Taiwanese Specimens Research Articles

Taxonomic study on the queens of the Japanese ponerine genera, with a redescription of Ectomomyrmex horni restituted as a valid species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Queen ants of the Japanese ponerine genera are described, with the first key to the Japanese genera based on the queen caste. Important queen characters are enumerated and caste differences are discussed for each genus. Physical and behavioral aspects of functional queens (alate/dealate queen, ergatoid, and gamergate) in the Japanese ponerines are briefly discussed. Ectomomyrmex horni (Forel, 1913), stat. restit., is resurrected from synonymy with Ectomomyrmex javanus Mayr, 1867. A redescription of E. horni is presented based on Japanese and Taiwanese specimens.

Geographic Variation in Skull Morphology of the Japanese Crocodile Newt, Echinotriton andersoni (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae), Inferred from Geometric Morphometrics

The Anderson's crocodile newt, Echinotriton andersoni, is an endangered species distributed in the islands of Central Ryukyus, Japan. This species is well known to show high intraspecific genetic variation among islands, but its morphological variation has not been explored. We examined the skull variation in this species including enigmatic specimens collected from Taiwan by using geometric morphometrics, and found sexual differences and geographic variation mainly between the Okinawa group (Okinawajima Island) and the Amami Group (Amamioshima and Tokunoshima Islands). We further found close resemblance between the Taiwanese specimens and the female specimens from Amamioshima Island.

Discovery of termitophilous rove beetles associated with Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus in Taiwan, with the first larval description for the tribe Termitohospitini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, 1909 (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), is a well-known pest of wood structures. Its native range has been widely investigated for potential implications for pest control strategies. Termitophilous staphylinid species of the genera Japanophilus Maruyama & Iwata, 2002 and Sinophilus Kistner, 1985 found in nests of C. formosanus have been used to infer the native range of their host termite. Herein, we extend the range of these two genera to include Taiwan, the type locality of C. formosanus. Taiwanese specimens were identified as J. hojoi Maruyama & Iwata, 2002 and S. yukoae Maruyama & Iwata, 2002 based on morphological and molecular data. The first-instar larva of J. hojoi is described, the first known immature stage of the tribe Termitohospitini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae).

Redescription of Liopropoma aragai (Teleostei: Serranidae), with two new confirmed records of species of Liopropoma from Taiwan.

Liopropoma aragai Randall Taylor 1988 is redescribed based on the holotype and non-type specimens from Japan and Taiwan. Diagnostic characters of the species and the status of Taiwanese specimens previously referred to L. aragai are reassessed. Liopropoma lemniscatum Randall Taylor 1988, previously recorded only from the Pacific coast of Japan and the Ryukyu Archipelago, and L. lunulatum (Guichenot 1863), previously known from Okinawa Island (Japan), Guam, Réunion, Rarotonga and Tahiti, are redescribed, both being confirmed for the first time by voucher specimens from Taiwanese waters. A detailed description of each species and a key to Taiwan Liopropoma Gill 1861 is provided.

