzofuran and 2-methyldibenzofuran were predominant, indicating low retention and slow intrinsic biodegradation of these compounds. The influence of surface water on groundwater level, pollutant concentrations, and redox conditions in the monitoring wells was observed with a permanently installed groundwater sensor. The temporary availability of oxygen was observed at the plume fringes, resulting in aerobic and ferric iron reducing biodegradation processes. Field and laboratory data were used to set-up a groundwater flow and reactive transport model used for quantification of the field mass transfer rates. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that NA is effective under transient flow and redox conditions. A conceptual model and reactive transport simulation can facilitate the interpretation of pronounced fluctuations of pollutant concentration in monitoring wells. Based on the analysis of 78 pollutants, indane, indene and several NSO-HET like carbazole, benzothiophene and 2-methyldibenzofuran are recommended for monitoring at tar oil polluted sites, besides EPA-PAHs and BTEX.

Experimental measurements for the liquid-liquid equilibrium of ternary systems [(water + methyl oleate + model mixtures of tar (naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene)] issued from the biomass gasification process

Energy, fuel and chemical production like syngas from biomass is increasingly attracting interest in the world, with increasing potential to replace conventional fossil fuels in the energy market.Biomass gasification has been studied widely as an efficient and sustainable technology for the syngas production.Thus, raw syngas contains a significant quantities of undesirable impurities known as syngas contaminants, especially tar which can cause major problems to the gasification process; therefore it is crucial to eliminate the generated tar in this process by one of the most promising method “the tar scrubbing oil” using a suitable extracting solvent. With this aim, an experimental study of the liquid–liquid equilibrium of the ternary systems of water + solvent (methyl oleate-biodiesel solvent) + model mixtures of tar (naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene) that are presented in the raw syngas was conducted at 303.2 K, 323.2 K and 343.2 K. Due to the low solubility of the studied model molecule of tars in the aqueous phase, an extraction of these analytes (naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene) from the aqueous phase was performed by an auxiliary solvent (dichloromethane), in which was dissolved an internal standard (hexadecane) before analysis in the GC–MS using the internal standard technique. A control analysis was systematically performed in order to ensure that all of the solute was extracted from the aqueous phase. As for the analysis of the organic phase, it was carried out in the GC–MS using the internal standard technique without any prior extraction. Coulometric Karl Fischer (KF) titration was used to quantify water in the organic phase. Partition coefficient and selectivity of the biodiesel solvent were also discussed. This work is followed by a modeling study of the same systems using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) and UNIQUAC (universal quasichemical) models.

Co-carbonization behavior of the blended heavy oil and low temperature coal tar for the preparation of needle coke

Needle coke is mainly used in high-power electrode material for electric arc furnace, the economy of material cost and the quality of co-carbonized products are widely concerned. Low temperature coal tar (LCT) and heavy oil (HO) were used to prepare needle coke by liquid phase carbonization, and the co-carbonization behavior as well as structural evolution of blended materials were also studied. It was concluded that the derived needle coke pyrolyzed from the blended HO and LCT showed obvious structural separation interfaces between the anisotropic acicular structure and isotropic matrix. The abundant primary quinoline insolubles (QI) in LCT prevented the penetration of smaller molecules. The removal of primary QI in LCT improved the compatibility of HO and LCT-derived structure and eliminated the obvious structural separation interfaces. The furfural extraction significantly regulates the molecular composition distribution which is conductive to promote interactions within compositions and improve the order of structural evolution. The sample extracted at 60℃ after removing QI (LCTE60) contained 25.7 wt% of alkanes and naphthenes, and the total content of bicyclic aromatics, tricyclic aromatics and tetracyclic aromatics occupied 45.3 wt%. The derived needle coke prepared from blended HO and LCTE60 with the proportion of 50:50 obtained the needle domain content of 60 wt% and the optical texture index (OTI) of 71.66. This study provides theoretical basis for the co-carbonization of needle coke production.

