Tail Lights Research Articles

Hopf bifurcation control for the traffic flow model considering the tail light effect

The research on traffic congestion control has seen rapid development in recent years. Investigating the bifurcation characteristics of traffic flow and designing control schemes for unstable bifurcation points can offer new methods for alleviating traffic congestion. This paper focuses on studying the bifurcation characteristics and nonlinear control of traffic flow based on the continuous model and the taillight effect. Firstly, the traffic flow model is transformed into a stability model suitable for branching analysis through the use of the traveling wave transform. This transformation facilitates the analysis of stability that reflects unstable traffic characteristics such as congestion. Based on this stability model, the existence condition of Hopf bifurcation is proved and some bifurcation points of the traffic system are identified. Secondly, the congestion and stability mutation behaviors near equilibrium and branching points are studied to understand the formation mechanism of traffic congestion. Finally, control schemes are designed using Chebyshev polynomial approximation and stochastic feedback control to delay or eliminate unstable bifurcation points and relieve traffic congestion. This improved traffic flow model helps explain changes in system stability through bifurcation analysis and identify unstable bifurcation points. It can also effectively manage these points by designing a feedback controller. It is beneficial for controlling sudden changes in traffic system stability behavior and mitigating traffic congestion, with important theoretical significance and practical application value.

Tail Lights

And so here we are : the end of anotheracademic year, summer beckons and the 4thonline edition of Surgo 2023/4. Timely thento review the last year as we look forward toa well-deserved holiday to rechargeourselves for next year. It was so joyous to see all the graduatingfinal year students at the GU to celebratetheir magnificent achievement and heartheir excitement in joining the nobleprofession of Medicine come August.Extremely proud of all of them and eager tocall them my colleagues! MedChir has organised another successfulyear packed full of social and educationalevents. It is always an honor and pleasure tobe involved. A highlight was the Revuejudging invitation – especially when my andother fabulous colleagues’ faces featured inthe winning (of course!) performance. Welldone the Glasgow Medics Netball Club!!! Surgo (born in the 1930s) is now online – aneconomic saving for MedChir and moresustainable for the environment. Everypublication here on out is “discoverable” published work is therefore legitimate CVentries.Very well done to those who submittedvisual abstracts to Surgo. I have learnt somuch from your interesting projects! FYIthe best 5 entries are published witheach issue of Surgo, with the overall endof year winner receiving a grand £100prize. (Get your skates on!)Gratitude, thankfulness, or gratefulnessis a feeling of appreciation by a recipientof another's kindness. This kindness canbe gifts, help, favors, or another form ofgenerosity to another person. The wordcomes from the Latin word gratus,which means "pleasing" or "thankful"(Wikipedia). Not to be confused with“gratis” (free, without charge) fortunately for us, practicing gratitude isfree! Daily gratitude exercise canimprove our emotional wellbeing byhelping us cope with stress (1) – so here Igo: This has been a busy year – a newRadiology chapter in the latest Kumarand Clark (eek!), speaking invitations toVienna and Gothenburg, runner up forNHS Education Scotland Innovation inEducation prize and winning 2 grantsfrom the Association of Study of MedicalEducation. I organised the ScottishRadiological Society Spring Meetingwith a Well-Being and Education focus. Itwas attended by almost 100 radiologists,the first to witness a standing ovation (Ithink) and the wonderful, generousfeedback was deeply humbling. I am grateful to my family, all my clinicaland radiological colleagues, theuniversity, medical students and mypatients They allow me to improve patient caredirectly and also indirectly through myinteractions with you - tomorrow’sdoctors. Finally, I am very grateful to have got toknow and work with Anna Bradford,Surgo Editor in Chief this year. Anna is aforce of nature – publishing 4 issues ofthis year (“usual” is 2 issues/year with nopublications for a while! That is a tale foranother Tail lights…). Her energy,enthusiasm and determination has beeninstrumental in bringing Surgo into the21st Century and online. I wish her all thevery best as she hunkers down to thebusiness of getting through final yearMBChB. I am looking forward to workingwith Daanyaal Ashraf who has manyideas for Surgo 2024/5. Future I am brimming with excitement towelcoming students, international andlocal experts to the Uncertainty inMedicine / Humanities elective thissummer. The Surgo Visual AbstractCompetition will continue into 2024/25 so please send in your interestingprojects to Daanyaal (publication = CVfodder and £20 prize – don’t say I am notgenerous to you!). Finally, I am lookingforward to my new role at DundeeMedical School. Until the next Tail lights – have a greatsummer!