First Record of Erysiphe elevata on Plumeria rubra in Taiwan

Plumeria rubra L., native to tropical Central America, is a widely cultivated ornamental woody plant. In two municipalities in northern Taiwan we observed brown discolorations irregularly following veins on the abaxial surface of green or yellowing lower (old) leaves of two outdoor plants of P. rubra. The upper side did not show symptoms or diffuse yellow spots. About 80% of leaves exhibited superficial mycelia and conidiophores typical of a powdery mildew. Specimens collected from a garden plant in Taipei City on 31 May 2018, and from a pot plant in Taoyuan City, Zhongli District, on 7 June 2018, were deposited under the collection numbers R. Kirschner 4647 and 4651 in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan (TNM). Fresh specimens were mounted in approximately 10% KOH and observed with light microscopy. The mycelium was hypophyllous, forming irregular patches. Hyphae were hyaline, walls thin, smooth, 3 to 8 μm wide, with hyphal appressoria single or opposite in pairs, nipple shaped or lobed. Conidiophores were 35 to 76 μm long, 7 to 9 μm wide, erect, straight or curved at the base, mostly three-celled, occasionally one- or two-celled. Foot cells were rough at the base, 24 to 35 μm long, 6 to 8 μm wide, with basal septum mostly even with the surface of the supporting hypha. Conidia were solitary, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth, 28 to 35 μm long, 13 to 16 μm wide, and germination was not observed. The specimens were compared with a specimen (R. Kirschner 1945, TNM) of E. elevata on Catalpa sp. (Bignoniaceae), collected in Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Bergen-Enkheim, 18 July 2004. The anamorphic specimens from Catalpa sp. in Germany and P. rubra from Taiwan were morphologically indistinguishable. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of both Taiwanese specimens was amplified with the primers ITS1F/ITS4 and sequenced. The 660-bp-long ITS sequences of R. Kirschner et al. 4647 (GenBank MH507182) and 4651 (GenBank MH507183) were 100% identical to each other and 99 to 100% identical to the 10 available sequences of E. elevata in GenBank (Meeboon and Takamatsu 2017), whereas the similarity was 98% or lower for other species. Erysiphe sp. (labeled as E. elevata in GenBank under MF092833) recorded on Plumeria pudica by Suarez et al. (2017) had a similarity of 97% (582/597 bp). The sequence MF092833 contained seven unclear positions (“N”), indicating technically insufficient quality. Because of the high similarity of sequences and anamorph morphology, the specimens on P. rubra from Taiwan are conspecific with E. elevata. It seems to be limited to the lower side of the older leaves, where it forms inconspicuous mycelia so that the brown scribble-like discolorations along the leaf veins are more diagnostic symptoms than the mycelial colonies. Powdery mildew of Plumeria leaves is often reported anecdotally, but confirmed reports are lacking. Recently, Suarez et al. (2017) identified the causative agent as the genus Erysiphe on P. pudica in the United States. Because P. rubra was introduced to Taiwan in the 17th century and the first hybrid in 1967 (Hsueh and Yang 2009), the pathogen may have gone unnoticed for a long time. According to our observation, however, the powdery mildew appears to be less frequent than the recently reported rust Coleosporium plumeriae (Chung et al. 2006) and might have been recently introduced. The fungus may be involved in an accelerated leaf-fall, particularly in connection with additional stress factors such as drought or coinfection with the rust fungus.

Contribution to the knowledge of the genera Euseius Wainstein and Gynaseius Wainstein (Acari: Mesostigmata: Amblyseiinae) from Taiwan

Euseius nicholsi (Ehara & Lee), E. sojaensis (Ehara), and Gynaseius santosoi (Ehara) are reported for the first time from Taiwan. The new records were re-described based on Taiwanese specimens collected from various plants. In addition, a new species, E. oolong sp. nov., was described and illustrated. Identification keys for Taiwanese species of Euseius Wainstein and world species of genus Gynaseius Wainstein are provided.

Discovery of the genus Pseudepione Inoue, 1943 in Taiwan, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae).

The genus Pseudepione Inoue, 1943 is a small geometrid taxon comprising only two species, the typo species P. magnaria (Wileman, 1911) and P. shiraii Inoue, 1943. They are known to distribute in Japan (Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku), south and central Korea (Choi 2012; Choi An 2010; Jung Oh 2012), the former species was also reported in Jiangxi of China (Fang 2003). The genus seems to be univoltine since adults can only be found in the autumn season (Wileman 1911; Inoue 1943, 1982; Parsons et al. 1999; Kim Beljaev 2001; Sato 2011; Choi 2012). The combination of the absence of forewing fovea, tuft of scales of third abdominal sternite, gnathos, socii and cormata is quite unique in Ennominae. So far, the phylogenetic affinity of Pseudepione is unclear since the closely related genus has never been proposed and still no morphological or molecular phylogenetic studies, i.e. Beljaev (2006a; 2006b; 2016), Sihvonen (2011), Yamamoto Sota (2007), Jiang et al. (2017), considering the palaearctic subfamily or tribal levels sampled this genus. The dense fundamental surveys conducted in recent 7 years in the cloud forests of Taiwan acquire the opportunity to collect this genus new to Taiwan. After comparing the Taiwanese specimens with the known two species in both sexes, it's clear the Taiwanese specimens are a distinct species needed to be described in the present study.

