Tannerella Forsythia Research Articles

Periodontal Disease Diagnosis in the Context of Oral Rehabilitation Approaches

Periodontal diseases generally correspond to a disturbance in the balance between the host’s defense and the micro-organisms colonizing the periodontal environment. The exact mechanisms underlying the destruction of the periodontium remain to be fully elucidated. Our study aims to quantify the main bacteria pool involved in periodontal pathology and associate it with other factors involved in the onset of periodontal disease so that an accurate diagnosis with profound implications for the therapeutic algorithm can be developed. Micro-Ident tests, based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, were used for the study group, chosen for their high specificity in identifying periodontopathogenic bacteria and determining their relative numbers. The results of our study indicate an increased concentration of 4.50 (number of strains) for Capnocytophaga, followed by Tannerella forsythia, in a concentration of 3.50; the next highest concentration percentages are for Treponemei denticola, and Prevotela intermedia, low concentrations were found for Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas. The concentration of each type of bacteria is reflected in the clinical picture and constitutes the starting point for a targeted antibiotic therapy. Following the effects of antibiotic-targeted therapy obtained from the evaluation of the micro-IDent B test results on the periodontium of the supporting teeth, we observed that the values of the periodontal indices change slightly at 3-month intervals with a predominance of plaque, bleeding, and gingival indices, and less in the indices concerning the depth of the probing pocket and the loss of attachment on the buccal and oral surfaces. In conclusion, our study emphasizes a direct relationship between the subgingival tartar presence and the patients age, gingival recession, presence of periodontal pockets, dental mobility, as well as the periodontal indexes: plaque index, bleeding index, and gingival index. The correlation of negative values of periodontal indices with the nature of the involved bacteria materializes in relevant starting points in the elaboration of the periodontal diagnosis of the therapeutic plan and predictability of the prognosis of oral rehabilitation.

The Ability of a Novel Trypsin-like Peptidase Activity Assay Kit to Detect Red-Complex Species.

The trypsin-like peptidase activity assay kit measures the trypsin-like protease produced by three red-complex species, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, causing periodontitis, and detects the presence of these bacteria in samples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the detection of TLPs by a novel TLP-AA, ADCHECK and the detection of red-complex pathogens by real-time PCR using tongue swabs from patients with periodontitis. The detection limit of trypsin-like protease activity by ADCHECK was validated using the culture supernatants of two different Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial strains. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the number of red-complex species in the tongue coatings of patients with periodontal disease. Trypsin-like protease activity in tongue-swab samples was scored using ADCHECK. ADCHECK successfully detected trypsin-like protease activity in 103 Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial strains. The specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ADCHECK for the presence of red-complex pathogens determined by real-time PCR were 90%, 97%, 98%, and 92%, respectively. ADCHECK is an effective tool for the detection of red-complex pathogens.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PERIODONTITIS TREATMENT METHODS EVALUATION WITH SPECIFIC CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MARKERS

Periodontitis is one of the most common dental diseases in the world. The main reason for the development of inflammatory processes of periodontal tissues is the etiological factor of an infectious nature. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of periodontitis treatment methods: vector system, diode laser, vector system and diode laser combined treatment, based on the complex picture data of clinical and laboratory examinations. Depending on the treatment methods, patients diagnosed with different stages and levels of periodontitis were divided into three groups. The research and data processing of periodontal markers in the periodontal pocket in all three groups: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomit, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola allowed us to establish a reliable relationship between the values ​​obtained before treatment and as a result of treatment. Where the data obtained after the vector system and the combined vector system and diode laser treatment were found to be reliable for the target parameters and the effectiveness of the treatment was established (p<0.05). Which is not confirmed in the case of diode laser treatment.

Presence of Periopathogens in Sinus Floor Augmentation Sites: A Cohort Study.

To investigate the effects of periopathogens on bone grafts for maxillary sinus floor augmentation and implant survival. A cohort study was designed. Samples from maxillary sinus floor augmentation sites and from periodontal pockets in adjacent teeth of the same patients were collected during the surgery and following periodontal maintenance and plaque removal. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by an external lab service for analysis of the following periopathogens: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Correlations between the presence of periopathogens in sinus sites and periodontal pockets in adjacent teeth and the clinical findings (bone and implant survival) were studied. A total of 23 patients were suitable for study inclusion. Periopathogens were found in sinus sites in 6 patients (26%) and in tooth sites in 15 patients (65%). There was low correlation for the presence of periopathogens between tooth sites and sinus sites and for complications. The presence of periopathogens as revealed by PCR was lower in sinus sites compared with tooth sites. Their presence neither caused bone pathology nor affected dental implant survival. The presence of periopathogens in sinus sites is inevitable even under periodontal maintenance. Although its presence did not endanger implant survival, future studies are recommended for studying this issue. Further analyses of the presence of periopathogens in cases of bone resorption at the apex of dental implants inserted into sites of augmented sinuses are warranted.