Looking back on a year of Surgo

Now that we are nearing the end of thevery long academic year, it seems like anopportune moment to reflect on a year ofSurgo. Ultimately, I am extremely proud ofwhat our Surgo team has achieved over thepast 10 months. However, this would nothave been possible without the guidanceand contributions of staff and studentsalike. When we began our work in September,Surgo had largely lost it’s drive andidentity; I could only recall 2 issues ofSurgo being released since I startedmedical school in 2019! This formed ourgoal for the academic year: to put Surgoback on the map and have staff andstudents WANT to contribute to ourmagazine. I think that we have definitelyachieved this. Since September, we havereleased 4 issues of Surgo and we havediscussed a wide range of topics: climatechange in healthcare, disability inmedicine, the cost of living crisis and manymore! My biggest thank you has to go to Prof.Cindy Chew. Cindy has been the drivingforce behind Surgo’s creative commonslicense which has allowed Surgo to be aplace for students to showcase their workand benefit from doing so. Not to mentionCindy’s interesting tail lights column at theend of each issue. THANK YOU!Thank you to Dr. Camille Huser foreducating me about the impact ofhealthcare on climate change and forhelping me to share this message to thestudent population. And thank you to mySurgo team: Lucy, Eva, Daanyaal, Chloe andDominique, for working behind the scenesand for your contributions. Feeling like I have helped to return Surgo toits former glory, it was the right time tohand over the editor in chief title to ourarts director, Daanyaal Ashraf. I feel veryconfident that Daanyaal will keep the Surgomomentum going next year and that he willdo a fantastic job. Bye! Anna x

Tail Lights - History of MedChir, a conversation with Cindy Chew and William Heeley

Tail Lights - History of MedChir, a conversation with Cindy Chew and William Heeley

Modernity and trends of development of automobile engineering

Advantages of light-optical devices (LEDs) were investigated in the article. Based on the research, special attention is paid to the prospects of development of led headlights. Complicacy of car electrical equipment leads to increase of indicated efficiency and energy storage capacity and electric generators, yield increase, decrease of labor intensity maintenance operation and reconstruction. On the other hand, innovations in scientific-technological progress in electronic engineering sphere lead to rise in reluctances, so more than 30% of these reluctances account for electrical equipment. Analysis of current requirements to automobile components of lighting devices has been carried out. LEDs as automobile light sources are gaining rapid popularity. Currently, LEDs are widely used as internal light sources (instrument illumination, indicator lamps) and external ones (tail lights, additional brake lights, daytime running lights). Since 2007, white LEDs have been used as dipped- and main-beam sources. Light sources are characterized by such parameters as voltage, light power and luminous power. Derivative of these parameters is the luminous efficiency (luminous power per unit of light power), that acts as a kind of lamp’s performance and economy indicator. This article has been made in relation to the study of auto technical expertise in Moscow and Moscow Region.

Black-hole analog in vehicular traffic

We propose here a simple black-hole analog in vehicular-traffic dynamics. The corresponding causal diagram is determined by the propagation of the tail light flashes emitted by a convoy of cars on a highway. In addition to being a new black-hole analog, this illustrates how causal diagrams, so common in general relativity, may be useful in areas as unexpected as vehicular-traffic dynamics.