Study on the co-hydrogenation of coal tar and kitchen waste oil over Co–Mo/γ–Al2O3

In this work, the co-hydrogenation experiments of hydrogenated coal tar and kitchen waste oil were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using Co–Mo/γ–Al2O3 catalyst. Through the model compound experiment, it was found that aromatics can promote the hydrogenation saturation of fatty acids, especially tetralin. When tetralin was used as hydrogen donor, the fatty acids conversion rate increased by 2.7% (The reaction conditions are: 8 MPa, 320 °C, 1.0 h−1, and the H2/oil ratio is 800:1 (v/v)). After the coal tar was hydrogenated at 360 °C and then mixed with 40 mg/100 mL kitchen waste oil, the fatty acid conversion rate increased by 1.36%. The study proves the feasibility of co-hydrogenation technology of coal tar and kitchen waste oil.

Extraction performance evaluation and theoretical analysis of removal of phenol from oil mixture using a dual‐functionalized ionic liquid: 1‐hydroxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium propionate

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhenol is an important chemical and has many applications in industry. It is mainly produced from coal tar. At present, the commonly used method in industry is caustic washing, which produces a lot of wastewater containing phenolic components, resulting in environmental contamination. Herein, a dual‐functionalized ionic liquid, 1‐hydroxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium propionate, was synthesized as a candidate for recovering phenol from a coal tar oil mixture.RESULTSThe performance of the ionic liquid was investigated by extraction experiments with various factors, including phase ratio, contact temperature and contact time. The optimal separation conditions for removing phenol using the ionic liquid were as follows: mDFIL:moil = 1:5; contact temperature, 25 °C; contact time, 30 min. The corresponding removal efficiency was 95.9%. The intermolecular interaction for separating phenol with the ionic liquid was verified to be hydrogen bond attraction using quantum chemical calculations and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry.CONCLUSIONSThe experimental and calculated results showed that 1‐hydroxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium propionate was a suitable extractant for removal of phenol from the oil mixture. This provides a reference for the dephenolization process of coal tar in industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Synthesis of Antiseptic Soap from Blends of Wood Tar and Some Selected Vegetable Oils

Antiseptic soap is a cleansing product to which active ingredient have been added to kill bacteria or germs. Usually, the price associated with conventional antiseptic soap is prohibitive, thus the need for cheap alternative sources of antiseptic soap could not be overemphasized. Traditionally, wood tar inherits antiseptic properties from the parent tree, it therefore provides an easily accessible and affordable recipe for antiseptic soap manufacture. In this paper, we elucidate the use of wood tar extracted from selected local trees (cassia, eucalyptus, and neem) as feedstock to synthesize antibacterial soap, by blending separately with vegetable oil. Two common vegetable oils (castor and peanut oils) were used in this work. The wood tar extracted by destructive distillation of the wood was characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. The analysis indicates that wood tar from the selected trees contain antiseptic components like creosol. The optimum blend ratios of wood tar to vegetable oil suitable for saponification in terms of soap yield was also investigated. Similarly, the soap formulation from optimum blend of wood tar and vegetable oil was characterized to determine pH, foam ability, cleansing power and the microbial activity of the soap. The antimicrobial sensitivity results indicate that the soap has significant inhibitory property on E. coli bacteria. More also, for the selected vegetable oils considered, peanut oil blend was found to give higher yield of soap compared to castor oil blend.