Clinical Evaluation of Diode Laser-Assisted Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial and Bacteriological Study.

Background: Stage 3 grade C periodontitis (S3GCP) has always been a challenge for clinicians. However, it is proposed that the use of lasers in addition to periodontal therapy can result in a more efficient therapy outcome. Objective: The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effects of additional application of diode laser (DL, 810 nm ±5) on clinical and microbiological values during Modified Widman Flap (MWF) periodontal surgery in the S3GCP patients. Methods: A total of 18 patients were randomly assigned to the test site (MWF + activeDL) and the control site (MFW alone). Clinical parameters and microbial samples were taken preoperatively, and postoperatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Visual analog scale (VAS), tissue edema (TE), tissue color (TC), and pain medication (PM) consumption, were evaluated postoperatively at 10th day. Results: All bacteria were significantly decreased at follow-up times compared with preoperative amounts in both therapy sites (p < 0.05). Bacterial amounts of Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 6 weeks, Porphyromonas gingivalis and T. denticola at 3 months, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans at 6 months were statistically lower in the test site than the control site. All clinical parameters significantly improved after MWF surgery at follow-up times compared with preoperative values in intragroup comparisons, but a significant difference was not detected in the intergroup comparison. No differences were found in terms of VAS, PM, TE, and only TC was statistically more pink in the test site than the control site. Conclusions: The present study findings suggest that the use of DL together with MWF may have positive effects in the therapy of S3GCP patients by reducing the microbial load. Clinical Trial.org: NCT05108727.

Smoking negatively impacts the clinical, microbiological, and immunological treatment response of young adults with Grade C periodontitis.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking on clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters in young adult with stage III-IV Grade C periodontitis after full-mouth ultrasonic debridement (FMUD) associated with Amoxicillin and Metronidazole (AMX + MTZ), comparing smokers (PerioC-Y-Smk) with non-smokers (PerioC-Y-NSmk). Fifteen PerioC-Y-NSmk and 14 PerioC-Y-Smk patients underwent FMUD associated with AMX + MTZ for 10 days. All parameters were collected at baseline and 3 and 6months after treatment. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL)- the primary variable-, and gingival recession (GR) were clinically assessed. The impact of PI on CAL change at 6-month was verified by a regression analysis. Samples of the subgingival biofilm was collected for detection of levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis), Tannerella forsythia (T.forsythia), and Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp (F.nucleatum), and were analyzed by real-time qPCR; gingival crevicular fluid was collected for detection of levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, which were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay. PerioC-Y-Smk had significantly higher PI, BOP, and GR at baseline compared to non-smokers (p< .05). PerioC-Y-Smk presented higher PD, CAL, and GR at 3 and 6months (p<.05) compared with PerioC-Y-NSmk in the same periods; PI negatively affected CAL gain in PerioC-Y-NSmk at 6-month follow-up (p=.052) and did not impact on clinical response in PerioC-Y-Smk (p=.882). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL1-β, and IL-4 were observed at 3months in the PerioC-Y-NSmk (p<.05) compared with PerioC-Y-Smk. Lower proportions of P.gingivalis were observed in PerioC-Y-NSmk at baseline and at 3months (p<.05) and lower proportions of F.nucleatum were observed at 6months, in the PerioC-Y-NSmk (p<.05). PerioC-Y-Smk presents an unfavorable clinical, microbiological, and immunological response after 3 and 6months after FMUD associated with AMX + MTZ. Smoking worsens periodontal condition of young treated adults presenting stage III/IV Grade C periodontitis.

Host mRNA Analysis of Periodontal Disease Patients Positive for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia

Periodontal disease is a frequent pathology worldwide, with a constantly increasing prevalence. For the optimal management of periodontal disease, there is a need to take advantage of actual technology to understand the bacterial etiology correlated with the pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors and treatment protocols. We analyzed the scientific literature published in the last 5 years regarding the recent applications of mRNA analysis in periodontal disease for the main known bacterial species considered to be the etiological agents: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia. We identified new pathogenic mechanisms, therapeutic target genes and possible pathways to prevent periodontal disease. The mRNA analysis, as well as the important technological progress in recent years, supports its implementation in the routine management of periodontal disease patients.