SCA CLARIFIES THE TERM “MOTOR VEHICLE” IN ROAD ACCIDENT FUND ACT 56 OF 1996: The Road Accident Fund v Mbele [2020] ZASCA 72

The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) in The Road Accident Fund v Mbele [2020] ZASCA 72 (SCA judgment) had to decide whether a large industrial vehicle called a Reach Stacker was a motor vehicle as contemplated in section 1 of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 (the Act). This judgment is important, not only because it paves the way for the respondent and others like the respondent to claim compensation from the Road Accident Fund in cases of injury or death, but also, because it provides clarity on the test that the court uses to determine whether a vehicle in question is a motor vehicle as contemplated in the Act. The features, purpose and intended use of the vehicle in question play a pivotal role in the determination of whether a vehicle is a motor vehicle. The SCA indicated that the Reach Stacker in question was equipped with full road-going lighting, including tail lights, indicators, brake lights and reverse lights. Furthermore, it was fitted with windscreen wipers and washers, a hooter, and a handbrake. According to the court, it was clear from its features that the Reach Sacker fitted the description of a “motor vehicle” as defined in the Act.

OLEDWorks is supplier of digital OLED tail lights in the updated Audi A8 / Isorg appoints new CEO / Avery Dennison and Wiliot announce strategic partnership to build and scale the future of the Internet of Things / ASCA and Epishine sign their first licensing agreement for printed OPV

OLEDWorks is supplier of digital OLED tail lights in the updated Audi A8 / Isorg appoints new CEO / Avery Dennison and Wiliot announce strategic partnership to build and scale the future of the Internet of Things / ASCA and Epishine sign their first licensing agreement for printed OPV

Looming in Forensics: Misapplication, Correction and Extension

In recent litigation Human Factors Experts have been misapplying the analysis of the looming threshold for offset motions. Looming (or image size expansion) analysis is appropriate for a rapid direct approach to an object (i.e., rear-end collisions) but is inappropriate for offset motions. Typically, looming threshold analysis is applied to nighttime driving when approaching a slow-moving or stopped vehicle presenting no visual cues other than rear tail lights. This paper lays out the foundation for looming, derives the accepted mathematical equation, and compares it to the rate of visual angle change, which is more applicable to offset motions. An appropriate offset looming threshold equation is derived. In addition, a special case of collision due to looming combined with lateral motion is addressed which has historical significance in open water vessel navigation.

Vehicular VLC: A Ray Tracing Study Based on Measured Radiation Patterns of Commercial Taillights

In this letter, we investigate the performance of vehicular visible light communications based on the radiation patterns of different commercial taillights (TLs) using non-sequential ray tracing simulations. Our simulation results indicate a significant variation in the path loss compared with Lambertian model. Based on the ray tracing results, we propose a new path loss model as a function of the propagation distance considering the asymmetrical radiation pattern of TLs. We use this model to derive the attainable transmission distance. We further present the delay spread for various vehicular communication scenarios to demonstrate the effect of neighboring vehicles.

Fundamental Analysis of Vehicular Light Communications and the Mitigation of Sunlight Noise

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) rely upon the connectivity, cooperation and automation of vehicles aimed at the improvement of safety and efficiency of the transport system. Connectivity, which is a key component for the practical implementation of vehicular light communications (VeLC) systems in ITS, must be carefully studied prior to design and implementation. In this paper, we carry out a performance evaluation study on the use of different vehicle taillights (TLs) as the transmitters in a VeLC system. We show that, the transmission coverage field of view and the link span depend on TLs illumination patterns and the transmit power levels, respectively, which fail to meet the typical communication distances in vehicular environments. This paper proposes an infrared-based VeLC system to meet the transmission range in daytimes under Sunlight noise. We show that, at the forward error correction bit error rate limit of 3.8 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , the communication distances of the proposed link are 63, 72, and > 89 m compared with 4.5, 5.4 and 6.3 m for BMW's vehicle TL at data rates of 10, 6, and 2 Mbps, respectively.