Description and phylogenetic investigation of Pogonatum shevockii N.E.Bell & Hyvönen (Polytrichaceae), a new East Asian species with a unique leaf morphology

We describe Pogonatum shevockii from Taiwan, a new species with a number of unusual features. A single collection from Yunnan is treated as conspecific, although further sampling is required to confirm whether morphological and molecular differences from the Taiwanese material are sufficiently consistent to be recognised taxonomically. The plants have a remarkable leaf structure with a 3-stratose lamina including a central row of large hyaline cells that may be responsible for the abaxial surfaces of leaves appearing distinctly pale-glaucous when dry. These cells often have globular inclusions that appear variously dark or speckled yellow-brown/blue-green depending on magnification. In fresh material of Taiwanese specimens the calyptra hairs are often distinctly green, another unusual feature in the Polytrichaceae. Molecular phylogenetic analyses including exemplars from 75% of Pogonatum species strongly support the monophyly of the new taxon and tentatively place it as sister to a clade including five species with geminate apical lamellar cells, namely the exclusively Central and Southern American P. campylocarpum, P. neglectum, P. comosum and P. procerum and the Asian P. microstomum.

Revision of the Taiwanese species of the genus Leptophion Cameron, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with a discussion of their phenology and distribution.

We revise the Taiwanese species of the ophionine genus Leptophion Cameron, 1901. As a result, three species, including a new species, are recognized. Two of them were identified as L. maculipennis (Cameron, 1905) and L. radiatus (Uchida, 1956), both of which had been previously recorded in Taiwan; we redescribe them based on Taiwanese specimens. We describe a single new species as L. giganteus Shimizu & Watanabe, sp. nov. The phenology and distribution of the species are briefly discussed. A key to the Taiwanese species of Leptophion and additional couplets to the key proposed by Gauld & Mitchell (1981) are also provided.

Redescription of Hexanchus nakamurai Teng 1962, (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchiformes: Hexanchidae), with designation of a neotype.

Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 is one of two valid nominal species in the genus Hexanchus; the other being H. griseus. The taxonomic history of H. nakamurai is somewhat convoluted due to questions about the validity of whether it constituted a publication or an unpublished dissertation. The issue appeared to have been resolved once it was determined that the Teng's original description met the criteria under the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature code (Article 8a) of a publication. However, recent molecular studies have indicated that the western North Atlantic H. nakamurai (= ? H. vitulus) may be distinct from western Indian Ocean H. nakamurai. Compounding the issue is the loss of the holotype of H. nakamurai from Taiwan. A neotype is herein designated and the species redescribed based on the neotype and eight additional Taiwanese specimens.

A new record of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium spinipes (Schenkel, 1902) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Taiwan, with notes on its taxonomy.

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium spinipes (Schenkel, 1902) is recorded from Taiwan for the first time and extends the distribution of the species to north of the Tropic of Cancer. The Taiwanese specimens differ slightly from material from Indonesian Papua in the density of the spination of the adult second pereipods, the relative length of the ridge of the posterior submedian plate of thoracite sternite 4, and the color of the carapace, abdomen and pleural condyles.