Review on Ethnomedicinal and Potential Effect of Antibacterial Plants against Halitosis

Halitosis is an oral malodor condition in the oral cavity that comes from the breakdown of protein by anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Some bacteria that are often found in cases of halitosis are Solobacterium moorei, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, dan Streptococcus mutans. Medicinal plants to treat various diseases have shown minimal side effects. Indonesia is one of the countries that has used plants as traditional medicine since ancient times. As many as 7,000 species of medicinal plants in Indonesia have been studied to address health problems. Among the medicinal plants that have been studied are Green Betel (Piper betle L.), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Star Anise (Illicium verum), Mint (Mentha piperita) dan Oregano (Origanum vulgare) which have been shown to cure various diseases. This review article describes the potential of plants as an antibacterial against halitosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of ethnomedicine and the potential effects of antibacterial medicinal plants that can be used in cases of halitosis.

Differences in the subgingival microbiome according to stage of periodontitis: A comparison of two geographic regions

No microbiological criteria were included in the 2018 EFP-AAP classification of periodontal diseases that could be used to differentiate between stages and grades. Furthermore, differences in the subgingival microbiome depending on stage and grade have not been established. Sixty subgingival biofilm samples were collected in Spain (n = 30) and Colombia (n = 30) from three distinct patient categories: those with periodontal health/gingivitis (n = 20), those with stage I-II periodontitis (n = 20), and those with stage III-IV periodontitis (n = 20). Patients were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene amplification sequencing. Amplicon sequence variants were used to assign taxonomic categories compared to the Human Oral Microbiome Database (threshold ≥97% identity). Alpha diversity was established by Shannon and Simpson indices, and principal coordinate analysis, ANOSIM, and PERMANOVA of the UNIFRAC distances were performed using QIIME2. Although differences in the alpha diversity were observed between samples according to country, Filifactor alocis, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI][G-4] bacterium HMT 369, Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Lachnospiraceae [G-8] bacterium HMT 500, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI][G-5] [Eubacterium] saphenum, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, and Tannerella forsythia were associated with periodontitis sites in all stages. However, only F. alocis, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI][G-4] bacterium HMT 369, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI][G-9] [Eubacterium] brachy, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI][G-5] [Eubacterium] saphenum, and Desulfobulbus sp. HMT 041 were consistent in stage III-IV periodontitis in both countries. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were differentially expressed in severe lesions in the countries studied. Although some non-cultivable microorganisms showed differential patterns between the different stages of periodontitis, they were not the same in the two countries evaluated. Further studies using larger samples with advanced next-generation techniques for high-throughput sequencing of phyla and non-cultivable bacteria within the subgingival microbiome could provide more insight into the differences between stages of periodontitis.

Low level of antibodies to the oral bacterium Tannerella forsythia predicts bladder cancers and Treponema denticola predicts colon and bladder cancers: A prospective cohort study.

This study explores the risk for cancer by level of antibodies to the anaerobe oral bacteria of periodontitis Tannerella forsythia (TF), Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), and Treponema denticola (TD) all three collectively termed the red complex, and the facultative anaerobe bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (AA). The prospective cohort, the Oslo II-study from 2000, the second screening of the Oslo study of 1972/73, has been followed for 17 ½ years with regard to cancer incidence and mortality. A random sample of 697 elderly men comprised the study cohort. The antibody results measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used in the Cox proportional hazards analyses, and quartile risk on cancer incidence in a 17 ½ years follow-up. Among the 621 participants with no prior cancer diagnoses, 221 men developed cancer. The incidence trend was inverse, and the results are shown as 1st quartile of highest value and 4th as lowest of antibody levels. The results of the Cox proportional regression analyses showed that TF inversely predicts bladder cancer (n = 22) by Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.12, 2.61). TD inversely predicts colon cancer (n = 26) by HR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.19) and bladder cancer (n = 22) by HR = 1.60 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.43). Antibodies to two oral bacteria, TF and TD, showed an inverse risk relationship with incidence of specific cancers: TF bladder cancer, TD bladder and colon cancer. Lowered immunological response to the oral infection, periodontitis, is shown to be a risk factor in terms of cancer aetiology.