Scientometric analysis of literature on distributed vehicular networks : VOSViewer visualization techniques

The idea of vehicular communication has evolved dramatically over the past two decades apparently with technological advancements that accord low power and memory consumption devices, and yet providing low latency and high performing abilities. In the 20th century, vehicular communications were primarily done through singling blinkers, tail lights, and hazard lamps, essentially serving rudimentary purposes. In the early 2000s, the term “VANET” was first introduced for demonstrating road safety and navigation. By the end of 2012, the term vehicle-to-everything(V2X) was coined with IEEE 802.11p as the supporting standard for underneath technology. The adequately increasing publications and development of VANET simulators like SUMO acknowledge the fact that there has been an intriguing interest in vehicular research. While publications are increasing massively in numbers, perhaps, we identified a lack of comprehensive scientometric analysis for this field. This paper aims at analyzing the researches carried out between 2009 and 2020 using Scopus data with a scientometric approach thereby highlighting the citation patterns and indulging journals, authors, institutes, countries in the field of vehicular communication. Furthermore, keywords analysis is also staged using VOSViewer to visualize the research patterns. This paper also tries to classify the publications into distinct clusters so formed in VOSViewer using classifying techniques, hence, to make the voluminous data acumen for the publication stride.

基于激光雷达的自适应车尾灯的设计

基于激光雷达的自适应车尾灯的设计

Glare-Free High-Beam Control for Oncoming Vehicle Safety in Nighttime

Improper use of high beams can cause glare interference to oncoming drivers or pedestrian. In this article, an adaptive high-beam controlling system is designed to avoid glare interference. The adaptive high beams are illuminated by group light-emitting diode (LED) particles as the light source. The luminous intensity distribution of single LED particle is determined along with the lighting zones of group LED particles. The oncoming and same direction vehicles are detected by positioning their headlights and tail lights via the received images from the on-board camera. The detected vehicles are mapped to the corresponding LED illumination zones. The adaptive high-beam controlling system turns OFF the LED particles in corresponding with vehicle areas and keeps the remaining LED particles ON. The novelty of our work is that an adaptive high-beam controlling system is developed under the integration of controlled LED particles, an image processor, and a lamp controller. The benefit of proposed adaptive high beams is to avoid glare interference for improving night driving safety.

Germany – Tail Light Position in Digitisation: An Analysis of a Decentralised Tax Administration Based on the Digital European Society Index

Germany – Tail Light Position in Digitisation: An Analysis of a Decentralised Tax Administration Based on the Digital European Society Index

Light-responsive surfactants: Photochromic properties of water-soluble azobenzene derivatives

Light-responsive self-assembly systems have emerged as a promising tool for controlling a multitude of molecular and macroscopic processes. A number of sophisticated applications of surfactants based on the azobenzene moiety have already been demonstrated including drug delivery and induction of functional changes in biologically active compounds. In most of these applications the switching time between the two compound states is substantial. However, a small number of systematic studies on the relationship between the chemical structure of the compound on the kinetics of photoisomerization and the influence of experimental conditions led us to undertake the studies described in this paper. Changes in the spectral characteristics resulting from reversible photoinduced trans-cis isomerization reaction of selected azobenzene-based surfactants, differing in the hydrophobic tail length, were determined in aqueous solutions employing UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The effect of the hydrophobic tail length, surfactant concentration, molecular environment and light intensity on the efficiency and kinetics of photoisomerization were investigated. Due to the thermal stability of both photochromic forms, it is possible to reversibly switch between two different photostationary states of the light-responsive surfactant in a controlled manner using light of two wavelengths (ultraviolet and blue). The results demonstrates that both the increasing concentration of azobenzene amphiphile and the increasing hydrophobic pendant tail length slow down the trans-cis photoisomerization, while the photochromic efficiency remains constant.