A review of Schiodtella formosana, with some remarks on the genus Schiodtella and description of a Japanese new species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae)

Schiodtella formosana (= Stibaropus formosanus) in Taiwan and Japan is studied taxonomically. Taiwanese specimens are identified as ‘true’ Sc. formosana, whereas Japanese specimens represent a new species described herein as Sc. japonica sp. nov. This new species shows obvious variation in the hemelytra and tarsi, and can be distinguished from Sc. secunda by the larger eyes and a more developed conjunctival appendage of the penis. Schiodtella formosana was originally described as lacking tarsi from all legs, whereas all subsequent descriptions mention their presence in all legs. Consequently, the definition of Schiodtella is revised, because the affinity of many significant characteristics between Sc. formosana and other congeners is recognized. The availability of characteristics for a generic definition is discussed.

Additional records of hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from Taiwan

Four shallow-water hermit crab species, Clibanarius boschmai Buitendijk, 1937, C. cruentatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1848), Paguritta vittata Komai & Nishi, 1996, and Pagurixus nomurai Komai & Asakura, 1995, are recorded from Taiwan for the first time. The addition of the four species increases the number of Taiwanese hermit crabs to 138 species in 39 genera. The poorly known species, Clibanarius boschmai, is diagnosed on the basis of the syntypes and Taiwanese specimens. Although two deep-water pagurids, Chanopagurus atopos Lemaitre, 2003 and Tomopaguroides valdiviae (Balss, 1911), have already been reported from Taiwan, additional specimens obtained provide supplemental information on these poorly known species. The discovery of a male specimen of C. atopos also requires an emendation of the diagnosis of the genus Chanopagurus Lemaitre, 2003. Color photographs are provided for all these species.

A taxonomic revision of the subfamily Coloninae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Japan and Taiwan

The subfamily Coloninae of the family Leiodidae is composed of two genera, Colon Herbst, 1797 and Colonellus Szymczakowski, 1964, and includes about 140 species worldwide (Hatch 1928, Szymczakowski 1964, Peck 1997, Newton 1998). In East Asia, apart from Japan, nine species of the genus Colon of subfamily Coloninae have been recorded from the Chinese region (including Mongolia) and the Korean Peninsula (Schweiger 1960, Szymczakowski 1964, 1971, 1981, Park et al. 2005); the genus has not been recorded from Taiwan. In contrast, the genus Colonellus has not been known to occur in East Asia. Hisamatsu (1970) recorded the first species of Coloninae from Japan: Colon (Myloechus) japonicum Hisamatsu, 1970. Later, Nakane (1982) added three species and Hisamatsu (1985), Nishikawa (1988), Hoshina (2003), and Park et al. (2005) each added one species of the subgenus Myloechus to the Japanese fauna. As a result, the subfamily Coloninae is represented in Japan by eight species all belonging to Colon (Myloechus). In addition, Park et al. (2005) gave a key to the Japanese and Korean species of Colon. Recently, I had the opportunity to examine many Japanese and Taiwanese specimens of Coloninae and the type specimens of all species described from Japan. The specimens studied belong to 14 species, including nine new ones, and to two genera, Colon and Colonellus: two species described by Nakane (1982) are here reduced to junior synonyms of other Japanese species. This paper presents descriptions of all species of Japanese and Taiwanese Coloninae and provides a key to the genera, subgenera, and species.

クロアゴヒメアオバトＰｔｉｌｉｎｏｐｕｓ ｌｅｃｌａｎｃｈｅｒｉの日本初記録および亜種Ｐ．ｌ．ｔａｉｗａｎｕｓについての検討

A fresh corpse of the Black-chinned Fruit Dove Ptilinopus leclancheri was collected on Iriomote Island of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan (24°15′13′′N, 123°52′15′′E), on 26 August 2004 immediately after the passage of a typhoon. This is the first record of this species in Japan, whose normal range is Taiwan or the Philippines. Considering the geographic and atmospheric circumstances, it is most probable that the bird arrived at Iriomote Island accidentally. The undeveloped small ovary and the slightly ossified skull strongly suggest this individual to have been a juvenile female. Comparative measurements of three Taiwanese specimens and the Japanese one were newly taken and compared with literature on this species. All four specimens shared similar measurements, especially in terms of the distinctively long culmen, which is suggestive of subspecies P. l. taiwanus, although the subspecies status had been suspected to be wrongly attributed to vagrant individuals with abnormal characters.