Effects of extracellular vesicles derived from oral bacteria on osteoclast differentiation and activation

Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota plays an important role in the progression of periodontitis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation and alveolar bone loss, and associated with systemic diseases. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain various bioactive molecules and show diverse effects on host environments depending on the bacterial species. Recently, we reported that EVs derived from Filifactor alocis, a Gram-positive periodontal pathogen, had osteoclastogenic activity. In the present study, we analysed the osteoclastogenic potency and immunostimulatory activity of EVs derived from the Gram-negative periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, the oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus oralis, and the gut probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri. Bacterial EVs were purified by density gradient ultracentrifugation using OptiPrep (iodixanol) reagent. EVs from P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and S. oralis increased osteoclast differentiation and osteoclstogenic cytokine expression in osteoclast precursors, whereas EVs from L. reuteri did not. EVs from P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and S. oralis preferentially activated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) rather than TLR4 or TLR9, and induced osteoclastogenesis mainly through TLR2. The osteoclastogenic effects of EVs from P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were reduced by both lipoprotein lipase and polymyxin B, an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the osteoclastogenic effects of EVs from S. oralis were reduced by lipoprotein lipase alone. These results demonstrate that EVs from periodontal pathogens and oral commensal have osteoclastogenic activity through TLR2 activation by lipoproteins and/or LPS.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ГЕЛЯ И ГЛИЦИНА НА ПСИХОЛОГО-СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС КУРСАНТОВ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА ПРИ РАССТРОЙСТВЕ ПРИСПОСОБИТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ

Dental diseases are a frequent manifestation of disorders of adaptive reactions, since the negative impact on the immune status of cadets is reflected in changes in the microflora of the oral cavity and periodontal [2, 5, 7, 9]. &#x0D; The goal is to improve the therapeutic and preventive measures of inflammatory periodontal diseases caused by a disorder of adaptive reactions in cadets of the departmental institute.&#x0D; Matherials and methods. The group of the examined consisted of 171 people – cadets of 1–4 courses of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Bashkortostan, aged 18–23 years. The study consisted of psychological testing, determination of the state of their vegetative reactions and cortisol content in saliva, molecular genetic determination of the composition of frequently occurring periodontopathogenic bacteria of the dentoalveolar furrow and enzyme immunoassay of the content of cytokines in the oral fluid of proinflammatory, cellular regulatory and immunosuppressive action.&#x0D; Results. The antimicrobial effect of the course application of supravival applications of dental gel Phagodent, together with Glycine, is manifested by a decrease in the frequency of detection of periodontal pathogenic bacteria - Tanerella forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in persons with periodontal diseases not associated with a disorder of adaptive reactions. The use of supramural applications of dental gel is accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of IL-4, IL-12, IL-1ß, TFR-β in the oral fluid of persons with a disorder of adaptive reactions and periodontal inflammation.&#x0D; Conclusion. After the use of dental gel Phagodent and Glycine, there was a 4-fold decrease in the possibility of recurrence of periodontal diseases, the frequency of detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the microflora of the dental sulcus decreased by 66% of the frequency and Tannerella forsythia – by 30%, a decrease in the levels of IL-4, IL-12, IL-1ß, TFR-β in the oral fluid in the group with disorder of adaptive reactions and periodontal inflammation, as well as IL-10, TNF-α and IL-1β in the group without disorder, but with periodontal inflammation.

Validity of a combination of periodontal pathogens and salivary biomarkers as predictors of periodontitis.

Chronic periodontitis is caused by multiple risk factors. To predict chronic periodontitis in older people, we evaluated the association between a combination of major periodontal pathogens and salivary biomarkers and the presence of periodontitis. Stimulated saliva samples were collected to analyze the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia, as well as four biomarkers: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). A total of 201 Japanese patients were recruited. Oral examinations ware performed to determine chronic periodontitis as measured by Community Periodontal Index. The sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics were also obtained, and the parameters were adjusted as potential confounders to employ statistical models. The odds ratio (OR) for the presence of P.gingivalis and the third tertile level of IL-1β as compared with the absence of P.gingivalis and the lowest tertile of IL-1β was highest in individuals with periodontitis (OR=13.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.87-50.52) with the best level (0.79) of area under the curve (AUC) based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. The OR for the presence of P.gingivalis and the third tertile of PGE2 was 7.76 (CI 1.89-31.91) with an AUC of 0.78. The coexistence of more than two periodontal bacteria and the third tertile of PGE2 was also strongly associated with chronic periodontitis (OR=9.23, 95% CI 2.38-35.79) with an AUC of 0.76. The combined information of the presence of P.gingivalis in stimulated saliva, and higher levels of salivary IL-1β may play a vital role in the detection and prediction of chronic periodontitis in older adults.