Synthesis of Antiseptic Soap from Blends of Wood Tar and Some Selected Vegetable Oils

Antiseptic soap is a cleansing product to which active ingredient have been added to kill bacteria or germs. Usually, the price associated with conventional antiseptic soap is prohibitive, thus the need for cheap alternative sources of antiseptic soap could not be overemphasized. Traditionally, wood tar inherits antiseptic properties from the parent tree, it therefore provides an easily accessible and affordable recipe for antiseptic soap manufacture. In this paper, we elucidate the use of wood tar extracted from selected local trees (cassia, eucalyptus, and neem) as feedstock to synthesize antibacterial soap, by blending separately with vegetable oil. Two common vegetable oils (castor and peanut oils) were used in this work. The wood tar extracted by destructive distillation of the wood was characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. The analysis indicates that wood tar from the selected trees contain antiseptic components like creosol. The optimum blend ratios of wood tar to vegetable oil suitable for saponification in terms of soap yield was also investigated. Similarly, the soap formulation from optimum blend of wood tar and vegetable oil was characterized to determine pH, foam ability, cleansing power and the microbial activity of the soap. The antimicrobial sensitivity results indicate that the soap has significant inhibitory property on E. coli bacteria. More also, for the selected vegetable oils considered, peanut oil blend was found to give higher yield of soap compared to castor oil blend.

Carbon Materials from Coal Tar and Heavy Oil Residues

Carbon Materials from Coal Tar and Heavy Oil Residues

Carbon Materials from Coal Tar and Heavy Oil Residues

Carbon Materials from Coal Tar and Heavy Oil Residues

Evaluation of Antifungal and Antioxidant Effects of Qutran (Wood Tar) from Olea europaea Subsp. Cuspidate

Qutran oil (Olea europaea) extracted as medicinal plants extracted has a great activity against four fungistrains. Aspergillus (flavus, fumigatus, niger) and Candida albicans throughout using agar well diffusion in our investgation. Results showed that, tar oilhas antifungal effects against studied strains. Inhibition growth rate was from 16.33 to 46.00 mm. and also has positive activities against investagated organisms more than traditional antibiotics either amphoteracin B or Nystatin. A. fumigatus was mainly susceptible fungi followed by A. niger while A. flavus has the most resistant fungi with inhibition zone (16.33 mm). Wood tar oil, Olea europaea, given a high DPPH radical scavenging activity 79.10% compared to ascorbic acid.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Pine Tar on Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria: An In Vitro Study.

Periodontal pathogens play an important role in etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis. Microbiological examination of sub gingival plaque is used at the present time in etiological research as well as in clinical treatment of periodontitis to select the appropriate antibiotic agent if indicated. Pine tar has been used for the treatment of various skin diseases. So the study was done to evaluate the effect of Pine Tar oil on bacteria isolated from periodontitis patients. Plaque samples from volunteer patients were collected using sterile paper points. Robertson's Cooked Meat (RCM) medium was used for the transportation and cultivation of aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic microorganisms. The result suggests the use of Pine tar oil for topical application in periodontal diseases. Disc diffusion analysis was sufficient enough to illustrate that 75 µl tar oil solution produced growth inhibition of microbial strains. Pine tar oil has become one of the important areas of research both in pharmaceutical and periodontal research, hence in vivo studies has to be carried out with various form of pine tar.

Study of final temperature and heating rate variation to pyrolysis of Acacia (Acacia mangium W.) wood waste

The research pyrolysis of acacia wood waste has been carried out. This research was conducted to determine the optimal conditions that can be used for the pyrolysis process of acacia sawdust and the effect of the pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out on the principle of slow pyrolysis using a batch type reactor. Pyrolysis was carried out by varying the final temperature of pyrolysis 375°C, 475°C, and 575°C and variations of heating rates 5°C/min, 10°C/min, and 15°C/min with a holding time of 20 minutes. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin at raw material was determined with the van soest method and the values are 32.75%, 35.16%, and 16.81%, respectively. The result of the pyrolysis process in the form of char at the final temperature of 575°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min produces a calorific value of 6.816 cal/gram. In the tar (oil) tested using GCMS, the acacia tar contains quite high phenol, acetic acid, 2 propanone. The results of pyrolysis can be seen that the highest activation energy value is found in the pyrolysis process with a variation of the heating rate of 15°C/min and the final temperature of the pyrolysis 575°C which is 49.56 kJ/mol.