CRANIAL DESCRIPTION AND GENETIC IDENTITY OF THE HOLOTYPE SPECIMEN OF TURSIOPS ADUNCUS (EHRENBERG, 1832)

AbstractTwo species of bottlenose dolphins are currently recognized by most cetologists: the pan‐tropical and temperate Tursiops truncatus and the endemic Indo‐Pacific T. aduncus. The latter was described from a specimen from the Red Sea, with nothing in the description that would allow referral of the specimen to one or the other of the two species. Because both species occur in the northern Indian Ocean, it was possible that the holotype specimen was actually a common bottlenose dolphin, not of the Indo‐Pacific species. The holotype skull was thought lost but has been found in the Berlin Museum. We describe the skull and examine its affinities through comparison of a partial mtDNA control‐region sequence with sequences from South Africa and through application of classification functions from a discriminant analysis of the two putative species from Taiwan. The mtDNA sequence is identical to that of South African specimens referred to the Indo‐Pacific species, and the multivariate likelihood assignment associates the skull with Taiwanese specimens referred to that species. These results ensure the correctness of use of the name T. aduncus for the species.

The identity of Maladera infuscata (Moser, 1915), with description of a new species from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericini)

During a revision of type material of Asian Sericini, the identity of Maladera infuscata (Moser, 1915) was clarified and the following new synonymies were established: Maladera infuscata (Moser, 1915) (= Autoserica koreana Moser, 1919 syn. n.; Aserica okamotoi Murayama, 1938 syn. n.). Taiwanese specimens formerly identified as Maladera infuscata belong to a hitherto undescribed species described herein as Maladera howdeni sp. n.

Pseudolagarobasidium calcareum: Japanese records and cultural characteristics

Pseudolagarobasidium calcareum (Basidiomycotina, Corticiaceae s.l.) is newly reported for Japan, and its cultural characteristics are described for the first time. Seven of nine Japanese and Taiwanese specimens examined produce arthroconidia associated with the basidiomata. Variability in color of the hymenial surface is also observed among the specimens. In culture, this species is characterized by fiber hyphae (quasi-binding hyphae) and arthroconidia. Mating tests reveal a multiallelic, bifactorial incompatibility system of this fungus and intercompatibility between Japanese and Taiwanese strains. This species resembles Pseudolagarobasidium subvinosum but differs in producing the fiber hyphae not only in culture but also in the basidiomata.

First Record of the King Crab Lithodes Turritus Ortmann, 1892 (Decapoda, Lithodidae) in Taiwanese Waters

AbstractThe king crab, Lithodes turritus Ortmann, 1892, is reported from relatively deep waters in Taiwan for the first time. It also represents the first record of the family Lithodidae from Taiwan. Comparisons with its closest congener, L. longispina Sakai, 1971, are provided. The present Taiwanese specimens are the largest reported for this species.

A New Triploid Hemidactylus (Gekkonidae: Sauria) from Taiwan, with Comments on Morphological and Karyological Variation in the H. garnotii-vietnamensis Complex