Investigating Peptidoglycan Recycling Pathways in Tannerella forsythia with N-Acetylmuramic Acid Bioorthogonal Probes.

The human oral microbiome is the second largest microbial community in humans, harboring over 700 bacterial species, which aid in digestion and protect from growth of disease-causing pathogens. One such oral pathogen, Tannerella forsythia, along with other species, contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. T. forsythia is unable to produce its own N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) sugar, essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis and therefore must scavenge NAM from other species with which it cohabitates. Here, we explore the recycling potential of T. forsythia for NAM uptake with a bioorthogonal modification into its peptidoglycan, allowing for click-chemistry-based visualization of the cell wall structure. Additionally, we identified NAM recycling enzyme homologues in T. forsythia that are similar to the enzymes found in Pseudomonas putida. These homologues were then genetically transformed into a laboratory safe Escherichia coli strain, resulting in the efficient incorporation of unnatural NAM analogues into the peptidoglycan backbone and its visualization, alone or in the presence of human macrophages. This strain will be useful in further studies to probe NAM recycling and peptidoglycan scavenging pathways of T. forsythia and other cohabiting bacteria.

Reduced proinflammatory activity of outer membrane vesicles of Tannerella forsythia treated with quorum sensing inhibitors.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of bacteria harbor physiologically active molecules, and quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) are expected to regulate bacterial virulence. In this study, we analyzed the proinflammatory activity of OMVs of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia treated with d-arabinose and d-galactose as QSIs, which inhibit the biofilm formation of periodontal pathogens and autoinducer 2 activity. Compared to OMVs of nontreated T. forsythia (TF OMVs), OMVs released from QSI-treated T. forsythia, designated TF ara-OMVs and TF gal-OMVs, showed reduced production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in THP-1 monocytes through decreased activation of NF-κB/MAPKs. Using a human NF-κB reporter cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages from TLR2-/- mice, TF ara-OMVs and TF gal-OMVs showed less activation of TLR2 than TF OMVs. These results demonstrated that QSIs provide a dual advantage against bacterial infection by inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and generating OMVs with reduced proinflammatory activity.

Unraveling the Risk Factors and Etiology of the Canine Oral Mucosal Melanoma: Results of an Epidemiological Questionnaire, Oral Microbiome Analysis and Investigation of Papillomavirus Infection

Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) is the most common oral cancer in dogs and is very aggressive in this species; its risk factors and etiology are yet to be determined. This study aimed to unravel the risk factors for the development of OMM in dogs and to investigate the possible presence of papillomaviruses as an etiological factor. A case-control study was conducted in 15 dogs with OMM and 15 paired controls whose owners answered an epidemiological questionnaire. Oral swabs from the same dogs were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for microbiome analyses. In addition, DNA fragments of OMM had their DNA extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction in an attempt to detect canine papillomaviruses. The gingiva was the most frequent anatomical site (47%) of OMM, and most tumors were stage III when diagnosed. Most dogs bearing OMM and the controls had grade 3 periodontal disease, and this factor, along with tartar treatment and tooth brushing, did not differ between cases and controls. Most dogs with OMM and most controls had contact with smokers; there was no statistically significant difference. Canine papillomaviruses were not detected among OMM cases. Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis were significantly increased in case dogs compared to the controls. As these bacteria are reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and esophageal cancer in humans, we suggest that they might be risk factors for the development of canine OMM. The limitations of this study include the low number of dogs, and therefore, further studies on canine OMM with larger numbers of animals are encouraged.

Simultaneous presence of Mycoplasma salivarium and Tannerella forsythia in the implant sulcus after lateral augmentation with autogenous root grafts is associated with increased sulcus probing depth.

To characterize a potential pathogenic role of Mycoplasma salivarium and bacterial co-detection patterns on different implant augmentation types. 36 patients were non-randomly assigned to autogenous lateral alveolar ridge augmentation with either cortical autogenous bone blocks, or healthy autogenous tooth roots or non-preservable teeth. Mucosal inflammation was assessed by probing pocket depth (PD) at all sampling sites and by bleeding on probing (BOP) in a subset of sampling sites, and standardized biofilm samples were obtained from the submucosal peri-implant sulcus and sulcus of a contralateral tooth at two times (t1 after implant placement; t2 after six months). Seven bacterial species were quantified using Taqman PCR. Mucosal inflammation did not differ between augmentation groups, but peri-implant sulci showed increased abundance of M. salivarium after augmentation with autogenous tooth roots lasting for at least six months (t1 p = 0.05, t2 p = 0.011). In M. salivarium-positive samples, Tannerella forsythia was correlated with PD (R = 0.25, p = 0.035) This correlation was not observed in M. salivarium-negative samples. Compared to all other samples, PD was deeper in co-detection (i.e., simultaneous M. salivarium and T. forsythia) positive samples (p = 0.022). No association of single or co-detection of bacteria with BOP was observed. Presence of M. salivarium in peri-implant sulci varies with augmentation method and is associated with increased PD but not BOP. A potential causal role of M. salivarium in inflammation through a mechanism involving co-presence of T. forsythia requires further study.