Optical design of light guide prisms with surface roughness for automotive tail lights

This study presents the optical design of light guide prisms for automotive tail light applications to obtain the optimum luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity. The design was achieved using optical design software, SPEOS. By considering the axial luminous intensity and legal requirements, the optimum prism angles of light guides were determined by simulations. After determining the prism angles, the effect of different surface roughness on the luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity was investigated. The light guides designed by considering data from the simulation were manufactured as prototypes and their photometrical measurements were made. These measurements were compared to the simulation results. It was observed that simulation and prototype results are well in agreement with each other. Furthermore, it was found that as the surface roughness increases both the luminous intensity decreases and the illumination becomes more uniform.

Vehicle Collision Detection During Night Time

”Vehicle collision detection during night time” is an attempt to find an improved solution for vehicle detection problem, during night time. Night time vehicle detection is a challenging area since, the contrast between back ground and foreground is very less due to non uniform lighting, reflections, multiple light sources etc. This algorithm is a blend of night time image enhancement technique and fusion technique for fusing multiple features based on their weight. Image enhancement is an important aspect of the algorithm as it helps in improving the contrast between foreground and back ground as well as improving the lighting, so that it becomes easier to distinguish vehicle and other illuminated objects such as street lights. For improved reliability of the algorithm, set of complementary features - LBP (local binary pattern), HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients) and a CNN based feature - are used in the algorithm and are fused together using weighted fusion technique. For classification purpose, individual SVMs are trained for each feature and another SVM is trained for final rank based vehicle detection. Accurate region of interest in computed during detection phase, and is used for vehicle detection by trained SVM classifiers. Tail light detection is used for efficient region proposals. The algorithm is improved by leveraging the region proposals and high accuracy detection of Faster RCNN [10]. The algorithm detects multiple vehicles in single image frame and at possible multiple locations and distances within the frame.

Performance Analysis of V2V and V2I LiFi Communication Systems in Traffic Lights

Vehicular networks is a key technology for efficiently communicating both user’s devices and cars for timely information regarding safe driving conditions and entertaining applications like social media, video streaming, and gaming services, among others. In view of this, mobile communications making use of cellular resources may not be an efficient and cost-effective alternative. In this context, the implementation of light-fidelity (LiFi) in vehicular communications could be a low-cost, high-data-rate, and efficient-bandwidth usage solution. In this work, we propose a mathematical analysis to study the average throughput in a road intersection equipped with a traffic light that operates as a server, which is assumed to have LiFi communication links with the front lights of the vehicles waiting for the green light. We further assume that the front vehicle (the car next to the traffic light) is able to communicate to the car immediately behind it by using its own tail lights and the front lights of such vehicle, and so on and so forth. The behavior of the road junction is modeled by a Markov chain, applying the Queueing theory with an M/M/1 system in order to obtain the average queue length. Then, Little’s theorem is applied to calculate the average waiting delay when the red light is present in the traffic light. Finally, the mathematical expression of the data throughput is derived.

Computational Investigation on Radiative Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Automotive LED Tail Light

A recent survey by National Transportation Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) stated that the rear-end crash of passenger vehicles is the most accounted cause of vehicle crash (more than 21 %) compared among all other vehicle crashes. Tail light malfunctions or failure is often the cause for such accidents. There is a pressing need for design and optimization of an automotive tail light system to increase the road safety. The service life for the conventional incandescent light bulb is comparatively lesser than the Light Emitting Diode (LED) tail light. During the physical testing process and its validation in the later development stage, the computational methods can be effectively used for the design optimization of LED tail light system in the development based on the thermal-radiative performance. The results could be incorporated in automotive design industries to produce nearly zero defect and failure-free design with better thermal performances. Therefore, it is highly significant to simulate and study the thermal management through simulation analysis. The present study focuses on a computational analysis of a complex automotive tail light system with a near net shape using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. The simulation results compared three different materials for housing of tail light assembly along with re-arranging the LED arrays. Among the selected housing materials, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) exhibited better thermal performance with the maximum temperature of around 365.74 K compared with other housing materials. The computational results were validated using an experimental set up and the temperature measurements followed the same trend as CFD. The maximum percentage of deviation was not more than 2.6%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.25.2.22116