The Taiwanese population of the Hemidactylus garnotii-vietnamensis complex is triploid, and is distinct from any known species belonging to this parthenogenetic group (H. garnotii, H. vietnamensis, and presumably H. karenorum). Therefore, we here describe it as a new species, Hemidactylus stejnegeri. This gecko is karyotypically distinct from H. garnotii and H. vietnamensis. In external characters, H. stejnegeri differs statistically from several other local populations of this parthenogenetic species complex. The process of divergence and the problem of taxonomy of the H. garnotii-vietnamensis complex are discussed. lo , ol. 23, No. 1, pp. 50-60, 1989 ciet for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles i i act lus (Gekkonidae: Sauria) from Taiwan, orphological and Karyological Variation iiiet a ensis Co plex A gekkonid lizard of the parthenogenetic Hemidactylus garnotii-vietnamensis complex was recently recorded from Taiwan (Ota and Hikida, 1985), and shown to differ in several scale characters from the other species assigned to this complex (H. garnotii, H. vietnamensis, and presumably H. karenorum), as well as other unidentified Chinese populations (Ota and Hikida, 1985; Ota et al., 1986). Additional specimens have enabled us to conduct a karyological study upon this gecko, which proves to be triploid and differs from H. garnotii and H. vietnamensis in possessing more biarmed and fewer unirmed chromosomes. Detailed morphological analyses statistically differentiated the Taiwan population from a number of others in H. garnotii-vietnamensis complex. Thus, we here describe this gekkonid lizard as a new species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen specimens, all females, were collected from Hongye, Hualien Prefecture, Taiwan (Fig. 1), on 11 August 1976, 27 April 1977, and 5 July 1986, by T. Hikida and H. Ota. Of these, five i e a d fe er uni. aile orphological ll i e e tiated the Taiwan e o ot ers in H. gari le . us, e here dei li a as a e species. 50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.159 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 05:07:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms NEW TRIPLOID HEMIDACTYLUS FIG. 1. Localities of samples used in the present study, including the type locality of Hemidactylus stejnegeri (numbered as 1). Numbers refer to those listed in Table 1. Triangular marking indicates the location of Tahiti, the type locality of H. garnotii. were returned to the laboratory and karyotyped. Animals were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 ml of colchicine solution (2 mg/ml) per gram body weight, 20 hr before sacrifice. Cells from femur bone marrow were treated with 0.06 M hypotonic KC1 for approximately 30 min, followed by fixation in 1:3 glacial acetic acid: absolute methyl alcohol. Mitotic chromosome preparations were made by an air-dry method and stained in 2% Giemsa solution. The karyotype was determined from 42 well-spread metaphase cells and described using the terminology of Green et al. (1980). We examined all specimens morphologically after preservation in 70% ethanol. Twenty-eight characters (13 meristic and 15 morphometric, as listed in Appendix 1) were counted or measured and used for statistical comparison. Data for Taiwanese specimens were compared with those for other local samples (Table 1). Of these, specimens from Hawaii and Florida were identified as H. garnotii by Kluge and Eckardt (1969), based on karyological data (3n = 70). Four specimens from Vietnam, including two paratypes of H. vietnamensis, were characterized by 3n = 60 (Darevsky et al., 1984). The remaining material was not allocated to species in the absence of karyological data, and because no morphological characters distinguish H. garnotii from H. vietnamensis (Darevsky et al., 1984). We also compared the present species with the descriptions of H. karenorum from southern Asia in Boulenger (1885) and Smith (1935), but no specimens were available for study. Comparisons were made for each meristic charac r by Wilcoxon's 2-sample test. The morphometric characters were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) by the PRINCOMP procedure of SAS (1985) using correlation matrix. Differences among sample means in PCA were tested with the ANOVA procedure of SAS (1985). Hemidactylus stejnegeri sp. nov. Fig. 2 Cosymbotus platyurus: Maki, 1923, p. 193. Hemidactylus garnotii-vietnamensis complex: Ota TABLE 1. Specimens of Hemidactylus stejnegeri, and other species and unidentified populations belonging to H. garnotii-vietnamensis complex, used for statistical comparison. Sample number Species Locality N 1 H. stejnegeri Hongye, Taiwan 15 2 H. garnotii Hawaii 10 3 H. vietnamensis Vietnam 4 4 unidentified Fiji 6 5 unidentified New Caledonia 5 6 unidentified Philippines 4 7 H. garnotii Florida 2 8 unidentified Burma 1 9 unidentified India 1 10 unidentified Cook Islands 1 11 unidentified Marquesas Islands 1 12 unidentified Rapa Island 1 51 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.159 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 05:07:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms H. OTA AND T. HIKIDA