Fusobacterium nucleatum mediates endothelial damage and increased permeability following single species and polymicrobial infection.

Numerous lines of evidence link periodontal pathobionts and their virulence factors with endothelial damage. Most research has been conducted using single species infections at the exclusion of other periodontal microorganisms that have been identified in vascular tissue. Here, we assessed endothelial infection with either single or mixed periodontal species infection and examined their effect on endothelial damage and permeability. Cell surface abundance of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1(PECAM-1) or endothelial permeability following infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies (ssp) nucleatum, ssp polymorphum or Tannerella forsythia as single or mixed species infection was determined by flow cytometry and a fluorescent dextran permeability assay. Zebrafish embryos were infected systemically with either single or mixed species with mortality and disease measured over time. F. nucleatum ssp nucleatum, ssp polymorphum and P. gingivalis significantly reduced PECAM-1 abundance in single species infection, whereas T. forsythia had no effect. F. nucleatum ssp polymorphum caused considerable mortality and morbidity in a zebrafish systemic infection model. Polymicrobial infection underscored the virulence of F. nucleatum ssp polymorphum in particular with increased endothelial cell death and reduced PECAM-1 abundance in co-infection studies with this organism. When injected systemically into zebrafish in polymicrobial infection, fluorescently labeled bacteria were distributed throughout the vasculature and cardiac region where, in some instances, they co-localized with each other. These data provide further evidence on the effects of F. nucleatum on endothelium adhesion molecule abundance and permeability while also highlighting the importance of performing polymicrobial infection to study the molecular mechanisms associated with periodontal pathogen-induced vascular damage.

Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine as a Possible Marker of Periodontal Disease.

Periodontal disease is a chronic oral inflammatory disorder initiated by pathobiontic bacteria found in dental plaques—complex biofilms on the tooth surface. The disease begins as an acute local inflammation of the gingival tissue (gingivitis) and can progress to periodontitis, which eventually leads to the formation of periodontal pockets and ultimately results in tooth loss. The main problem in periodontology is that the diagnosis is based on the assessment of the already obvious tissue damage. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the current diagnostics used to assess periodontal disease. Using lipidomic analyses, we show that both crucial periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, synthesize ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) species, membrane sphingolipids not typically found in vertebrates. Previously, it was shown that this particular lipid can be specifically detected by an aegerolysin protein, erylysin A (EryA). Here, we show that EryA can specifically bind to CPE species from the total lipid extract from P. gingivalis. Furthermore, using a fluorescently labelled EryA-mCherry, we were able to detect CPE species in clinical samples of dental plaque from periodontal patients. These results demonstrate the potential of specific periodontal pathogen-derived lipids as biomarkers for periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Effects of Probiotics Mouthwash on Levels of Red Complex Bacteria in Chronic Periodontitis Patients: A Clinico-microbiological Study

The red complex includes Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, which are recognized as the most important pathogens and are the indicators of infection in chronic periodontal disease. This study was to assess the levels of red complex bacteria in chronic periodontitis patients following treatment with probiotic mouthwash. Twenty chronic periodontitis patients with ages ranging from 18 to 55 years were recruited for the study. The control group was given placebo mouthwash and the study group was given probiotic mouthwash. After clinical monitoring and scaling and root planing, the collected plaque samples at baseline and 14th day were transferred for microbiological analysis by transport media for Conventional Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. On the 14th day, all the clinical parameters were significantly reduced in the study group with gingival index (p = 0.003 HS) and plaque index (p = 0.001 VHS). In the study group, there was significant bacterial cell reduction with T. denticola (p = 0.041 S) and T. forsythia (p = 0.037 S). In patients with chronic periodontitis, treatment with probiotic mouthwash significantly reduces the levels of red complex bacteria. The use of probiotic mouthwash could be a useful adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis.